E. L. Thorndike and the immediacy of reinforcement.

The earliest reference to the immediacy of reinforcement in E. L. Thorndike's writings is found in Animal Intelligence (1911), not in Volume 1 of Educational Psychology as previously stated in an earlier article by L. T. Benjamin and R. Perloff (1982). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Deep dyslexia and the right hemisphere hypothesis: Evidence from the U.S.A. and the U.S.S.R.

Discusses the theory that asserts that the residual reading abilities seen in deep dyslexia entirely reflect the operation of an intact right hemisphere reading system rather than a partially disabled left hemisphere reading system. Evidence from an experiment with normal Ss in a report by the present author and colleagues (1983) is presented, which suggests that the right hemisphere contains no lexical entries for abbreviations that can be accessed by visual presentation. Data are presented from studies by K. E. Patterson (1980; see also PA, Vols 63:12203 and 64:10691) on 2 male deep dyslexic's understanding of printed abbreviations, along with observations of a young female deep dyslexic who was tested on understanding of abbreviations and on letter-naming abilities. Considerable sparing of the ability to obtain semantic information from printed abbreviations was evidenced in all 3 Ss. This contrast suggests that the current right hemisphere account of the residual reading abilities seen in deep dyslexia is not a sufficient one and should be modified. (French abstract) (29 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Development of the role of occupational health nursing in the U.S. and future perspectives in the U.S. and Japan

From 1988 to 1995, a bronchial washing was performed on 118 cases of middle lobe syndrome at the National Himeji Hospital. Twenty cases (16.9%) were positive for Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). All cases were middle-aged (mean age 54.8), non-smoking women. Fourteen cases were asymptomatic and showed only abnormal shadow on chest X-ray film, while others complained cough, sputum or hemosputum. CT examinations were done on 13 patients, and pulmonary infiltrations were found in addition to right middle lobe or lingula in many cases. It is important to note that MAC infection might be one of causes of middle lobe syndrome.     

Smearing the opposition: Implicit and explicit stigmatization of the 2008 U.S. Presidential candidates and the current U.S. President.

Four studies investigated whether political allegiance and salience of outgroup membership contribute to the phenomenon of acceptance of false, stigmatizing information (smears) about political candidates. Studies 1–3 were conducted in the month prior to the 2008 U.S. Presidential election and together demonstrated that pre-standing opposition to John McCain or Barack Obama, as well as the situational salience of differentiating social categories (i.e., for Obama, race; for McCain, age), contributed to the implicit activation and explicit endorsement of smearing labels (i.e., Obama is Muslim; McCain is senile). The influence of salient differentiating categories on smear acceptance was particularly pronounced among politically undecided individuals. Study 4 clarified that social category differences heighten smear acceptance, even if the salient category is semantically unrelated to the smearing label, showing that, approximately 1 year after the election, the salience of race amplified belief that Obama is a socialist among undecided people and McCain supporters. Taken together, these findings suggest that, at both implicit and explicit cognitive levels, social category differences and political allegiance contribute to acceptance of smears against political candidates. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

H. H. Goddard and the immigrants.

Responds to comments by D. D. Dorfman (see record 1982-25821-001), D. Gersh (see record 1982-25825-001), R. J. Herrnstein (1981), and L. J. Kamin (see record 1982-25833-001) on the source of data cited in H. H. Goddard's (1917) article on mental tests with immigrants. An attempt is made to clarify what the cited data about the immigrants represent. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Structural bonding contributions and the elastic response of b.c.c. and f.c.c. crystals

The anisotropic elastic response of body centered cubic (b.c.c.) and face centered cubic (f.c.c.) crystals is reviewed within the framework of general elasticity and particular model dependent relations. It is found that important trends in the observed behavior of specific groups of crystals can be reproduced by models that include only structural contributions to crystal binding. In fact, a very simple model, consisting of only nearest and next nearest neighbor interactions, reproduces the salient behavior, including the algebraic signs of Poisson's ratio and the orderings of the shear moduli, Young's moduli, and Poisson's ratios associated with major crystallographic symmetries. The analysis provides insight into the differences between the b.c.c. transition metals and the b.c.c. alkali metals.     

G. Stanley Hall and the history of psychology.

G. Stanley Hall is widely recognized as a major organizer and promoter of modern psychology in North America. However, it is less well-known that he also made significant contributions to the study of psychology's history through his teaching and research in this area. This article reviews some of the formative influences in Hall's life that led to his interest in historical topics, and also discusses his own work on the history of psychology as it appears in his extensive publication record. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Consciousness and the voices of the mind.

Few problems have had as interesting an intellectual trajectory through history as that of the mind and its place in nature. Before 1859, the year that Darwin and Wallace independently proposed natural selection as the basis of evolution, this issue was known as the mind/body problem with its various and sometimes ponderous solutions. But after that pivotal date, it came to be known as the problem of consciousness and its origin in evolution. Now the first thing I wish to stress this afternoon is this problem. It is easy for the average layman to understand. But paradoxically, for philosophers, psychologists, and neurophysiologists, who have been so used to a different kind of thinking, it is a difficult thing. What we have to explain is the contrast, so obvious to a child, between all the inner covert world of imaginings and memories and thoughts and the external public world around us. The theory of evolution beautifully explains the anatomy of species, but how out of mere matter, mere molecules, mutations, anatomies, can you get this rich inner experience that is always accompanying us during the day and in our dreams at night? That is the problem we will consider in this symposium. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

E. L. Thorndike and the origins of animal psychology: On the nature of the animal in psychology.

E. L. Thorndike's deliberate use of the experimental method and rejection of anthropomorphism and anecdotalism place him squarely at the beginning of a century of animal research in psychology. The authors examine Thorndike's critique of the extant research of his day and the development of his methods, including the important way in which animals and children were often taken as interchangeable sources of data for the new functional psychology. Thorndike's research clearly altered the relationship between psychologist and animal, as is demonstrated by his own studies and those that were published in the decade that followed. The authors review this body of work in the early 20th century for (a) the manner in which it exchanges anthropomorphism for mechanicotheriomorphism and (b) its constitution of the animal as a conflation between organism and technology. The authors conclude by noting the importance of debates concerning anthropomorphism in psychology for the century-long question of consciousness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Schema-Focused Cognitive Therapy and the Case of Ms. S.

The author looks at the case of Ms. S (see record 2005-02680-005), a 20 year old female with borderline personality disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. The author discusses the symptoms leading to the diagnosis, and offers suggestions for the psychotherapeutic processes involved in schema-focused cognitive therapy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Arthrography of the knee. II. Isolated and combined lesions

The findings in 1 349 abnormal cases out of 2 836 arhtrographies of the knee have been evaluated statistically. Isolated and combined lesions of menisci, medial collateral and cruciate ligaments have been compared. Type and degree of the individual lesion change with increased complexity of combined injuries. A sequential grading for some lesions has been established. A dominant direction of rupture was found differing in themedial and lateral meniscus. Vertical ruptures anf ruptures of the posterior part of the medial meniscus were positively correlated to more complex injuries.     

110th anniversary of the births of G.N. Nikoladze and N.V. Kashakashvili

At the initiative of the International Union of Metallurgists, the Goergian Metallurgical Society, the Association of the Scientific and Engineering Societies of Georgia, and the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, festitivities are being held to mark the 110th anniversary of the birth of two distinguished metallurgists, scientists, public figures, and founders of the Zestafoni Ferroalloys Plant and Rustavi Metallurgical Combine. Working with leading Russian metalurgical scientists I. P. Bardin and V. E. Grum-Grzhimailo N.V. Kashakashvili and G. N. Nikoladze were organizers and innovators who established the foundations of Soviet metallurgy. Translated from Metallurg, No. 12, pp. 31, December, 1999.     

Annual Report of the Policy and Planning Board. 1982.

This report highlights Policy and Planning Board activities related to the organization of APA, APA relations with state associations, and involvements of the membership, as well as other issues. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

On prediction and control: B. F. Skinner and the technological ideal of science.

Behaviorists have long held that the aim of science is the prediction and control of phenomena, a belief that reveals their adherence to the technological ideal of science. According to this ideal, scientists know best those things that they can make, and to have control over phenomena is to be able to remake the world. B. F. Skinner absorbed this viewpoint from his early exposure to the works of Francis Bacon, with the result that operant psychology was infused from the outset with a technological and reformist orientation. However, the general decline of the technological ideal in recent decades poses a challenge to the operant tradition and jeopardizes the prospects of large-scale implementation of behavioral technology for social reform. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Immigration and the psychodynamics of class.

Numerous psychoanalytic contributors have theorized about the substantive role played by cultural factors in organizing individual identity. In addition to individual and family dynamics, issues related to class, race, religion, and other cultural themes also exert a vital presence in the treatment setting. These social forces define experience in profound ways from which it is impossible that form an inextricable part of an individual's psychology. Societal values, norms, and forces are carried and represented, forming an ever-present backdrop to our psychological lives. They thus become, perforce, part of the treatment process whether or not the therapist or analyst is aware of their presence. In prior work I have explored the topic of the immigrant's construction of self as it relates to social class (Ainslie, 2009). I argue that one of the variables that shape an immigrant's psychology is his or her social class position in his or her country of origin. In the present contribution, I seek to extend this exploration of the topic of social class and the psychology of immigration through three vignettes that capture aspects of how social class becomes represented in the experience and therapeutic treatment of immigrants. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)