水电站水库温室气体排放综合分析

水电站水库温室气体排放是一个具有重大战略意义的研究课题。目前全球许多地区还缺乏对水库温室气体排放的研究。模拟分析了水库蓄水前、后及稳定蓄水期的温室气体排放情况,并将水电与火电排放总量进行了对比。研究得出,水电为超低碳可再生能源,具有显著开发潜力。提出了为精准评估水电站水库温室气体排放应解决的问题及其建议。     

玉瓦水电站生命周期温室气体排放研究

基于生命周期评价方法,以玉瓦水电站为工程背景,研究中小型长引水式电站温室气体排放情况。分析了生命周期各阶段温室气体排放情况,并与大型水电站及火力发电的温室气体排放进行比较,玉瓦水电站生命周期温室气体排放表现十分优异,大力开发水电能有效地减低温室气体的排放。因此,在项目前期阶段确定开发方式及电站规模时,除技术经济因素外,还有必要考虑水电站生命周期内环境影响,评估减排效益,阐明水力发电的清洁性与优质性。     

水库温室气体排放的监测方法研究

分析总结了水库排放的二氧化碳与甲烷两种主要温室气体的测量方法。通过文献与具体的实际测量,着重分析了应用于水库温室气体排放测量的一些主要方法。目前水库温室气体的测量方法主要包括:水化学法、薄边界层法、浮箱法、红外激光法、涡度相关通量法、遥感卫星空间监测法。通过对测量方法的分析比较,指出各类方法之间的优缺点。介绍了在实际测量研究工作中对已用测量方法进行的改进。通过对水库温室气体的不同监测方法的分析,得出了较恰当的水库温室气体监测方法。     

水库让全球变暖了吗？

Feamside针对亚马孙热带雨林地区一个极特殊的水库温室气体排放进行了研究。得出结论认为：“在热带雨林地区建成的水电站，最初10年中,水库甲烷和二氧化碳的释放量约为同量级化石燃料电厂的四倍。”一些反坝人士也借此话题攻击水库，说它是比火电还严重的温室气体排放源，将水电排除在绿色能源之外。     

水库让全球变暖了吗?

Fearnside针对亚马孙热带雨林地区一个极特殊的水库温室气体排放进行了研究.得出结论认为:"在热带雨林地区建成的水电站。最初10年中,水库甲烷和二氧化碳的释放量约为同量级化石燃料电厂的四倍。"一些反坝人士也借此话题攻击水库,说它是比火电还严重的温室气体排放源,将水电排除在绿色能源之外。     

三峡水库减排温室气体效应的初步分析

三峡水库的温室气体排放问题十分复杂,从地貌与气候特征、水文特性、植被状况等方面对三峡水库释放温室气体的特性做了简要分析。三峡水库现阶段不可能释放大量的甲烷,但会有一定的二氧化碳释放。初步定性分析了三峡水库综合效益对温室气体的减排效应。与水库产生的温室气体相比,三峡工程在清洁能源生产中的温室气体减排效应以及减少防洪物资生产产生的温室气体的环境效益十分明显。     

水库水气界面温室气体通量监测技术探讨

水库水气界面温室气体的排放通量,受诸多因素影响,常用监测技术有TDLAS法、静态箱法、涡度相关法等,这些方法都有各自的优点和缺点,因而使用范围也存在较大差别。文章以大伙房水库为例,分析了水库的基本概况,并对水库温室气体通量监测技术进行了分析,了解了影响水库气体排放通量的主要因素,并对遥感技术在水库气体通量监测中的应用进行了探讨。     

水库温室气体排放及其影响因素研究

在全球气候不断变暖的背景下,世界范围内的平均气温逐渐升高,导致大量的冰川、积雪融化,这在很大程度上影响到自然生态系统的平衡与人类正常生产生活。而造成这一现象的主要原因为温室气体浓度提升,水库作为淡水生态系统中的重要组成部分,受到多种内外部因素的共同作用,水库中温室气体的排放量过大,为科学控制水库产生的温室气体,降低温室气体对于大气环境的影响,文章在简要分析水库温室气体排放途径的基础上,阐述其监测途径,并重点从物理、化学等方面探讨影响水库温室气体排放的因素,以期为相关部门提供参考依据。     

遥感在水库温室气体研究中的应用

水库的温室气体排放是水库蓄水后产生的一种自然现象。在全球气候变暖的大背景下,发电水库的温室气体排放已引起人们对水电的广泛关注。水库的温室气体排放主要产生于汇入库区水体中有机物质的分解。目     

基于生命周期的水库温室气体排放计算

采用简化的生命周期评价(LCA)方法,将水库生命周期划分为建材生产、材料运输、建筑施工、水库蓄水淹没初期和稳定运行期等阶段,构建了适合于各类型水库温室气体(GHG)排放计算的方法;以低丘区浅水型防洪为主的峡江水库为例,计算分析了该水库生命周期GHG排放量和阶段分布特征,并计算对比了水库发电GHG排放系数.结果表明,该水库生命周期GHG排放主要发生在运行期,且绝大部分由水库淹没水体产生:水库发电GHG排放系数比以发电为主的水电站要高,但仍然远低于化石燃料发电.     

从水库温室气体研究到水电碳足迹评价：方法及进展

当前，围绕水库温室气体净排放量评估、水电碳足迹评价等方面，仍存在一些不确定或模糊的地方，制约了水电行业开展温室气体核算与管理。对此，本文首先梳理了水库修建及运行在“淹没、阻隔、重建、消纳”等四个方面对温室气体通量产生的影响。结合政府间气候变化委员会提出的概念性框架，探讨了水库温室气体净排放量评估的科学内涵与尚待解决的关键问题，提出了对水库蓄水前后温室气体通量变化评估的技术路径。之后，本文提出了水电碳足迹是指工程项目生命周期内各种人类活动所产生的二氧化碳当量(CO_2eq)排放总量。综述了全球范围内水电碳足迹评价案例，认为水利水电工程项目的生命周期涵盖项目前期准备、施工建设、运营维护与拆除恢复等四个阶段，但当前在碳足迹评价方法、系统边界划定、评价结果的解读与使用等方面仍尚未有更明晰、规范化的答案。未来，建议进一步加快水库温室气体源汇变化监测评估与水电碳足迹评价的标准体系建设；深化水库碳循环与温室气体通量的基础研究，支撑水库温室气体净排放量评估；完善水电生态环境综合绩效管理体系，创新水电企业温室气体管理制度；积极推动水电在应对气候变化与“双碳目标”实现路径中找准定位、突...     

中国水库温室气体研究(2009-2019):回顾与展望

筑坝蓄水将显著改变陆地水系统碳循环,衍生的水库CO_2、CH_4等温室气体源汇变化问题近年来备受国际关注。近30年来,该领域研究已从早期的质疑、争议逐渐拓展深化,并在一定范围内取得学术共识。2009年,Nature引用中国学者的研究成果表达了对三峡水库温室气体源汇变化的担忧。该事件成为具有标志意义的重要起点,开启了此后10年中国在该领域研究的重要发展期。以三峡水库为代表的中国大中型水库多具有典型的河道型特征,淹没面积少,能量密度普遍较高,但相关研究成果仍十分有限。本文报道了近10年来三峡水库CO_2、CH_4源汇变化监测评估结果。以2010年为参考年,在不考虑防洪、航运等其他效益的情形下,扣减蓄水前水库淹没区与自然河道的CO_2、CH_4释放通量后,三峡水库2010年因发电产生的碳排放量约为13.2 g(CO_2eq)·(kW·h)~(-1),低碳属性明显。2019年,在中国学者参与努力下,政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)通过并正式颁布了水淹地国家温室气体清单精细化修编。这对客观、公正地衡量水库温室气体源汇变化具有重要的学术意义。未来该领域将更聚焦河流-水库系统碳氮生态水文过程与地球化学机制,也将在更宏观的视角下考察水电能源全生命周期碳足迹。建议我国进一步强化该领域基础研究,推进水电碳足迹评价的标准化,引导水电行业重视碳资产管理,探索减源增汇方法与途径。     

First assessment of methane and carbon dioxide emissions from shallow and deep zones of boreal reservoirs upon ice break-up

Most studies dealing with greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from large boreal reservoirs were conducted during the ice‐free period. In this paper, the potential methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide emissions are estimated for two hydroelectric reservoirs, as well as for a small experimental reservoir from boreal latitudes (northern Quebec, Canada) at the ice break‐up event through diffusion (diffusive fluxes) and release of bubbles (bubbling fluxes). The results of this preliminary study suggest that the winter diffusive fluxes at the air–water interface of the sampled reservoirs represent < 7% of their cumulative carbon emissions during the ice‐free period. Furthermore, the release upon ice‐break of CH₄ bubbles accumulated under the ice cover during the winter could represent  2% of the summer carbon emissions from hydroelectric reservoirs in northern Quebec. The results presented herein suggest that the GHG emissions upon ice break‐up from the boreal reservoirs investigated are a small, but non‐negligible, component of their annual GHG emissions.     

Greenhouse gas reduction of co-benefit-type wastewater treatment system for fish-processing industry: A real-scale case study in Indonesia

This study examined the application of co-benefit-type wastewater treatment technology in the fish-processing industry. Given that there was a dearth of information on fish-processing industrial wastewater in Indonesia, site surveys were conducted. For the entire fish-processing industry throughout the country, the dissemination rate of wastewater treatment facilities was less than 50%. Using a co-benefit approach, a real-scale swim-bed technology (SBT) and a system combining an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) with SBT (ABReSBT) were installed in a fishmeal processing factory in Bali, Indonesia, and the wastewater system process performance was evaluated. In a business-as-usual scenario, the estimated chemical oxygen demand load and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from wastewater from the Indonesian fish-processing industry were 33 000 tons per year and 220 000 tons of equivalent CO₂ per year, respectively. On the other hand, the GHG emissions in the co-benefit scenarios of the SBT system and ABReSBT system were 98 149 and 26 720 tons per year, respectively. Therefore, introducing co-benefit-type wastewater treatment to Indonesia’s fish-processing industry would significantly reduce pollution loads and GHG emissions.     

Anaerobic digestion as a sustainable solution for biosolids management by the Montreal metropolitan community.

The Quebec Waste Management Policy (1998-2008) is requesting that the municipalities prepare a waste management plan, including a global objective of 60% of these wastes to be diverted from landfill sites by reduction, re-usage, recycling and valorization. Around 5.8 million tons of wastes were generated on the territory of the Montreal Metropolitan Community in 2001 for a population of about 3.5 millions citizens. In this paper, we present different management scenarios in which anaerobic digestion was used as a valorization step, focusing on the energetic value of the methane produced and the reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The four scenarios prepared cover the valorization of the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes, green wastes and excess sludge and showed potential methane generation of 17-140 Mm3 with a GHG reduction of 62,000-500,000 tons of CO2-equivalents.     

The potential of bio-methane as bio-fuel/bio-energy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions: a qualitative assessment for Europe in a life cycle perspective.

Anaerobic digestion is a well known process that (while still capable of showing new features) has experienced several waves of technological development. It was "born" as a wastewater treatment system, in the 1970s showed promise as an alternative energy source (in particular from animal waste), in the 1980s and later it became a standard for treating organic-matter-rich industrial wastewater, and more recently returned to the market for its energy recovery potential, making use of different biomasses, including energy crops. With the growing concern around global warming, this paper looks at the potential of anaerobic digestion in terms of reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.The potential contribution of anaerobic digestion to GHG reduction has been computed for the 27 EU countries on the basis of their 2005 Kyoto declarations and using life cycle data. The theoretical potential contribution of anaerobic digestion to Kyoto and EU post-Kyoto targets has been calculated. Two different possible biogas applications have been considered: electricity production from manure waste, and upgraded methane production for light goods vehicles (from landfill biogas and municipal and industrial wastewater treatment sludges). The useful heat that can be produced as by-product from biogas conversion into electricity has not been taken into consideration, as its real exploitation depends on local conditions. Moreover the amount of biogas already produced via dedicated anaerobic digestion processes has also not been included in the calculations. Therefore the overall gains achievable would be even higher than those reported here.This exercise shows that biogas may considerably contribute to GHG emission reductions in particular if used as a biofuel. Results also show that its use as a biofuel may allow for true negative GHG emissions, showing a net advantage with respect to other biofuels. Considering also energy crops that will become available in the next few years as a result of Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) reform, this study shows that biogas has the potential of covering almost 50% of the 2020 biofuel target of 10% of all automotive transport fuels, without implying a change in land use. Moreover, considering the achievable GHG reductions, a very large carbon emission trading "value" could support the investment needs.However, those results were obtained through a "qualitative" assessment. In order to produce robust data for decision makers, a quantitative sustainability assessment should be carried out, integrating different methodologies within a life cycle framework. The identification of the most appropriate policy for promoting the best set of options is then discussed.     

Issues and Implications of Carbon-Abatement Discounting and Pricing for Drinking Water System Design in Canada

Water utilities generate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions when they construct, retrofit, and operate their water distribution systems. The prospect of introducing carbon-abatement strategies such as carbon pricing and using low discount rates for project planning could potentially change the manner in which water utilities plan and design their drinking water systems. The objectives of this paper are to: (i) Review the current issues and controversies surrounding the choice of discounting rate and carbon prices in Canada to reduce the GHG emissions linked to operating water systems in Canada; (ii) Review previous research that has examined the impact of discounting and carbon pricing on design decisions in water supply and distribution systems, and; (iii) Illustrate the possible implications of carbon-abatement strategies (discounting and carbon pricing) on the design of Canadian water systems by way of a real-world case study. The implications of discount rate and carbon price uncertainty on water distribution system design are illustrated with the Amherstview-Odessa water transmission system in Ontario, Canada. The results of the Amherstview study indicated that lowering discount rate led to significant increases in electricity costs. The study results also suggested that for a sufficiently low discount rate of 1.4%, increasing carbon price led to a larger pipe size and pipe cost to offset carbon costs levied on fossil-fuel based electricity to operated the pumps for the life of the system. Additional studies are needed on large-scale water systems to inform decisions on system upgrades taken by water utility managers.     

陕西镇安抽水蓄能电站上水库库盆防渗型式比选研究

镇安抽水蓄能电站上水库利用沟谷地形筑坝形成水库。坝址两岸地势较陡,库区三面环山,山体较雄厚,库盆整体封闭条件较好。上水库天然来流量较小,水库渗漏及蒸发损失均需从下库补给,水量宝贵,合理选择库盆防渗型式不仅影响到项目建设单位的投资控制,更关系到电站建成投产后的安全、经济运行。文章结合可行性研究阶段的上水库建设条件,从不同角度对上水库库盆处理方式进行了比较选择,提出了库盆防渗处理方案。     

向家坝水电站泥沙淤积计算

为了研究上游为两个水库共同调度的情况下水库泥沙的淤积特性,选取了金沙江干流向家坝水电站作为研究对象.采用自主开发的一维非恒定流泥沙冲淤计算数学模型对向家坝水电站水库泥沙淤积进行了计算,具体对水库库区泥沙淤积、水库河床纵剖面变化、水库库容损失、水库排沙比、库区坝前泥沙淤积厚度作了计算,进一步分析泥沙淤积形态、泥沙淤积速度、库容损失以及排沙比的变化特点,得出了以下结论:由于上游水库的调度作用,使库区来水来沙较天然大不相同,导致库区泥沙淤积呈现带状淤积为主;前期泥沙淤积速度较慢,以后逐年加快,接近平衡时,淤积速度才又减慢;库容损失逐年增加;排沙比较大,水库运行前期排沙比较大但逐年减小,以后又逐年增大至水库淤积平衡.此外,还简要介绍了向家坝、溪洛渡以及雅砻江上的二滩电站的联合运行的综合拦沙效应.     

丰满水库库容曲线变化对设计洪水影响

本文针对丰满水库库容曲线的变更，采用新的库容曲线还原计算丰满水库入库洪水资料，对两个不同库容的设计洪水进行了分析和比较，可为丰满水库的安全运行及白山、丰满水库联合防洪调度提供可靠依据。