双酚A在膜生物反应器中的去除及转化分析

通过小试考察了MBR去除双酚A(BPA)的机理及转化规律。结果表明,BPA的加入未对MBR的运行产生明显影响。随着MBR运行压力的升高,出水BPA含量呈现下降的趋势。出水初期平均压力为4.8 kPa,出水平均BPA的质量浓度为3.98 mg/L,运行后期出水平均压力为46.4 kPa,出水平均BPA的质量浓度为1.67 mg/L。对反应池内污泥、膜清洗洗脱液中BPA的检测发现,BPA在反应池内污泥、膜滤饼层和凝胶层中具有很高的含量分布。BPA的3种主要降解产物在反应器中的含量与出水含量相差不大,但在膜面的凝胶层和滤饼层中有一定程度的积累。在70 d的运行时间内,MBR去除BPA的主要机理是膜面滤饼层和凝胶层通过截留已吸附BPA的污泥而形成强化去除作用。只有部分BPA通过生物降解作用转化为其产物,生物降解作用在本研究中属于次要地位。     

Performances of RO and NF processes for wastewater reuse: Tertiary treatment after a conventional activated sludge or a membrane bioreactor

Wastewater reclamation requires processes and technologies having the ability to reduce the presence of micropollutants which are not wholly treated in conventional WWTP. Due to the complexity of membrane-solute interactions and the diversity of secondary treatment effluent (STE) matrices, deeper investigations are required to identify the major foulant species and more specifically their behaviour at high concentration in real waters. This study investigates the rejection and fouling potential of nanofiltration (NF) and low-pressure reverse osmosis (RO) membranes with two STEs sampled from i) a conventional activated sludge process coupled with ultrafiltration (CAS-UF) and from ii) a membrane bioreactor MBR (AquaRM^®, SAUR (France)). Whatever the origin of the effluent, RO seems to be the best solution to prevent pollution of tertiary effluents (expected result) but also to obtain low fouling levels. The different composition and molecular weight distribution of MBR and CAS-UF effluents can explain the different fouling behaviours that were observed.     

膜法处理石化废水探索研究

以膜生物反应器(MBR)和膜混凝反应器(MCR)分别处理石化污水厂水解池出水和二沉池出水.结果发现水力停留14.5 h,DO约4 mg/L时,MBR对石化废水的化学需氧量(COD)去除率达到88 %,膜出水COD为71.3 mg/L.以MCR对污水厂出水进行深度处理,发现PAC约10 mg/L为最佳投药量,此时COD去除率达到32 %,膜出水COD为75.6 mg/L.以两种微滤膜反应器出水进行淤泥密度指数(SDI)实验,SDI在3～5之间,可以作为RO进水,但为了RO系统的稳定运行,应进一步对出水进行深度处理.     

膜生物反应器+反渗透工艺对再造烟叶废水的处理

采用膜生物反应器(MBR)和反渗透(RO)组合工艺,深度处理再造烟叶生产的废水。结果表明:经"MBR+RO"处理后,废水的COD、色度、氨氮、浊度等的去除率均达到95%以上,RO出水(回用水)完全可以满足生产需要,部分指标优于生活饮用水。     

聚氯乙烯离心母液高品质回收工艺的研究

采用膜生物反应器(MBR)和反渗透(RO)工艺对聚氯乙烯离心母液废水进行回收。研究了该系统工艺对有机物和悬浮固体的处理效果以及系统的耐冲击能力;观察了生物相在MBR系统中的变化情况及MBR膜片和反渗透膜的污染情况。试验结果表明,该工艺在稳定运行的情况下,废水总COD去除率可达到95%以上,MBR出水COD浓度低于40 mg/L,达到直接排放标准,再经过反渗透、离子交换或连续电解除盐(EDI)处理后,出水可以达到聚合回用水标准,回收率达到70%以上,而且,整个试验过程中膜耐污染性能良好。     

A pilot study for wastewater reclamation and reuse with MBR/RO and MF/RO systems

A pilot study was conducted to evaluate the quality of the effluent of an enhanced tertiary treatment process consisting of MBR/RO or MF/RO units and explore the feasibility of reclamation of treated effluent for potable and non-potable reuse applications. The performance of both the MBR/RO and MF/RO pilot plants was excellent. The MBR or MF alone was able to bring down the concentrations of most of the pollutants under acceptable limits for non-potable reuse applications. The application of RO further improved the treated water quality, especially the aesthetical and microbial qualities. Different strategies were employed to control membrane fouling in RO, and hypochlorite dosing showed the best results. The RO permeate quality in terms of conductivity, turbidity, organic content, ammonia, nitrate, hardness, E. coli and virus could meet the water quality requirements for many potable and non-potable reuse applications. In removal of total estrogens, the MBR/RO combination performed better than that of MF with RO, indicating the importance of the role of biomass. The rejection of virus in MBR and MF was greatly affected by the chemical membrane cleaning. It took more than 24 h for the recovery, implying that the presence of membrane biofilm plays a key role in rejection of virus.     

Degradation of Selected Acidic and Neutral Pharmaceutical Products in a Primary-Treated Wastewater by Disinfection Processes

Anti-inflammatory and anti-convulsive drugs are being detected in measurable quantities in municipal wastewaters. Some of these emerging substances undergo major transformation at the sewage treatment plant after biological and chemical treatments. The degradation of pharmaceutical products from high-quality treated wastewaters by disinfection processes is well documented. However, the effect of disinfection processes on these products in physicochemical primary-treated municipal effluents remains to be investigated. Pilot projects using ozone, performic acid and UV-radiation disinfection processes were carried out at the Montreal wastewater treatment plant. Residues of pharmaceutical products like salicylic acid, clofibric acid, ibuprofen, naproxen, triclosan, carbamazepine, diclofenac, and 2-hydroxy-ibuprofen were found in the treated wastewaters before disinfection at concentrations ranging from 42 to 2556 ng/L. Most of these substances were eliminated at a rate greater than 50% at an ozone dose of 10 mg/L. Higher removal rates (as high as 70%) were observed when 20 mg/L of ozone was used. Removal rates for UV radiation, on the other hand, were often below 10% among the substances studied. Limited removal rate was observed after UV radiation for diclofenac and triclosan (25 and 40% efficiency, respectively). The irradiation used here (25 mJ/cm²) for bacterial treatment appeared, as previously reported, to be too low to cause the significant breakdown of many of the pharmaceutical substances contained in these wastewaters. Poor reduction efficiencies (< 8%) were observed with the performic acid treatment. Further investigations on analytical methodologies are therefore needed to assess the potential impact of degradation by-products on the environment and on human health.     

Potential for reuse of high cellulose containing wastewater after membrane bioreactor treatment

It is difficult to adequately treat wastewater with a high cellulose content with the traditional anaerobic and aerobic activated sludge processes. In this study we used microfiltration (MF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membranes combined with an anaerobic or aerobic activated sludge process to treat high cellulose containing wastewater for different hydraulic retention times (HRTs). The potential target applications for reuse of the treated wastewater are also compared. Six bioreactors, which were configured as anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ANSBR), aerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR), aerobic membrane bioreactor (AMBR), AMBR plus RO (AMBR/RO), anaerobic activated sludge plus aerobic MBR (AOMBR), and AOMBR plus RO (AOMBR/RO), was operated in this study. The experiment results showed that, as expected, no effluents from the ASBR or the ANSBR could meet the Taiwan EPA criteria for effluent and wastewater reuse, no matter what the HRT was. However when the HRT was 12 h or more, the effluent from the AMBR and AOMBR processes did meet the criteria for effluent, but still did not meet the treated wastewater reuse criteria , primarily due to the color, total alkalinity, and total dissolved solid parameters. Finally, the effluents from the AMBR/RO and AOMBR/RO processes did meet the Taiwan criteria for both effluent and treated wastewater reuse when the HRT for the AOMBR/RO and AMBR/RO processes was equal to or longer than 12 h and 8 h, respectively. For the HRT of 4 h for both the AOMBR/RO and AMBR/RO process, and an HRT of 8 h for the AOMBR/RO process, neither the effluent criteria nor the treated wastewater reuse criteria were met.     

两种膜生物反应器工艺在养殖废水处理中的运行效果

采用动态膜生物反应器（dynamic membrane bioreactor,DMBR）和膜生物反应器（membrane bioreactor,MBR）两种处理工艺,研究在相同条件下对养殖废水的处理效果和运行条件。结果表明,不同溶解氧（dissolve oxygen,DO）条件下,DMBR和MBR对CODMn的去除率可达95%以上。DO为0～1 mg/L条件下,DMBR和MBR的总氮平均去除率分别达到71.4%、75.8%;在DO为2～3 mg/L条件下,DMBR和MBR的总氮平均去除率分别为46.3%、44.1%。DMBR和MBR两种工艺均能达到较好的污染物去除效果。MBR的过滤压差明显高于DMBR,低DO条件下（0～1 mg/L）的运行周期约为5天,DMBR采用重力流出水,运行周期约为10天,过滤压差最高时仅为3.97 kPa,在一定程度上克服MBR成本高、易污染等缺点。     

膜生物反应器工艺处理炼油废水中试研究

采用中空纤维膜生物反应器(MBR)工艺处理炼油废水,了解膜生物反应器在炼油废水处理中的性能.研究结果表明,采用膜生物反应器工艺可有效地处理炼油废水,COD、氨氮和油去除率分别为91.5%、96.7%、84.7%,MBR出水COD为64 mg/L,氨氮为1.85 mg/L,油含量<3.0 mg/L,出水水质达到国家一级排放标准.     

A novel approach to an advanced tertiary wastewater treatment: Combination of a membrane bioreactor and an oyster-zeolite column

A combination of a microfiltration-membrane bioreactor (MBR) and oyster-zeolite (OZ) packed-bed adsorption column was studied for the first time to evaluate the advanced tertiary treatment of nitrogen and phosphorous. The membrane module was submerged in the bioreactor and aeration was operated intermittently for an optimal wastewater treatment performance. Artificial wastewater with COD_cr of 220 mg/L, total nitrogen (T-N) of 45 mg/L, and total phosphorous (T-P) of 6 mg/L was used in submerged MBR with MLSS of 4,000–5,000 mg/L. The experiments were performed during a 100-day period with periodic membrane washing. The results showed that COD_cr could be effectively removed in the MBR alone with over 96% removal efficiency. However, T-N and T-P removal efficiency was slightly lower than expected with only the MBR. The permeate from MBR was then passed through the OZ column for tertiary nutrient removal. The final effluent analysis confirmed that nutrients can be additionally removed resulting in over 90% and 53% removal efficiencies for T-N and T-P, respectively. The results of this study suggest that the waste oyster shell can be effectively reclaimed as an adsorbent in advanced tertiary wastewater treatment processes in combination with a MBR.     

电混凝-反渗透工艺处理垃圾渗滤液的试验研究

采用电混凝-反渗透组合工艺处理渗滤液经膜生物反应器的出水,考察组合工艺的处理效果及电混凝作为RO进水预处理的可行性。结果表明,组合工艺出水COD和NH3-N、TP的质量浓度分别为100 mg/L和20、0.2 mg/L,去除率分别达到95%、90%、98%,可以满足GB 16889-2008的排放要求;出水电导率为355μS/cm,膜出水电导率与进水电导率的比大于0.94。电混凝工艺能够有效降低RO进水的COD、TP含量,明显地减缓膜结垢污染,改善膜的产水率,可以作为膜前预处理。     

平面显示面板生产有机工业废水的回用水处理技术

该文采用混凝沉淀、MBR和反渗透组合工艺装置针对平面显示面板生产有机废水进行深度处理。结果表明通过混凝沉淀,有机废水中的 COD能降低约10％,并减轻后续 MBR膜的有机物污堵。MBR装置出水能保持良好水质（TOC ＜10 mg/L、SDI15＜3）,很适合采用反渗透进行进一步处理。通过反渗透装置进行深度处理后,出水能达到TOC＜1 mg/L、电导率＜85μs/cm,可作为原水直接回用到超纯水制备系统。     

Freeze concentration for removal of pharmaceutically active compounds in water

A progressive freeze concentration process, unidirectional downward freezing (UDF), was investigated for removal of five commonly used pharmaceuticals (ibuprofen, gemfibrozil, acetylsalicylic acid, metoprolol and sulfamethoxazole) in water. The feed water with the pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) at concentrations from ng/L to mg/L range was frozen at −7 and −15 °C. The separation efficiency of PhACs in the single stage and two-stage UDF was examined. By freezing only 80% (volume) of the feed water and without washing of the ice, about 84-92% reduction of the drug content in ice was achieved in the single stage UDF and about 99% reduction in the two-stage UDF. The partitioning behavior of the PhACs in the ice and liquid phases seems different from the solutes in glucose solutions or liquid foods reported in the literature. A strong linear relationship between the PhACs concentration and their TOC concentration was established, suggesting that TOC, a parameter commonly used to measure WWTP effluent quality might be used to monitor the level of PhACs in WWTP effluent.     

Removal of nitrogen from wastewater for reusing to boiler feed-water by an anaerobic/aerobic/membrane bioreactor

The innovative process anaerobic/aerobic/membrane bioreactor (A/O/MBR) was developed to enhance pre-denitrification without the energy consumption of the recirculation pump for reusing wastewater to boiler feed-water. The performance of this bioreactor was investigated. Firstly, the septic tank wastewater with low ratio of COD/TN was disposed by a dynamic membrane bioreactor (DMBR). It was found that, although the high concentration of NO₂⁻–N in the effluent implied the potential ability of DMBR to realize shortcut nitrification and denitrification, the effluent of single DMBR was difficult to reach the criteria of reusing to boiler feed-water. Then, the process A/O/DMBR in disposing the septic tank wastewater was studied. The results indicated that this process not only accomplished the removal of 91.5% COD, 90.3% NH₄⁺–N and 60.2% TN, but also successfully realized pre-denitrification without additional recirculation pump. At last, based on the A/O/DMBR, a pilot plant A/O/MBR was built to dispose the municipal raw sewage. In the stable operation period, the average removal efficiencies for COD, NH₄⁺–N, TP and turbidity reached 90%, 95%, 70% and 99%, respectively. During the tested HRT run of 9.0 h, the effluent of COD, NH₄⁺–N, TP and turbidity was about 10 mg/L, 3 mg/L, below 1 mg/L and 1.2 NTU, respectively, which reached the criteria of the boiler feed-water in China.     

Removal of perfluorinated compounds by membrane bioreactor with powdered activated carbon (PAC): Adsorption onto sludge and PAC

The comparative study was conducted to investigate the performance and removal efficiencies of PFOS and PFOA in MBR and PAC-MBR. Solid phase extraction (SPE) followed by HPLC coupled with tandem MS (HPLC/MS/MS) was applied to quantitatively identify PFOS and PFOA in aqueous and sludge samples. Removal efficiencies of these two compounds were less than 7% in MBR, which suggest that MBR could not effectively remove PFCs due to their persistent in the activated sludge process. In contrast, removal efficiencies of 77.4% for PFOS and 67.7% for PFOA were observed in PAC-MBR with PAC dosage of 30 mg/L, indicating that adsorption of PFCs onto PAC plays an important role in their removal. Moreover, with the increase of PAC dosage from 30 mg/L to 100 mg/L in PAC-MBR, removal efficiency for PFOS or PFOA both increased to more than 90%. Mass balance of PFOS and PFOA was established to explore their removal mechanisms in MBR and PAC-MBR. Results show that PAC-MBR can effectively remove these two compounds in the wastewater by PAC adsorption, which was identified as the major removal mechanism. In MBR, adsorption onto activated sludge was the only mechanism for removal of PFCs.     

混凝+UF作为RO进水前处理的适用性研究

本文采用混凝＋UF作为RO进水的前处理,以颖河河水为原水进行了中试实验研究,考察了混凝剂投加量、曝气量、不同抽滤时间对超滤系统的影响.结果表明：混凝剂（PAC）投加量为14mg/L,曝气量为7.08L/s时,超滤对原水浊度的平均去除率为99.2%,出水SDI平均值为1.26,完全达到反渗透进水的水质要求,且水质稳定,混凝和超滤膜联用作为RO前处理是完全适用的.     

The possibility and applicability of coagulation-MBR hybrid system in reclamation of dairy wastewater

The significant improvements of membrane technology in reliability and cost effectiveness have increased the reuse probability and recycling extent of dairy wastewater. However, membrane fouling still remains a major bottleneck in wide application. In order to solve the problem, this paper investigated the possibility and applicability of coagulation-membrane bioreactor (MBR) hybrid system in reclaiming dairy wastewater. A comparative experiment based on the removal efficiencies and the membrane performance was designed to achieve the purpose. The results showed that polyaluminium chloride as the appropriate coagulant in coagulation process was effective for turbidity removal. Coagulation process played a very important role in stabilizing the effluent of MBR and the level of transmembrane pressure. MBR was a crucial process in turbidity and aluminum removal. MBR had the capability to resist shock loading and to maintain the high COD removal. Biological flocs in MBR could improve the fouling level of membrane. The hybrid system reduced 98% COD from the original and COD value of the wastewater came down to 8 mg/L. The combination of coagulation with MBR presents the possibility and applicability to reclaim effluent in dairy industries.     

常规处理+反渗透膜法处理珠江源水

由于各种污染物的排放，我国饮用水水源水质日益恶化，针对珠江后航道源水高有机物、高氨氮和高浊度的特点，采用常规处理＋反渗透膜法处理珠江源水，研究结果表明，反渗透膜出水CODMn、NH3-N、NO2^--N和浊度平均值分别为0．61mg／L、0．134mg／L、0．009mg／L、0．123NTU，相对于常规处理出水平均去除率分别为74．15％、96．46％、35．71％、41．43％。达到国家饮用水标准（CJ94．1999）.     

化肥生产综合废水回用处理工艺技术比较试验研究

为了寻求通用的以天然气为原料的化肥生产综合废水处理回用技术,试验采用膜生物反应器(MBR)、曝气生物流化床(ABFT)和曝气生物滤池(BAF)三种工艺对去除生产废水中的COD、NH3-N、硝酸盐氮的效果进行了比较。试验结果表明,三种工艺处理出水NH3-N的质量浓度均小于10 mg/L,达到设计要求;MBR和BAF处理出水COD的质量浓度低于30 mg/L,也满足要求,ABFT处理出水COD超标,三种工艺对硝酸盐氮的去除率都不高,脱氮不彻底。本试验为工程设计提供了技术参考。