合肥市区周边地表水体形态磷的研究

选取合肥市周边代表性的地表水体董铺水库、天鹅湖、翡翠湖为研究对象,运用地表水和污水监测技术规范中的标准方法,对3个水体的TP、DTP、PP、DIP、DOP进行监测,并做了初步研究和分析。结果表明,天鹅湖水体中总磷的平均浓度为O,102mg／L,符合V类标准要求,水体中磷主要以DTP和DOP的形式存在,TP—DIP显著正相关;董铺水库总磷的平均浓度为0．031mg／L,达到Ⅲ类标准,磷主要以DTP和DIP的形式存在,其中TP与DTP之间高度显著正相关;翡翠湖水体中总磷的平均浓度为0．060meCL,达到IV类标准,水体中磷主要以ADTP的形式存在,其@TP与PP之间显著正相关,PP在该湖泊中占有重要的地位。     

抚仙湖水体磷的时空分布特征分析

抚仙湖是中国第二大深水湖，保护好抚仙湖水质对于中国水资源战略安全至关重要。总磷是影响贫营养深水湖泊水质类别的关键因素。通过在抚仙湖湖体均匀布设立体监测点位，开展为期1 a的水质监测分析，探讨不同形态磷的水平和垂向分布及季节变化特征。结果表明：(1)抚仙湖总磷(TP)、溶解性总磷(DTP)及溶解性磷酸盐(SP)随水深几乎呈线性增加趋势；溶解性有机磷(DOP)除个别点随水深波动外，整体较为稳定；总体上，底层水体磷浓度高于表层水体磷浓度，表层底泥总磷浓度高达1 926 mg/kg,可能对未来湖泊的富营养化构成风险。(2)不同形态磷浓度TP>DTP>SP>DOP,其中DTP占TP的比例为77.78%,为TP的主要贮存方式。(3) TP浓度总体是上半年高于下半年，呈现一定的冬春季表层浓度升高、底层浓度降低的趋势，该趋势与温跃层消退、湖水处于混合状态有关。研究成果可为抚仙湖水质趋势研判和精准治理工作提供支撑。     

胜利油田天鹅湖水源地水质演变规律及其保护

通过对天鹅湖水环境质量现状的调查、监测,天鹅湖供水水源地已不能达到饮用水标准。查明了天鹅湖受污染的主要原因,分析了天鹅湖年内及多年来的水质演化趋势,揭示了天鹅湖多年引黄水量及其水质动态变化规律。最后提出天鹅湖水环境保护措施:只有从污染源控制、增加引黄水量、引黄次数、补源改良、宏观上加强管理控制和建立预警监控系统等多方面着手,才能保证天鹅湖水源地可供水量及供水水质,真正发挥胜利油田后备供水水源地的功能。     

三门峡库区湿地水化学特征及影响因素分析

研究湿地水化学特征对湿地生态保护和高质量发展具有重要意义,以三门峡库区湿地为典型研究区域,采用2018—2019年三门峡水库蓄泄期间4次采样数据,结合三角图、Gibbs图等水化学方法分析了三门峡库区湿地水化学特征及其影响因素,结果表明:三门峡库区湿地水体呈弱碱性,蓄泄期间pH值从潼关到三门峡大坝变化较小,在天鹅湖湿地处出现最大差值,表现为天鹅湖湿地对水体的净化作用;不同时期TDS沿程呈减小趋势,泄水期天鹅湖湿地稀释作用明显;蓄水期溶解氧、电导率、氧化还原电位均高于泄水期的;离子浓度随大坝蓄泄期水位变化而变化,蓄水期离子浓度高于泄水期的,主要阳离子为Na~+,阴离子为HCO■,水化学类型为HCO_3-SO_4-Na-Ca型;三门峡库区湿地水化学特征受硅酸盐岩风化作用和蒸发盐岩溶解影响,此外蓄水期城市生活废污水排放对库区湿地水化学有较显著影响。     

咖啡因用于水污染来源示踪剂研究简述

主要针对咖啡因作为生活污水示踪剂研究进行简述。咖啡因为一类天然物质,存在于多种植物中,因常被用作食物添加剂,所以咖啡因常存在于人类活动的水体环境中。咖啡因具有普遍存在、持久性、良好的迁移特性等特点,适合作为示踪剂定位污染源,并可对人口进行定量,在国内外的市政污水处理及人类生活聚集区的河流、湖泊、近海水体中均检测出咖啡因。目前国内咖啡因检测标准主要为饮食类,而没有水体中的监测标准,国外主要采用液相色谱法进行检测。国内外的研究状况表明,水体中的咖啡因主要来自人类活动,水体中咖啡因含量的升高意味着生活污水排入,因此可以利用咖啡因作为生活污水或人类活动污染的指示剂。     

长江流域水环境监测发展及展望

回顾了长江流域水环境监测的发展历程。以美国和欧盟为例,分析了水环境监测工作的国际发展趋势。总结了当前形势下长江流域水环境监测现状及问题,提出了相关建议:应加强水环境评价基准和标准体系建设;加强水环境分析方法标准体系建设,制定或修订一批以微量有机污染物及新出现的激素、抗生素类为主的水环境监测急需的分析方法标准;加强微量有机污染物监测技术人员培训;加强水生态监测和评价技术与指标体系的研究,制定相关的技术标准或规范,将水生态监测纳入水环境监测体系统筹考虑;加强水体沉积物的相关标准和评价技术方法研究。     

海绵城市径流雨水水质监测研究

海绵城市径流雨水水质监测是分析下垫面径流污染特征、评估海绵城市污染物控制效果、研究排水管道污染物迁移规律、分析受纳水体水质污染成因的科学手段和依据.针对径流雨水水质监测存在监测点位布置和采样方法不合理、水质监测指标不明确、采样时间及频次不确定等问题,分析总结径流雨水水质监测现状及国内外径流雨水控制标准,提出适用于设施、排水管网、受纳水体的监测位置和采样方法、水质监测指标、采样时间频次等建议.     

汉江中下游水体重金属时空分布及污染评价

为探明汉江中下游水体中重金属的污染状况,分别于2019年6月(丰水期)和2020年1月(枯水期)在汉江中下游选取20个监测断面采集水样,监测水体中Cu、Zn、Pb、Fe、Mn、As、Se和Cd 8种重金属的含量,分析汉江中下游水体中重金属污染的时空分布特征,并对水体重金属污染状况进行评价。结果表明:汉江中下游水体重金属污染以Fe、Mn为主,其他6种重金属浓度均满足地表水Ⅱ类水标准。汉江中下游水体中Fe和Mn含量沿程波动较大,二者变化规律基本一致。Fe和Mn含量最大值在支流竹皮河,其中Fe浓度超标4.63倍,Mn超标13%;此外,位于汉川市的S17断面Fe元素含量超标3.89倍。结合历史数据分析,发现近年来汉江中下游水体重金属含量总体呈上升趋势。评价结果表明,汉江中下游大部分水体水质良好,钟祥市和汉川市是汉江中下游重金属污染相对较重的两个城市,支流竹皮河的水体重金属污染问题需引起重视。     

青藏高原水体特征遥感影像分析——以那曲地区为例

遥感技术是青藏高原水体资源研究的重要手段之一，各类型水体在不同的遥感影像中具有不同的特征。水体特征分析及其提取方法的确立是进行水体动态监测、洪涝灾害、水文参数设置等研究的前提。本文以西藏那曲地区为例．通过多源遥感影像中的水体特征分析，探索各类水体特征的解译提取方法。     

再生水回用于景观水体的富营养化趋势研究

通过对天津市三个利用再生水作为水源的景观水体的调查监测,发现以再生水为水源的景观水体存在较强的富营养化趋势。三个景观水体采用的再生水处理工艺相同,但后续处理措施不同,水体的含盐量不同。研究发现,采用循环净化系统的水体中叶绿素a浓度一般较低,但未采用循环净化系统的水体由于水体较浅、含盐量高等原因,没有出现藻类暴发的现象。研究结果表明,适当的后续补充处理措施及水体深度和外界环境条件对于保持以再生水为水源的景观水体水质有积极作用。     

大东湖水网连通的水动力与水环境变化响应

为揭示城市河湖水网连通工程的生态水文响应机制,以武汉大东湖水网连通工程中东湖-沙湖连通为例,建立水动力-水质耦合数学模型,模拟分析水网连通前后东湖、沙湖的水动力与水质变化,并从空间分布和时间变化两方面,分析水质变化与水动力变化的响应关系。结果表明:东湖-沙湖连通后,东湖与沙湖水动力条件改善较明显,TN浓度和TP浓度基本呈现下降的变化趋势;主流线附近水域流速增加,TN、TP浓度降低,水质改善效果较好;偏离主流线较远的水域,其流速、TN、TP浓度均变化不大;东湖子湖(汤菱湖、水果湖)、沙湖的TN、TP浓度变化过程与流速变化过程呈现负相关关系。     

牛栏江—滇池补水工程对滇池外海的水环境改善效果研究

利用牛栏江-滇池补水工程运行前后的水质实测资料,对滇池外海的水环境改善效果进行研究。选取TP、TN、NH_3-N、COD_(Mn)、Chl-a、SD等主要水环境指标,从指标浓度变化、水质类别变化、指标向好率变化和极大值变化等方面分析牛栏江-滇池补水工程对滇池外海的水环境改善效果。结果表明,牛栏江-滇池补水工程运行后,滇池外海各监测站点的TP、TN、NH_3-N、COD_(Mn)、Chl-a、SD及营养状态指数均优于调水前,富营养化水平明显好转,水环境改善成效显著。     

Detroit River phosphorus loads: Anatomy of a binational watershed

As a result of increased harmful algal blooms and hypoxia in Lake Erie, the US and Canada revised their phosphorus loading targets under the 2012 Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. The focus of this paper is the Detroit River and its watershed, a source of 25% of the total phosphorus (TP) load to Lake Erie. Its load declined 37% since 1998, due chiefly to improvements at the regional Great Lakes Water Authority Water Resource Recovery Facility (WRRF) in Detroit and phosphorus sequestered by zebra and quagga mussels in Lake Huron. In addition to the 54% of the load from Lake Huron, nonpoint sources contribute 57% of the TP load and 50% of the dissolved reactive phosphorus load, with the remaining balance from point sources. After Lake Huron, the largest source is the WRRF, which has already reduced its load by over 40%. Currently, loads from Lake Huron and further reductions from the WRRF are not part of the reduction strategy, therefore remaining watershed sources will need to decline by 72% to meet the Water Quality Agreement target - a daunting challenge. Because other urban sources are very small, most of the reduction would have to come from agriculturally-dominated lands. The most effective way to reduce those loads is to apply combinations of practices like cover crops, buffer strips, wetlands, and applying fertilizer below the soil surface on the lands with the highest phosphorus losses. However, our simulations suggest even extensive conservation on those lands may not be enough.     

St. Clair-Detroit River system: Phosphorus mass balance and implications for Lake Erie load reduction,monitoring, and climate change

To support the 2012 Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement on reducing Lake Erie's phosphorus inputs, we integrated US and Canadian data to update and extend total phosphorus (TP) loads into and out of the St. Clair-Detroit River System for 1998–2016. The most significant changes were decreased loads from Lake Huron caused by mussel-induced oligotrophication of the lake, and decreased loads from upgraded Great Lakes Water Authority sewage treatment facilities in Detroit. By comparing Lake St. Clair inputs and outputs, we demonstrated that on average the lake retains 20% of its TP inputs. We also identified for the first time that loads from resuspended Lake Huron sediment were likely not always detected in US and Canadian monitoring programs due to mismatches in sampling and resuspension event frequencies, substantially underestimating the load. This additional load increased over time due to climate-induced decreases in Lake Huron ice cover and increases in winter storm frequencies. Given this more complete load inventory, we estimated that to reach a 40% reduction in the Detroit River TP load to Lake Erie, accounting for the missed load, point and non-point sources other than that coming from Lake Huron and the atmosphere would have to be reduced by at least 50%. We also discuss the implications of discontinuous monitoring efforts.     

Modelling streamflow and phosphorus fluxes in the Lake of the Woods watershed

This study provides an evaluation of streamflow and the spatial and temporal variability of phosphorus (P) fluxes for the transboundary Lake of the Woods (LoW) watershed using the Canadian version of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (CanSWAT). The model calibration and validation generally indicate good performance for the simulated flow, especially for the Rainy River, the main tributary to LoW, while the sediment and nutrient calibration performance was satisfactory. Model results indicated Rainy River is the primary source of total phosphorus (TP), contributing about 88% of the external non-point source (NPS) and point source P loads to LoW, with the majority being NPS. Simulated TP loads varied seasonally with over approximately 60% occurring during the spring period and varied spatially across the LoW watershed. TP yields tended to be lower upstream of Rainy Lake in the Precambrian Shield (a.k.a., Canadian Shield) and higher downstream of Rainy Lake in the Glacial Lake Agassiz lakebed, particularly in the Lower Rainy and Little Fork sub-watersheds. Point sources along the Rainy River constituted the largest anthropogenic TP source. Tributary P loads estimated by the model were also used in a simple lake mass-balance model that suggested 32–46% of TP load to LoW was retained within the lake.     

镜泊湖水质及富营养化现状调查

为了解镜泊湖水质及富营养化情况,于2007年4~7月,每月取水样一次,分别监测透明度、COD、TN、TP等水质指标,依据地表水水域环境功能和保护目标,按功能高低依次划分为5类,进行水质分析。结果表明:湖水的透明度较低,COD偏高,pH值小于7,略显酸性,TN、TP较高,其中TN含量严重超标;镜泊湖水质类别属于Ⅴ类,水质较差,属严重富营养化。     

Nitrogen dynamics in sediment during water level manipulation on the Upper Mississippi River

Nitrogen (N) has been linked to increasing eutrophication in the Gulf of Mexico and as a result there is increased interest in managing and improving water quality in the Mississippi River system. Water level reductions, or ‘drawdowns’, are being used more frequently in large river impoundments to improve vegetation growth and sediment compaction. We selected two areas of the Upper Mississippi River system (Navigation Pool 8 and Swan Lake) to examine the effects of water level drawdown on N dynamics. Navigation Pool 8 experienced summer drawdowns in 2001 and 2002. Certain areas of Swan Lake have been drawn down annually since the early 1970s where as other areas have remained inundated. In the 2002 Pool 8 study we determined the effects of sediment drying and rewetting resulting from water level drawdown on (1) patterns of sediment nitrification and denitrification and (2) concentrations of sediment and surface water total N (TN), nitrate, and ammonium (NH). In 2001, we only examined sediment NH and TN. In the Swan Lake study, we determined the long‐term effects of water level drawdowns on concentrations of sediment NH and TN in sediments that dried annually and those that remained inundated. Sediment NH decreased significantly in the Pool 8 studies during periods of desiccation, although there were no consistent trends in nitrification and denitrification or a reduction in total sediment N. Ammonium in sediments that have dried annually in Swan Lake appeared lower but was not significantly different from sediments that remain wet. The reduction in sediment NH in parts of Pool 8 was likely a result of increased plant growth and N assimilation, which is then redeposited back to the sediment surface upon plant senescence. Similarly, the Swan Lake study suggested that drawdowns do not result in long term reduction in sediment N. Water level drawdowns may actually reduce water retention time and river‐floodplain connectivity, while promoting significant accumulation of organic N. These results indicate that water level drawdowns are probably not an effective means of removing N from the Upper Mississippi River system. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

淀山湖富营养化现状及生态修复措施分析

根据2008—2010年淀山湖水质监测数据,评价该湖富营养化趋势。结果显示,2008年后,淀山湖的富营养化程度呈改善趋势,但水体富营养化存在区域差异。主要表现在:①2008—2010年的整个湖区水体中主要的富营养化指标TN、TP、SS、Ch-la质量浓度均呈下降趋势;②淀山湖上游来水区水体中TN、TP质量浓度比下游出水区高,综合营养状态指数同样也高;③淀山湖每年夏季暴发蓝藻水华的水域面积在不断减小。结果表明,淀山湖东南区域富营养化程度最轻,水生植物对水体净化、生态系统恢复具有重要价值;淀山湖的生态系统在逐步恢复。为使生态系统能巩固并形成良性循环,一些影响因素亟待解决。