La变质处理对汽车发动机用ZL205合金组织和力学性能的影响

研究了La对ZL205合金的铸态、固溶态和时效态显微组织以及时效态显微硬度和常温、高温力学性能的影响,并分析了La元素的存在形式与作用机理。结果表明,La可以有效细化ZL205合金中的α-Al枝晶,且枝晶尺寸会随着La含量的增加而呈现先减小而后增大的趋势,在La含量为0.4%时取得最小值;La变质ZL205合金适宜的固溶时效热处理制度为540℃×8 h+155℃×10 h。在不同时效温度和时效峰值硬度下,0.4%La变质ZL205合金中θ'相的的平均长度相对未变质ZL205合金均减小,且θ'相的析出数量也明显多于后者;随着La含量的增加,合金的抗拉强度和断后伸长率都表现为先增加而后降低的趋势,在La含量为0.4%时取得最大值;0.4%La变质ZL205合金的常温和高温抗拉强度和断后伸长率都要高于未变质ZL205合金。     

重熔与时效工艺对ZL101铝合金组织与抗拉强度的影响

ZL101铝合金重熔后,浇注时间和浇注位置对其组织与性能影响很大。从ZL101铝合金不同浇注时间、不同浇注的位置取样,对铸态和时效后的试样进行抗拉强度性能测试,用光学显微镜观察其微观组织,研究重熔与时效工艺对ZL101铝合金组织与性能的影响规律。结果表明,在浇注过程中,试样的晶粒先发生粗化,随着浇注时间的延长,晶粒又发生细化。其抗拉强度也是先降低而后又升高。随着浇注位置的变化,由下向上晶粒逐渐粗化,共晶硅的分布逐渐变得不均匀,且抗拉强度逐渐降低。合金的时效与铸态的组织、性能的变化规律一致。     

ZL205A合金T5热处理后的微观组织与力学性能

采用扫描电镜、X射线显微镜对铸态、固溶态以及时效态下ZL205A铝合金显微组织、θ(Al2Cu)相、孔洞及力学性能进行了研究。结果表明:3种状态下ZL205A合金均由块状α(Al)固溶体和晶界处θ析出相组成,并伴有不规则孔洞形成。随时效时间延长,α(Al)晶粒尺寸表现出先减小后增大趋势;θ相无显著变化,但数量明显少于铸态;孔洞数量先降低后增加;最终导致拉伸强度和显微硬度先增加而后略有降低趋势。当时效时间为8 h时,α(Al)固溶体晶粒最为细小,此时θ相呈点状和短棒状弥散分布,且孔洞率最低,在细晶强化和弥散强化作用下,亦获得了较佳硬度和拉伸强度。     

添加重熔料后ZL205A合金的组织与性能

通过向ZL205A合金铸锭中添加不同比例的重熔料,进行重熔、浇注.对利用ZL205A合金组织遗传性细化合金品粒、提高合金力学性能进行初步研究.结果表明,ZL205A合金添加不同含量重熔料后,合金组织均有所细化;合金性能随着重熔料含量的增加先增大后减小.当重熔料含量为20%时,合金组织最为细小,晶粒尺寸达到33um左右:铸态力学性能达到最优,抗拉强度比原料ZL205A合金抗拉强度提高了11.6%,屈服强度和伸长率均较高,分别为87.6MPa及7.5%.进一步增加重熔料含量,合金组织粗化,力学性能逐渐恶化.     

Gd对ZL205A合金显微组织和力学性能的影响

研究了不同质量分数Gd对ZL205A合金铸态及T6态显微组织和力学性能的影响.采用光学显微镜、荧光光谱仪和电子探针对制备的试样微观组织和元素分布进行分析,并利用电子拉伸试验机对铸锭的力学性能进行测试.结果表明:微量稀土元素Gd能细化ZL205A合金的晶粒,并与合金中的其他元素形成新相,能提高合金铸态和T6后的力学性能;当Gd加入量为0.06％时,综合力学性能最优,铸态时抗拉强度为192MPa,伸长率为11.1％;T6态时抗拉强度达到421.1MPa,伸长率为10.2％.但当Gd添加量过多时,合金的组织与性能均产生恶化.     

稀土元素钇对ZL205A合金铸态组织与性能的影响

向ZL205A合金熔体中加入不同含量的稀土元素钇,在同样条件下进行熔炼、浇注。利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱及热分析,研究钇对ZL205A合金铸态组织、性能及凝固过程的影响规律。结果表明,钇能使铝-铜合金的铸态组织得到细化并且对第二相θ-Al2Cu相具有变质作用;热分析表明不同含量钇均使得ZL205A合金的共晶温度下降,并缩小其凝固区间。加入少量稀土钇(0.05%)后,合金铸态性能有所提高,继续增加钇含量得到的合金铸态力学性能与原料ZL205A合金力学性能相同,钇含量达到0.3%时,合金晶粒细化效果最好,此时力学性能又有进一步改善。     

固溶及时效处理对ZL205A合金腐蚀性能的影响

首先对ZL205A合金进行了固溶及不同温度的时效处理，随后对其进行了NaCl溶液浸泡腐蚀试验和电化学腐蚀试验。采用扫描电镜、透射电镜和能谱仪分析观察了合金热处理后的微观组织和析出相形貌以及腐蚀后的腐蚀形貌和化学成分，分析了合金的腐蚀机理。结果表明：合理的热处理制度能够使合金中析出针状θ相并呈网状分布在晶界上，随着时效温度的升高，析出相粗化并发生团聚，185℃时效后合金中出现了贫Cu区无沉淀析出带(PFZ)。铸态ZL205A合金在NaCl溶液中容易发生点蚀，热处理后点蚀速率大幅度降低，这是因为PFZ和θ相粗化能够显著减弱合金的腐蚀电流密度并阻断点蚀通道，因此提高了ZL205A合金的耐腐蚀性能。双级固溶(530℃×2 h+540℃×13 h)及185℃时效5 h后能够使合金获得优异的耐腐蚀性能。     

热处理工艺对Mg-6Zn-2.5Cu镁合金显微组织和力学性能的影响

利用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和力学试验机等研究了铸造Mg-6Zn-2.5Cu合金在铸态、固溶和时效处理下的显微组织和力学性能。结果表明:合金的铸态组织主要由α-Mg和(α-Mg+MgZn2+Mg2Cu+CuZnMg)共晶相组成。在455℃固溶12~36 h时,随着时间增加,固溶效果逐渐增强,且在20 h时合金获得了较理想的显微组织及218 MPa的抗拉强度和8.68%的伸长率。随后在180℃时效6~72 h后,合金的拉伸性能随时效时间的增加呈先增加后减小的趋势,其中时效24 h时后,合金的抗拉强度和硬度达到峰值,分别为249.5 MPa和64.6 HV0.1,比铸态的分别提高了66.5 MPa和26.29%,伸长率在时效12 h时后达到了峰值6.72%。铸态合金的断裂方式以沿晶断裂为主,时效处理后合金的断裂方式为准解理断裂。     

Si含量对铸造Mg-Gd-Y-Zr合金组织和力学性能的影响

采用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)及室温拉伸等手段,研究元素Si对铸造Mg-Gd-Y-Zr合金组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明:Mg-10Gd-1Y-xSi-0.5Zr(x=0,0.5,1,1.5,2)合金的铸态和固溶时效态显微组织均由α-Mg、Mg_5Gd和Mg_(24)Y_5相组成,Si的加入产生新相Mg_2Si。随着Si含量的增加,铸态合金中枝晶状组织明显减少并逐渐消失,晶粒细化,合金的析出相增多。时效态合金中当Si含量增加至1 mass%时,合金组织化学成分最均匀,析出相呈颗粒状和棒条状分布于基体中。在室温下,铸态和时效态合金的抗拉强度,均随着Si含量的增加先升后降,Mg-10Gd-1Y-1Si-0.5Zr合金的抗拉强度最高,时效态合金强度达到最高为256.2 MPa,比Mg-10Gd-1Y-0.5Zr合金高出将近40 MPa。合金的伸长率随Si含量的增加而减小,其断裂方式都属脆性断裂。     

微量Sc、Zr对ZL109组织与性能的影响

采用硬度测试、拉伸性能测试、金相观察、扫描电镜等研究了添加微量Sc和Zr的ZL109铸铝铸态和时效态的显微组织。结果表明：微量Sc和Zr对ZL109合金具有一定的晶粒细化作用;其铸态组织与传统ZL109枝晶组织明显不同,枝晶网胞尺寸较小,晶粒较细;微量Sc、Zr添加到ZL109中,合金脆性减小,韧性增强,硬度、抗拉强度均有明显提高。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。