Dry sliding wear response of some bearing alloys as influenced by the nature of microconstituents and sliding conditions

An attempt has been made in this study to examine the dry sliding wear response of a leaded-tin bronze, an aluminum bronze, and a conventional zinc-based alloy under varying applied pressure and speed conditions. Different characteristics of the microconstituents of the alloys have been correlated with that of their wear behavior. The study clearly indicates that the influence of the microstructural features greatly changes with the sliding conditions. It also has been observed that in order to attain good wear characteristics, a material should comprise an optimum level of lubricating, load bearing and ductile microconstituents, and, above all, thermal stability. Room temperature properties in fact play rather a secondary role in this context.     

Dry sliding wear of ferrous PM materials

Abstract

Ashby's map for dry sliding wear of wrought steels has been used as a guide to interpret the dry sliding wear behaviour of PM materials. It has been shown that this map is useful in understanding the acting wear mechanisms and also the experimental wear rates. For given tribological conditions, in terms of normalised pressure and sliding velocity, the sliding wear resistance of PM materials is similar to that of wrought steels, although a closer look at the experimental results highlights the peculiar role of porosity and of a heterogeneous microstructure. In particular, materials with a porosity content of about 10% and with an homogeneous microstructure display the best performances. Since mild wear in metals can be obtained through the formation of protective oxide glazes, steam treatment turned out to be a natural way of increasing the sliding wear resistance of PM ferrous materials. The ‘surface durability’ of steam treated materials was thus shown to depend on the quality of the layer, the applied load and the nature of the counterface. The role of the counterface and the opportunity to adopt other surface treatments to increase the sliding wear resistance of PM ferrous materials are also discussed.     

Dry sliding wear behavior of extruded Mg-Sn-Yb alloy

The dry sliding wear behavior of extruded Mg-9Sn and Mg-9Sn-3Yb alloys through pin-on-disc configuration was investigated at room temperature. Coefficient of friction, wear rate and wear resistance of extruded Mg-9Sn and Mg-9Sn-3Yb alloys were measured within a load range of 20–240 N and 20–380 N at a sliding velocity of 0.785 m/s, respectively. The wear tracks, worn surface and wear edge were observed using a scanning electron microscope and an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer. The results indicated that wear rate, coefficient of friction and wear resistance changed with increasing applied load due to different wear mechanisms. Six wear mechanisms, namely adhesion, abrasion, oxidation, delamination, thermal softening and melting, were observed for both extruded alloys. The extruded Mg-9Sn-3Yb alloy exhibited good wear resistance compared with extruded Mg-9Sn alloy, which was mainly attributed to a large number of volume fraction of Mg2 Sn particles, the formation of thermal stable Mg2(Sn,Yb) particles and good elevated temperature mechanical properties.     

Dry sliding wear behavior of plasma-sprayed aluminum hybrid composite coatings

Al-SiC _p composite and Al-SiC _p -C _p hybrid composite coatings were produced by plasma spraying of premixed powders onto A356 alloy substrates. Four composite coatings, Al+20 vol pct SiC _p , Al+20 vol pct SiC _p +C _p , Al+40 vol pct SiC _p , and Al+40 vol pct SiC _p +C _p , were obtained. The dry sliding wear behavior of these coatings and pure aluminum have been studied at a sliding velocity of 1 m/s in the applied-load range of 25 to 150 N (corresponding to a normal stress of 0.5 to 3 MPa). The composite coatings had a significantly improved wear resistance over pure Al. The composite coatings with a higher SiC _p content of 40 vol pct exhibited superior wear resistance than those with a lower SiC _p content of 20 vol pct. The presence of graphite particles had different influences on the wear resistance, depending on the applied load. At lower loads, graphite improved the wear resistance considerably. At higher loads, the wear resistance of the hybrid composite coatings was similar to that of the composite coatings without graphite particles. At lower loads, an oxidative wear mechanism was dominant. At higher loads, delamination was a major wear mechanism. Graphite particles did not change their wear mechanism at the same applied loads.     

Dry sliding wear behavior of A356-15 Pct SiC p composites under controlled atmospheric conditions

The present investigation was carried out to provide a deeper insight into the mechanism of wear behavior of A356-15 vol pct SiC _p composite under controlled argon and oxygen atmospheres through a detailed characterization of worn surfaces and subsurfaces. Dry sliding wear tests were performed for both as-cast and T6-treated specimens using a pin-on-disc machine with three sliding velocities (0.5, 1, and 2 ms⁻¹) and three loads (1, 2, and 3 MPa). The wear rate of A356-15 vol pct SiC _p composite was lower by nearly one order of magnitude under argon atmosphere compared to the specimens tested under oxygen atmosphere for all experimental conditions. Under argon atmosphere, the mechanism of material removal was by delamination wear and did not change within the parametric regime. In the case of the specimen tested under oxygen atmosphere, the wear behavior of the composite depended on the experimental conditions. At low load and low sliding velocity, the material removal was by abrasion. While at high load and high sliding velocity, the material removal mechanism was by delamination wear. Further, the mechanical mixed layer (MML) formed under argon atmosphere was more stable and homogenous compared to that formed under oxygen atmosphere. The MML formed under both atmospheres revealed much less in Fe content.     

Dry sliding friction and wear in plain carbon dual phase steel

In view of the potential of plain carbon dual phase (DP) steel as wear resistant material, the wear and friction characteristics of this steel, which consists of hard martensite islands embedded in a ductile ferrite matrix, have been investigated and compared with those observed in plain carbon normalized (N) steel that has the same composition of 0.14 wt pct carbon. Dry sliding wear tests have been carried out using a pin-on-disk wear testing machine at normal loads of 14.7, 24.5, and 34.3 N and at a constant sliding velocity of 1.15 m/s. Weight loss in the samples has been measured over time on the same specimen, and the variation of cumulative wear loss with sliding distance has been described by two linear segments, for both the DP and the N steel. At these loads, the mechanism of wear is primarily oxidative, although subsurface cracking and delamination wear could also be observed in a few places. The second linear segment could result from a dynamic steady state wear of the transfer layer of compacted oxide wear debris on the sliding surfaces. The wear rate calculated on the basis of the first linear segment varies linearly with normal load, which is indicative of Archard’s law, and it is significantly lower for the DP steel than for the N steel. The wear rate calculated on the basis of the second linear segment, however, varies with load linearly for the DP steel but nonlinearly in the N steel. In the first linear segment, the wear coefficient is about 0.39 × 10⁻⁴ for the DP steel and is 0.40 × 10⁻⁴ for the N steel. Higher hardness and, consequently, a lower real area of contact in the DP steel at all the loads have compensated for the lower wear rates, and have resulted in a wear coefficient similar to that in the N steel. The steady state wear coefficient from the second linear segment is 0.29 × 10⁻⁴ for the DP steel at all loads; for the N steel, these are 0.21 × 10⁻⁴ and 0.64 × 10⁻⁴, respectively, for lower and higher loads.     

Load and sliding velocity effect in dry sliding wear behavior of CuZnAl shape memory alloys

The wear behavior of shape memory alloys is linked to the thermoelastic martensitic transformation. Due to this transformation, these alloys have the ability to absorb a high amount of energy before undergoing plastic deformation and subsequent fractures caused by wear. In this study, the effect of sliding velocity and load on the dry wear behavior of CuZnAl alloys has been characterized. Weight loss as a function of the M_s transformation temperature at different sliding velocities and loads was studied for the different alloys. The weight loss and friction coefficient of the alloys as a function of load showed linear and exponential relationships, respectively; however, when considered versus applied sliding velocity, independently of which phase was present, they showed an exponential relation and no direct relation, respectively.     

Dry friction and wear of alloys of diboride-nitride systems at normal temperatures

Conclusions A study was made of the room-temperature dry friction and wear of alloys of the systems ZrB₂-ZrN and HfB₂- HfN in air. It was found that all the materials investigated possess high wear resistance. The lowest values of coefficient of friction (0.3–0.4) and increased wear resistance at a sliding speed of 1 m/sec are exhibited by composites based on hafnium diboride and those containing 40–70 mole % zirconium nitride.Translated from Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya, No. 7 (103), pp. 63–67, July, 1971.     

Sliding wear behavior of some Al-Si alloys: Role of shape and size of Si particles and test conditions

In this investigation, effects of the shape and size of silicon particles have been studied on the sliding wear response of two Al-Si alloys, namely, LM13 and LM29. The LM13 alloy comprised 11.70 pct Si, 1.02 pct Cu, 1.50 pct Ni, 1.08 pct Mg, 0.70 pct Fe, 0.80 pct Mn, and remainder Al. The LM29 alloy contained 23.25 pct Si, 0.80 pct Cu, 1.10 pct Ni, 1.21 pct Mg, 0.71 pct Fe, 0.61 pct Mn, and remainder Al. Wear tests were conducted under the conditions of varying sliding speed and applied pressure. The alloys were also characterized for their microstructural features and mechanical properties. The presence of primary silicon particles in the alloy led to a higher hardness but lower tensile properties. Further, refinement in the size of the primary particles improved the mechanical properties of the alloy system. The wear behavior of the alloys was influenced by the presence of primary Si particles and was a function of their size. Samples with refined but identical microconstituents (e.g., pressure cast vs gravity cast LM29 in terms of the size of primary Si particles and dendritic arm spacing) exhibited better wear characteristics. Their overall effect was further controlled by the test conditions. It was observed that test conditions leading to the generation of an optimal degree of frictional heating offer the best wear resistance. This was attributed to the reduced microcracking tendency of the alloy system otherwise introduced by the Si particles. The reduced microcracking tendency in turn allows the Si phase to carry load more effectively and impart better thermal stability to the alloy system. This caused improved wear resistance under the circumstances. Further, the primary Si particles improved the wear resistance of the alloy system (e.g., gravity-cast LM29 vs gravity-cast LM13) under high operating temperature conditions. Additional thermal stability and protection offered to the matrix by the primary Si phase, under the conditions of reduced microcracking tendency, were the reasons for the improved wear characteristics of the alloy system. Conversely, a reverse effect was produced at low operating temperatures in view of the predominating microcracking tendency. The study suggests that shape, size, microcracking tendency, and thermal stability of different microconstituents greatly control the mechanical and tribological properties of these alloys. The extent of effective load transfer between the phases plays an important role in this regard. Further, the overall effect of these factors is significantly governed by the test conditions.     

Dry sliding wear of a Ti50Ni25Cu25 particulate-reinforced aluminum matrix composite

The objective of this article is to characterize the sliding wear behavior of a 30 vol pct Ti₅₀Ni₂₅Cu₂₅ particulate-reinforced aluminum matrix composite under dry conditions. The transformation temperatures of Ti₅₀Ni₂₅Cu₂₅ particles were measured before and after the compounding procedure by the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) method. The wear tests were carried out on a pin-on-disc machine. A 10 vol pct SiC particulate-reinforced composite and pure aluminum were chosen as the comparison specimens. The results indicate that Al-30 vol pct Ti₅₀Ni₂₅Cu₂₅ composites exhibit higher wear resistance than their unreinforced matrices and are comparable with Al-10 vol pct SiC composites in this experiment. A self-adaptive mechanism that contributes to the wear resistance of an Al-30 vol pct Ti₅₀Ni₂₅Cu₂₅ composite is proposed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy diffraction spectrum (EDS) examinations were carried out to investigate the wear mechanism and interface reactions. The results indicate that the interfacial reaction is a predominant factor in determining the wear behavior of the Ti₅₀Ni₂₅Cu₂₅/Al composite.     

M50NiL轴承钢渗层碳化物特征与滑动磨损行为的研究

摘要：研究了M50NiL轴承钢在不同磨损时间和外加应力作用下的磨损行为和机制。结果表明：渗碳层组织为孪晶马氏体和近球状MC、M23C6和棒状M2C型碳化物。外加应力对钢的磨损形式与形貌具有显著影响,钢的磨损形式为轻微粘着磨损和磨料磨损,摩擦因数较快保持稳定到0.02。延长磨损时间对钢的磨损性能与机制具有明显作用,磨损时间达到3万s,MC、M23C6、M2C脱落,部分碳化物破碎形成磨料磨损。磨损时间与外加应力耦合作用显著影响钢的磨损性能与质量,磨损时间为3000s,外加应力由0306MPa增至1530MPa,碳化物导致磨料磨损,磨损质量由025mg增至038mg;外加应力增至2142MPa,更多大尺寸碳化物脱落,导致钢的摩擦因数逐渐升高至0037,磨损质量达到033mg。     

Research on carbide characteristics and sliding wear behavior of carburized layer of M50NiL bearing steel

The wear behavior and wear mechanism of M50NiL bearing steel under different wear times and applied stresses were studied. The results show that the microstructure of the carburized layer is composed of twin martensite, nearly spherical MC, M23C6 and rod like M2C carbides. The applied stress has a significant effect on the wear form and morphology of steel. The wear forms of the steel are slight adhesive wear and abrasive wear. The friction coefficient of the steel keeps stable to 002. Prolonged wear time has an obvious effect on the wear property and mechanism of steel. When the wear time reaches 30000s, MC, M23C6 and M2C carbides rub off. Some carbides are broken and subsequently formed abrasive wear. The coupling effect of wear time and applied stress significantly affect the wear property and quality of steel. When the wear time is 3000s, the applied stress increases from 0306MPa to 1530MPa. The wear weight loss increases from 025mg to 038mg due to carbides abrasive wear. When the applied stress increases to 2142MPa, large scale carbides rub off. This leads to the increasing of the friction coefficient to 0037 and the wear mass to 033mg.     

Characterization of the wear response of a modified zinc-based alloy vis-à-vis a conventional zinc-based alloy and a bearing bronze at a high sliding speed

In this investigation, an attempt has been made to examine the wear response of a modified zinc-based alloy at a high speed (4.60 m/s) of sliding over a range of applied pressures. A conventional zinc-based alloy and a bearing bronze have also been subjected to identical tests with a view to assess the working capability of the modified alloy with respect to the existing ones. The wear characteristics of the alloys have been correlated with their microstructural features, while operating wear mechanisms have been studied through analyses of wear surfaces, subsurfaces, and debris particles. The conventional zinc-based alloy attained most inferior wear behavior when compared with that of the modified (zinc-based) alloy and the bronze. Interestingly, the modified alloy exhibited its wear response to be much better than that of the conventional zinc-based alloy due to the presence of nickel/silicon containing (hard and thermally stable) microconstituents. Moreover, the modified alloy also seized at a pressure similar to that of the bronze, although its wear rate prior to seizure was more than that of the latter. The study clearly indicates that it is possible to develop modified versions of zinc-based alloys having much improved wear characteristics over the conventional variety; the information gains special attention in view of the high speed of sliding selected in this study.     

Dry sliding wear behaviour of a novel 6351 Al-Al4SiC4 composite at high loads

In this research work the dry sliding wear behaviour of 6351 Al alloy and 6351 Al based composites possessing varying amount of (2–7 vol%) insitu Al₄SiC₄ reinforcement was investigated at low sliding speed (1?m?s^?1) against a hardened EN 31 disk at higher loads (44 N and 68.7 N). In general, at higher loads, the wear mechanism involved microcutting and microploughing abrasion. In most occasions, Al₄SiC₄ reinforced 6351 Al based composites exhibited much higher wear rate (lower wear resistance) than the unreinforced 6351Al alloy. This was mainly attributed to the removal of reinforcement particle through microcutting abrasion process that resulted in cavitation and subsequent microploughing abrasion for rapid removal of material from surface. This is on contrary to the author's previous research work, where at lower loads (24.5 N or below), Al₄SiC₄ particles stood tall to enhance wear resistance of 6351 Al-Al₄SiC₄ composite.     

Effect of iron (Wt.%) on adhesive wear response of Al-12Si-1Cu-0.1Mg alloy in dry sliding conditions

The presence of iron leads to different types of intermetallics in Al-Si alloys, among them needle shaped β-phase (Al₅FeSi) can lead to variations in hardness of the Al-Si alloy which ultimately can affect the wear resistance of the alloy. In this paper, the effect of iron on wear behavior of cast Al-Si alloys has been reported. Sliding wear behavior of eutectic alloy Al-12Si-1Cu-0.1Mg was investigated in dry sliding conditions by using pin-on-disk test configuration against heat treated EN31 steel counter-surface at room temperature. Sliding wear behavior has been evaluated at four normal loads of 5, 20, 50 and 70 N and two sliding speeds, 2 m/s and 4 m/s. Worn pin surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for analyzing wear mechanisms. The wear mechanism has been found to be mild oxidative type at lower sliding speed of 2m/s for entire range of loads used in the study. Transition to severe metallic wear occurs at higher sliding speed of 4 m/s at normal load of 5 N. Hardness of the alloy increased with increase in iron addition primarily due to presence of needle shaped Fe-rich intermetallics but it leads to an increased wear rate.