1，3-丙二醇发酵液脱盐用离子交换树脂的筛选

研究了用离子交换树脂处理1,3-丙二醇发酵液,选用6种阳离子交换树脂和3种阴离子交换树脂,以交换容量、电导率和再生时间为指标,考察了树脂的脱盐效果。结果表明：阳离子交换树脂中的D001-cc对1,3-丙二醇发酵液的处理效果最好,150mL树脂的平均交换容量达到240mL,电导率能降到2250gS／cm,再生时间7h;3种阴离子交换树脂中,D301R的去盐效果最好。     

Combined adsorption and Chemical precipitation process for pretreatment or post-treatment of landfill leachate

Performances of combined adsorption and chemical precipitation were evaluated as one of the options for pretreatment or post-treatment of a municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill leachate and leachate from an industrial solid waste landfill. The COD and color removals of the leachate from a MSW landfill were 35% and 33% at an alum dose of 300 mg/L with preceding PAC (powdered activated carbon) dose of 200 mg/L, respectively. For MSW leachate, the combined adsorption and coagulation process showed 2.3 times higher COD removal at PAC dose of 200 mg/L and alum dose of 500 mg/L than the unit process of adsorption with poor settleability. The COD removal was accomplished mainly by adsorption, while coagulation was a key mechanism of color removal. The COD and color of the biologically treated leachate from an industrial solid waste landfill were removed up to 32% and 68%, respectively, at addition of 490 mgAlum/L and 1,000 mgPAC/L in adsorption-coagulation process with pH control. Combined adsorption and coagulation process with pH control showed better COD and color removal than the process without pH control. The color removal was influenced greatly by pH control, while COD removal was not. No difference in removal efficiency was observed between adsorption-coagulation and coagulation-adsorption. Maximum net increases in the COD and color removals by the adsorption-coagulation process were 40% and 46%, respectively, compared with the removals by sole chemical precipitation. The Freundlich isotherm exclusively described the adsorption of leachate components on the PAC. Thus, a combined adsorption and coagulation process was considered to be effective for pre-treatment or post-treatment of landfill leachate, and has distinct features of simple, flexible, stable and reliable operation against fluctuation of leachate quality and flowrate.     

Biological treatment of ion-exchange brine regenerant for re-use: A review

Ion-exchange resins are typically selected to target anionic pollutants in drinking water treatment, however, the production of concentrated brine is a significant disadvantage as regulation of its disposal is becoming increasingly strict. Various destructive technologies have been trialled as a replacement for ion exchange, the most notable being biological reduction. Although several full-scale biological processes have been developed for drinking water treatment, regulators remain cautious about the introduction of microbes into the treatment process. Alternatively the bioprocess can be reconfigured to destruct the target anion in the concentrated waste brine, eliminating the bioprocess from direct treatment and reducing the waste volume and salt consumption associated with ion exchange. This paper reviews the difficulties faced when bio-processing complex, highly concentrated brine, evaluates the various process configurations trialled and presents an argument for the integration of membrane technology whilst also providing a précis of the literature available to date on membrane fouling for this application.     

Radiation chemistry aspects of polymerization and crosslinking. A review and future environmental trends in ‘non-acrylate’ chemistry

Radiation induced polymerization of acrylate based materials has been in industrial use for almost twenty years. This field is still growing rapidly and the advantages of the technology, e.g. being solvent free and rapid ‘cure’, are very attractive properties from an industrial and environmental point of view. Mixtures of mono- and multifunctional acrylates are today the ‘heart’ of radiation curable systems. However, serious concerns about the health hazards connected with the handling of the liquid coating is an important issue. Different approaches to overcome this problem have been addressed and the obvious thing to start with was the investigation of a great number of acrylates regarding their potential health effects. Acrylates do exhibit some specific unattractive properties, regarding their toxicology profile. Sensitization and skin irritation are considered to be limiting factors for a continuing rapid expansion of this successful technology. A further development and improvement of the photoinitiator chemistry together with a more efficient use of high powered irradiators with a narrow bandwidth distribution, will improve still the acrylate technology. The importance of degree of conversion of carbon-carbon double bonds as a function of dose rates, i.e. residual unpolymerized acrylic monomers, will be discussed. An additional approach, since the acrylate technology is well established, is to further optimize the ‘reactivity’ and conversion on ‘new’ acrylates in order to obtain maximum conversion, thus minimizing the residual amount of monomers that can migrate out of the coating. The increasing functionality of the acrylate/oligomer will of course result in an increasing probability of monomer/oligomer being attached to the crosslinked network. Furthermore, this paper emphasizes potential acrylate replacements, and ‘new’ or alternative chemistry for acrylates will be introduced. The state of the art and the associated problems for cationically induced polymerization, free radical alternating copolymerization, hybrid systems and direct photolysis of donor/acceptor pairs are discussed.     

Ion‐Exchange Adsorption of Proteins: Experiments and Molecular Dynamics Simulations

The adsorption of serum albumin and hemoglobin onto Q Sepharose FF was investigated, where the single and binary adsorption were considered. Both experiments and molecular dynamics simulations have been performed to study the adsorption from macroscopic and microscopic points of view. The steric mass‐action model was applied to describe the single adsorption isotherms and to predict the binary isotherms. The results of the experiments and simulations were connected and compared by two parameters of the steric mass‐action model. Both results present a preferential adsorption of serum albumin.     

The chemistry involved in the loading of silver(I) into poly(amic acid) via ion exchange: A metal-ion-induced crosslinking behavior

Metal-ion-induced crosslinking of poly(amic acid) (PAA) was observed in the incorporation of silver ions into PAA through ion exchange. Studies on the interaction of silver ions with 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenonetetracarboxylic acid/4,4′-oxidianiline (BTDA/ODA)-based PAA suggest that the ion exchange reactions between poly(amic acid) and silver ions are not so simple as what we generally believed. It involves not only the formation of silver carboxylate but also the generation of diversified silver chemical entities arising from the strong chemical bonding of metal ions with the functional groups, such as carbonyl groups and amide groups, in the polymer chain, which are suggested to be responsible for the crosslinking behavior. Moreover, silver ions loaded into the film are readily self-reduced and provides us a convenient route to disperse very small metal nanoparticles into the polymeric matrix. Meanwhile, strong accelerating effect of silver ions was observed on the hydrolysis of PAA molecules and the characterization results indicate that about 14-16 wt% precursors were dissolved during the ion exchange in the aqueous silver ion solutions. Fortunately, it is found that the metal-ion-induced crosslinking structure formed in the silver-doped film has helped to prevent the damaging effect of silver ions and the essential structural features of PAA were retained in the remaining polymer matrix.     

A particle size distribution model for manufactured particulate solids of narrow and intermediate size ranges

Mass transport algorithms using particle size distribution equations are common where molecular mass flux across a hydrodynamic layer is present. In this paper, we suggest a unique model and prove its effectiveness in modelling particle size distributions that vary dramatically in character and propose that the model may be useful for distributions of narrow and intermediate size ranges, more specifically, for ion exchange resin and fluidised bed catalyst, both of which are manufactured particulates. The model has a single fitting parameter and can be used in the frequency form for finite-element transport phenomena calculations.     

Feasibility studies of discontinuous electro-regeneration processes in environmentally-friendly plating for chromate separation from a binary system

Project work was carried out for feasibility and possible design of semi-industrial electro-regeneration units for diluted waters typical for rinse water systems in electroplating industry. Firstly, one subject of interest was the removal of CrO₄²⁻ ions in the concentration range between 0.06 mol m⁻³ and 2.3 mol m⁻³. Ion exchange capacity of several resins under room temperature conditions was tested. A 2-compartment cell with diaphragm was found to be a suitable construction for electrochemical resin regeneration after previous discontinuous loading. The determination of resin conductivities and transport numbers was also part of the studies. Results showed sufficient high current efficiencies up to 70%. Nevertheless, low ion mobility in the resin may limit the removal rate for continuous electrodeionization. In this case, stepwise operation mode in loading and regenerating the resin bed is the only solution. Energy consumption can be lowered by using catholytes of previous electro-regeneration steps. Specific energy consumption until 0.3 kWh per treated cubic meter is to be expected.     

Comparison of Ion Exchange Performance of Polystyrene Nanofiber Cation Exchanger and Glass Fibers Coated with Poly(styrene‐co‐divinylbenzene)

Polystyrene nanofiber ion exchangers (PSNIE) were prepared by electrospinning from solutions of dissolved polystyrene followed by sulfonation processes. Coating and sulfonation have been used to modify glass fiber surfaces with polystyrene to produce cation exchange fibers (CEF). In this paper, new experimental results investigating the performance of PSNIE and CEF are presented in relation to the relevant parameters (ion exchange capacity (IEC), water uptake, and surface morphology). The IEC and water uptake of the PSNIE and CEF is depended upon the sulfonation time. The PSNIE sample with 30 min sulfonation time showed the maximum IEC of 3.74 mmol/g‐dry‐PSNIE and water uptake of 0.77 g H₂O/g‐dry‐PSNIE. The IEC and water uptake of CEF reached up to 3.61 mmol/g‐CEF and 0.25 g H₂O/g‐dry‐CEF.     

A review on high entropy silicides and silicates: Fundamental aspects,synthesis, properties

Metal silicides and silicates belong to the silicon-based non-oxide and oxide ceramics family with exceptional properties. Silicides face fatal oxidation at low temperatures and intrinsic brittleness, whereas silicates face instability in phase at high temperatures which restricts its usage in vast engineering applications. Hence, the ceramic community introduced the concept of high entropy in metal silicides and silicates. Since 2019, high entropy silicides and silicates, a multicomponent system, have created new avenues for materials discovery and design. High entropy silicides displayed elevated properties than the traditional silicides aiming its applications in microelectronic, high-temperature oxidation resistance coatings, and structural materials. Similarly, high entropy silicates displayed improved properties than the traditional silicates making them the most promising materials for environmental and thermal barrier coating applications for hot section components in gas turbines. The review focuses on specific case studies to emphasize the latest research and developments in high entropy silicides and silicates. Synthesis approaches employed in developing high entropy silicides and silicates and their structural and microstructural outcomes are addressed. The possible application is predicted based on the overview of the properties explored to date. The review concludes with future possibilities offered by the high entropy silicides and silicates.     

A discussion of “Heat pumps as a source of heat energy for desalination of seawater”

The paper, “Heat pumps as a source of heat energy for desalination of seawater”, was published in Desalination [Vol. 139, 2001]. In the paper, heat pumps using agent R12 or water and vapor were introduced to be used as a source of heat energy for desalination. The cyclic processes of heat pump were illustrated in T-S and P-H thermodynamic diagrams under the conditions ofcondensation temperature at 120°C and an evaporative temperature of 20°C, but there are some questions that need to be discussed. First, thermodynamic diagrams of the transcritical cycle of heat pumps using agent R12 are given. Second, the ratio between mass flows of the water vapor and agent R12 is discussed and the heat balance equations of desalination are given. Third, calculations from a 5 t/d desalination plant are given as an example.     

A boric acid-assisted hydrothermal process for preparation of mesoporous silica nanoparticles with ultra-large mesopores and tunable particle sizes

This work reports that monodispersed ultra-large mesopore mesoporous silica nanoparticles (LP-MSNs) can be facilely prepared by a simple and highly effective boric-assisted hydrothermal (BAH) process. This BAH process provides an easy and mild way to prepare LP-MSNs with tunable porous structure and mesopore size. Such BAH process enables the transformation from conventionally prepared MSNs with small mesopores (∼2.3 nm) into LP-MSNs with ultra-large mesopore size over 15 nm. This BAH process also enables reliable control over particle sizes (98 nm–278 nm) by varying synthesis conditions. The effect of different synthesis conditions on mesopore enlargement was investigated, including the amounts of initial ethanol, boric acid, and ethanol in mixtures during hydrothermal treatment (HT) and HT temperatures. It is newly found that the ethanol added in synthesis step (1st ethanol), boric acid and ethanol added in mixture during HT process (2nd ethanol) and HT conditions play synergistic roles in the preparation of LP-MSNs with variable mesopore sizes and particle sizes. The underlying principle of such mesopore enlargement by such experimental setup was also analyzed. The BET surface area, pore size, and total pore volume of typical LP-MSNs reach 238 m²/g, 15.3 nm, and 0.67 cm³/g, respectively. Such LP-MSNs can find different applications in various fields.     

石油与煤路线制烯烃过程技术评述

烯烃是重要的平台化学品,烯烃工业的发展带动着其它有机化工产品的发展。无论从能源安全还是资源储量角度看,探索煤炭原料路线的烯烃生产是化工产业可持续发展的一个重要方向。近年来煤气化为基础的甲醇制烯烃技术得到了快速的发展。本文综述了石油、煤路线制烯烃的主要工艺技术,并结合能源储量、工艺应用情况、技术经济等方面对两条工艺路线进行了比较。总体而言,煤制烯烃路线具有原料成本优势,在经济上表现出较强的竞争力,但整体工艺和过程集成技术有待提高。     

A review of high throughput and combinatorial electrochemistry

Many 21st century technological solutions are reliant on the development of new materials with improved properties, and increasingly on materials that can be optimised to perform more than one function. High-throughput and combinatorial methodologies are being used more frequently to discover and design improved materials in a time efficient manner for a variety of applications. A number of technological challenges involve the field of electrochemistry, such as battery development, electrocatalysis, photocatalysis, corrosion protection, sensor development, photovoltaics and light-emitting materials. This review focuses on the utilisation of high-throughput and combinatorial methods that have incorporated, or are associated with, electrochemical methods. In many cases electrochemical determinations are well-suited for high-throughput methodologies, enabling direct quantitative analysis of properties. However, in other circumstances electrochemical measurements are complicated by additional factors. Hence the limitations of high-throughput and combinatorial electrochemistry are also discussed within.     

Inorganic fouling of pressure-driven membrane processes — A critical review

One of the major limitations of the application of membrane processes in water and wastewater treatment is inorganic fouling. Despite the extensive studies on concentration polarization and inorganic scaling in membrane filtration, the fundamental mechanisms and processes involved in inorganic fouling are not fully understood. This paper critically reviews the mechanisms and models of concentration polarization and inorganic fouling in pressure-driven membrane processes. Effects of operating parameters and membrane properties on the formation of inorganic scale at the membrane surface are also evaluated. Future research areas that need to be pursued to alleviate inorganic fouling problems in membrane installations are discussed.     

Support for modeling and monitoring of engineering design processes

Engineering design processes are highly complex and dynamic inasmuch unforeseen changes occur frequently at process runtime. In this paper we present the process management system PROCEED that aids process managers and process participants in planning and enacting the work processes in plant design projects. It is based on the commercial lifecycle engineering tool Comos. PROCEED exceeds the state of the art in process management in several ways. The models used to represent running design processes incorporate aspects of project plans and workflow instances to reflect the current planning and execution states of work processes. Workflow definitions are used to define best practices for repetitive process parts and are enacted to guide process participants. PROCEED ensures consistent changes of process models even at process runtime. A process manager can resort to numerous progress measures in order to get exact quantitative information about the performance of a process.     

电去离子（EDI）高纯水新技术及其研究进展

介绍了EDI过程的脱盐机理,分析并提出了过程的主要强化途径。阐述了EDI的V-I、pH-I特征及“树脂电再生”等特征及其与电渗析（ED）过程的区别。介绍了国内外EDI的研究进展与应用概况。     

A comprehensive review of nanofiltration membranes:Treatment, pretreatment, modelling, and atomic force microscopy

Nanofiltration membranes (NF) have applications in several areas. One of the main applications has been in watertreatment for drinking water production as well as wastewater treatment. NF can either be used to treat all kinds of water including ground, surface, and wastewater or used as a pretreatment for desalination. The introduction of NF as a pretreatment is considered a breakthrough for the desalination process. NF membranes have been shown to be able to remove turbidity, microorganisms and hardness, as well as a fraction of the dissolved salts. This results in a significantly lower operating pressure and thus provides a much more energy-efficient process. Similar to other membrane processes, a major problem in NF membrane applications is fouling. Several studies have investigated the mechanisms of fouling in NF membranes and suggested methods to minimize and control the fouling of NF membranes. For NF membrane characterizations and process prediction, modeling of NF processes and the use of atomic force microscopy (AFM) are very important. The ability to predict the performance of NF processes will lead to a lower number of experiments, saving of time and money, and help to understand the separation mechanisms during NF. A comprehensive review of NF in water treatments is presented including a review of the applications of NF in treating water as well as in the pretreatment process for desalination; the mechanism as well as minimization of NF membrane fouling problems; and theories for modelling and transport of salt, charged and noncharged organic compounds in NF membranes. The review will also address the application of AFM in studying the morphology of membrane surfaces as part of the NF membrane characterization.     

Selectivity engineering of 4-phenoxyacetophenone by acylation of diphenyl ether with ion exchange resins: modeling of catalyst deactivation and remedies

The synthesis of 4-phenoxyacetophenone, an important intermediate for the production of fine chemicals, was carried out via acylation of diphenyl ether with acetic anhydride using various solid acid catalysts, amongst which macroporous cation exchange resins were effective. The effects of various reaction parameters on the rate of reaction and selectivity were investigated to deduce the intrinsic kinetics of the reaction. However, the reusability studies demonstrated that the resin activity falls in subsequent reactions due to blocking of pores by larger products, particularly di-acylated derivatives rendering some pore networks ineffective. This could be modeled to extract both the rate constants and deactivation constants. A first-order model for independent deactivation was found to fit the data satisfactory. A strategy was then developed to increase the selectivity and reduce deactivation of catalyst.