基于机器学习的本体概念相似性研究

现有的知识系统使用的是集中式的、一致性的、可扩充的Ontology库,不同本体间的语义匹配是语义网发展面临的最富挑战性的问题之一。本文针对领域中存在不同的Ontology的问题,讨论了一种基于多策略机器学习的Ontology匹配方法,重点分析了本体概念的相似度计算,并提出了一种相似度测量算法。     

基于词汇相似度的元素级本体匹配

随着语义Web的不断发展，本体数量日益增加。本体匹配作为本体映射、比较和集成的基础，具有重要的实际意义。由第3届国际语义Web大会(3th ISWC)主办的本体匹配竞赛(EON2004)对多种本体匹配工具进行比较和评估。该文提出了一种元素级本体匹配算法LANA(Lexical Analyzer)，该算法通过计算词汇相似度得到两本体间的元素匹配对。与EON2004中的其它元素级本体匹配方法相比，LANA在没有增加匹配复杂度的基础上，具有较好的准确率和召回率。     

一种基于语义词典的本体对齐框架

提出一种基于语义词典的本体对齐框架.首先抽取出代表本体元素的字符串,这些字符串包括本体中的概念、实例、关系等,并利用现有的词典和语义资源将字符串变为词的集合;然后将本体对齐转换为单词集合间的映射,通过多相似度的匹配算法来进行相似度计算,从而实现本体对齐.实验结果表明,所提出的方法是有效的且较之以前的对齐方法有一定的提高.     

Automatising the learning of lexical patterns: An application to the enrichment of WordNet by extracting semantic relationships from Wikipedia

This paper describes an automatic approach to identify lexical patterns that represent semantic relationships between concepts in an on-line encyclopedia. Next, these patterns can be applied to extend existing ontologies or semantic networks with new relations. The experiments have been performed with the Simple English Wikipedia and WordNet 1.7. A new algorithm has been devised for automatically generalising the lexical patterns found in the encyclopedia entries. We have found general patterns for the hyperonymy, hyponymy, holonymy and meronymy relations and, using them, we have extracted more than 2600 new relationships that did not appear in WordNet originally. The precision of these relationships depends on the degree of generality chosen for the patterns and the type of relation, being around 60–70% for the best combinations proposed.     

Assessing semantic annotation activities with formal concept analysis

This paper describes an approach to assessing semantic annotation activities based on formal concept analysis (FCA). In this approach, annotators use taxonomical ontologies created by domain experts to annotate digital resources. Then, using FCA, domain experts are provided with concept lattices that graphically display how their ontologies were used during the semantic annotation process. In consequence, they can advise annotators on how to better use the ontologies, as well as how to refine these ontologies to better suit the needs of the semantic annotators. To illustrate the approach, we describe its implementation in @note, a Rich Internet Application (RIA) for the collaborative annotation of digitized literary texts, we exemplify its use with a case study, and we provide some evaluation results using the method.     

本体集成研究综述

本体集成(ontology integration)的目的是使异质的本体互操作,目前是本体研究的一个热点.本体集成首先发现实体间关系,生成本体映射,然后根据应用目的基于映射进行处理,最终达成本体对齐或者本体合并的目标.本文介绍了本体集成中的概念,给出本体集成的一般工程化方法.对国内外较具代表性的本体集成工具进行比较分析,讨论了现存的问题,指出了未来的研究方向.     

Ontology and rule-based natural language processing approach for interpreting textual regulations on underground utility infrastructure

The nation’s massive underground utility infrastructure must comply with a multitude of regulations. The regulatory compliance checking of underground utilities requires an objective and consistent interpretation of the regulations. However, utility regulations contain a variety of domain-specific terms and numerous spatial constraints regarding the location and clearance of underground utilities. It is challenging for the interpreters to understand both the domain and spatial semantics in utility regulations. To address the challenge, this paper adopts an ontology and rule-based Natural Language Processing (NLP) framework to automate the interpretation of utility regulations – the extraction of regulatory information and the subsequent transformation into logic clauses. Two new ontologies have been developed. The urban product ontology (UPO) is domain-specific to model domain concepts and capture domain semantics on top of heterogeneous terminologies in utility regulations. The spatial ontology (SO) consists of two layers of semantics – linguistic spatial expressions and formal spatial relations – for better understanding the spatial language in utility regulations. Pattern-matching rules defined on syntactic features (captured using common NLP techniques) and semantic features (captured using ontologies) were encoded for information extraction. The extracted information elements were then mapped to their semantic correspondences via ontologies and finally transformed into deontic logic (DL) clauses to achieve the semantic and logical formalization. The approach was tested on the spatial configuration-related requirements in utility accommodation policies. Results show it achieves a 98.2% precision and a 94.7% recall in information extraction, a 94.4% precision and a 90.1% recall in semantic formalization, and an 83% accuracy in logical formalization.     

AIERO: An algorithm for identifying engineering relationships in ontologies

Semantic technologies are playing an increasingly popular role as a means for advancing the capabilities of knowledge management systems. Among these advancements, researchers have successfully leveraged semantic technologies, and their accompanying techniques, to improve the representation and search capabilities of knowledge management systems. This paper introduces a further application of semantic techniques. We explore semantic relatedness as a means of facilitating the development of more “intelligent” engineering knowledge management systems. Using semantic relatedness quantifications to analyze and rank concept pairs, this novel approach exploits semantic relationships to help identify key engineering relationships, similar to those leveraged in change management systems, in product development processes. As part of this work, we review several different semantic relatedness techniques, including a meronomic technique recently introduced by the authors. We introduce an aggregate measure, termed “An Algorithm for Identifying Engineering Relationships in Ontologies,” or AIERO, as a means to purposely quantify semantic relationships within product development frameworks. To assess its consistency and accuracy, AIERO is tested using three separate, independently developed ontologies. The results indicate AIERO is capable of returning consistent rankings of concept pairs across varying knowledge frameworks. A PCB (printed circuit board) case study then highlights AIERO’s unique ability to leverage semantic relationships to systematically narrow where engineering interdependencies are likely to be found between various elements of product development processes.     

A semantic metrics suite for evaluating modular ontologies

Ontologies, which are formal representations of knowledge within a domain, can be used for designing and sharing conceptual models of enterprises information for the purpose of enhancing understanding, communication and interoperability. For representing a body of knowledge, different ontologies may be designed. Recently, designing ontologies in a modular manner has emerged for achieving better reasoning performance, more efficient ontology management and change handling. One of the important challenges in the employment of ontologies and modular ontologies in modeling information within enterprises is the evaluation of the suitability of an ontology for a domain and the performance of inference operations over it. In this paper, we present a set of semantic metrics for evaluating ontologies and modular ontologies. These metrics measure cohesion and coupling of ontologies, which are two important notions in the process of assessing ontologies for enterprise modeling. The proposed metrics are based on semantic-based definitions of relativeness, and dependencies between local symbols, and also between local and external symbols of ontologies. Based on these semantic definitions, not only the explicitly asserted knowledge in ontologies but also the implied knowledge, which is derived through inference, is considered for the sake of ontology assessment. We present several empirical case studies for investigating the correlation between the proposed metrics and reasoning performance, which is an important issue in applicability of employing ontologies in real-world information systems.     

一种本体知识文摘方法的研究和实现

本体作为领域知识的表示方法，已经成为语义Web的基础。本体通常由领域专家建立，用于表示领域中概念以及概念与概念之间的关系。但这也使得普通用户难以理解本体中描述的信息。普通用户往往希望本体中的信息能够以自然语言的形式描述。这正是本文讨论的主要问题。本文采用分治策略，利用基于嵌套复杂模板的解决方案，设计并实现了本体知识文摘的算法。我们开发了一个原型系统SWARMS，并将该文摘算法进行了运用。初步的实验表明，本文提出的方法取得较好的结果。     

改进贝叶斯的语义推送算法设计

教育信息语义本体构建是通过语义本体构建方式去设计教育信息本体库。本体间逻辑关系表示方法,是构建出有逻辑结构的教育信息集合的过程。实现教育信息的半结构化数据归类,对不同时间采集的归类数据在规定好的模型中进行计算—词汇频度分析模型。词汇频度分析模型运用逆概率的贝叶斯思想,经过对传统贝叶斯算法与语义本体性质相结合,使MapReduce善于处理半结构化数据;经过对语义本体构建的教育信息数据结合词汇频度分析模型进行计算,获得教育信息本体的推荐能力值E i;通过对不同本体E i值进行排序,获得了推荐信息的顺序;根据推荐权重进行信息的推送工作,同时根据JS指数,经过比较基于词汇频度分析模型与目录结构推送算法的分析结果得出:词汇频度分析模型优于基于目录结构推送算法。     

Joint semantic similarity assessment with raw corpus and structured ontology for semantic-oriented service discovery

Semantic-oriented service matching is one of the challenges in automatic Web service discovery. Service users may search for Web services using keywords and receive the matching services in terms of their functional profiles. A number of approaches to computing the semantic similarity between words have been developed to enhance the precision of matchmaking, which can be classified into ontology-based and corpus-based approaches. The ontology-based approaches commonly use the differentiated concept information provided by a large ontology for measuring lexical similarity with word sense disambiguation. Nevertheless, most of the ontologies are domain-special and limited to lexical coverage, which have a limited applicability. On the other hand, corpus-based approaches rely on the distributional statistics of context to represent per word as a vector and measure the distance of word vectors. However, the polysemous problem may lead to a low computational accuracy. In this paper, in order to augment the semantic information content in word vectors, we propose a multiple semantic fusion (MSF) model to generate sense-specific vector per word. In this model, various semantic properties of the general-purpose ontology WordNet are integrated to fine-tune the distributed word representations learned from corpus, in terms of vector combination strategies. The retrofitted word vectors are modeled as semantic vectors for estimating semantic similarity. The MSF model-based similarity measure is validated against other similarity measures on multiple benchmark datasets. Experimental results of word similarity evaluation indicate that our computational method can obtain higher correlation coefficient with human judgment in most cases. Moreover, the proposed similarity measure is demonstrated to improve the performance of Web service matchmaking based on a single semantic resource. Accordingly, our findings provide a new method and perspective to understand and represent lexical semantics.     

本体校正的半自动处理过程

创建本体间的映射是个单调冗烦的工作过程,特别是当各本体非常庞大时。从Ontol-ogy的基本理论出发,基于基本概念、角色和关系,探讨了Ontology开发中的各个要素,然后介绍了一种半自动校正处理过程,该过程是在本体校正框架的基础上实现的。由即将被校正的两个本体组成输入处理过程,而输出处理过程则是本体间实体的通信集合。     

本体相似度研究

不同本体之间的交互成为语义Web的首要任务,其中本体相似度计算是本体映射的关健环节。在以往的研究中,本体相似度计算通常专注于模式及其结构的匹配。目前研究朝着进一步考虑本体内部语义信息方向努力。本文描述了语义相似度栈的各个层次,依据各个层次的语义特征对目前本体相似度方法进行分类,并对每种方法进行了详细描述。最后对现有一些主要的本体间相似度计算方法进行归纳总结。这项研究工作将为人们提出新的相似度方法或者组合的计算方法作一个参考。     

Semantic business process integration based on ontology alignment

Innovation and agility should be provided to businesses by efficient collaboration (i.e., communication and sharing) between them. However, semantic heterogeneity between business processes is a serious problem for automatically supporting cooperation processes (e.g., knowledge sharing and querying-based interactions) between businesses. In order to overcome this problem, we propose a novel framework based on aligning business ontologies for integrating heterogeneous business processes. We can consider two types of alignment processes; (i) manual alignment for building a whole business process ontology in a business process management (BPM) system and (ii) automated alignment between business processes of different BPM systems. Thereby, the optimal integration between two business processes has to be discovered to maximize the summation of a set of partial similarities between semantic components consisting of the business processes. In particular, the semantic component are extracted from semantic annotations of business processes. For evaluating the proposed system, we have conducted experimentations by using 22 business process management systems, which are organized as six business alliances. We have assumed that business processes in a same BPM system should be built with a common ontologies. The proposed alignment method has shown about 71.3% of precision (65.4% of recall). In addition, we found out that alignment results are dependent on some characteristics of ontologies (e.g., depth and number of classes).     

基于范畴论的形式化地理本体对齐和集成研究

本体对齐可解决本体间的异构,而范畴论可屏蔽本体间的异构性并为本体集成提供统一的方法框架。将范畴论引入本体对齐研究领域中,在范畴论的基础上,结合地理本体特征,对态射进行了重新定义,构造了一个更复杂的范畴。其中范畴中的对象为地理本体,而态射不仅能表达相等关系,也可以描述地理本体间的多种语义关系。在态射定义的基础上,根据态射的特性定义了本体对齐和本体对齐的复合,最后对本体集成进行了阐述。     

一种综合的本体相似度计算方法

本体相似度计算是本体映射的关键环节.本体的实例、关系、属性、结构等信息是相似度计算需要考虑的重要因素.针对目前本体映射过程中相似度计算所存在的问题,提出了一种综合的相似度计算方法.首先判断不同本体之间是否存在相关性.若相关,则充分考虑各种相关因素,从语义和概念两个层面来进行比较,然后给出了本体的综合相似度计算方法.最后采用了两组测试数据对该方法进行实验,并与GLUE系统的概率统计方法进行了实验对比.实验结果表明,该方法能够有效确保相似度计算的准确性.     

基于模块化的大规模本体映射方法

映射效率对于动态映射的应用至关重要,因此文中提出基于模块化的大规模本体映射方法。通过加权的基于距离和基于信息量的方法计算本体概念的相似度,利用改进的凝聚层次聚类算法对概念进行聚类,并以此抽取子本体,最后设计基于信息检索的技术发现异构本体中的相关子本体。该方法有效缩小候选匹配的搜索空间,达到减少时间复杂度的目的。实验表明,文中方法可在保证映射结果质量的同时提升映射效率。     

A philosophy‐driven entity classification and enrichment for ontology mapping

Abstract: Ontologies are intended to facilitate semantic interoperability among distributed and intelligent information systems. Because of the distributed nature of the World Wide Web, Web ontologies have been developing in multiple forms of heterogeneity. For interoperating among information systems through heterogeneous ontologies, ontology mapping is a prerequisite process to generate alignment between two ontologies. In order to improve alignment accuracy, our approach is to clarify and enrich the semantics of ontological entities before mapping. For this purpose, we present a semi‐automatic framework of entity classification and enrichment by applying three philosophical notions: identity condition, existential rigidity, and external dependency. Our objective is to supply a set of philosophy‐driven anchors into ontologies for their mapping process by using a sortal taxonomy as a background knowledge model.     

基于本体的语义网络会话聚类和可视化方法

提出一种基于本体的网络会话表示方法,即语义会话,和一种会话聚类和可视化方法。会话聚类方面基于用户浏览网站的公共路径提出一种语义会话间的相似性度量——语义公共路径相似性度量(SMSCP),并且使用改进的kmedoids聚类算法衡量其有效性。在聚类结果可视化方面应用层云表来展示聚类结果。实验表明文中的聚类方法和可视化方法具有更好的有效性及可理解性。