海河流域污染状况与常规污染指标数据分析

海河流域是我国重要流域之一,对其污染及治理的研究显得尤为重要。由2004年-2010年7年的连续数据进行统计和分析,在对海河污染程度现状分析的基础上,发现了溶解氧的浓度与整个水质等级的对应情况。在全部的统计分析数据中,对天津三岔口监测点2010年全年的监测数据进行了进一步分析,其中详细分析了溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数和氨氮三者间的相关性,计算得到回归方程:CODMn=7.308-0.246DO±2.714;NH3-N=2.345-0.173DO±1.18。由相关性分析结果表明,溶解氧浓度与高猛酸盐指数及氨氮浓度呈现显著的负相关性。经过分析得到了在溶解氧分别在3mg/L以下、3～5mg/L、5mg/L以上3种条件下的水质特征。     

Phosphorus Inputs to Lake Simcoe from 1990 to 2003: Declines in Tributary Loads and Observations on Lake Water Quality

Total phosphorus (TP) inputs to Lake Simcoe have led to hypolimnetic dissolved oxygen (DO) depletion and loss of cold water fish habitat. Since 1990, efforts have been made to reduce the total TP input to the lake below a defined target of 75 t/year, which was predicted to lead to reductions in spring TP concentration and improvements in end-of-summer hypolimnetic DO concentrations. The total TP load to the lake during the most recent period of record (1998/99-2003/04) ranged from 53 to 76 t/yr and averaged 67 t/yr, compared to an average of 114 t/yr estimated between 1990/91 and 1997/98 (range 85-157 t/yr). Reductions in TP loads from the catchment via tributary discharge (∼26 t) accounted for the majority of the decrease in total load between the two time periods. Total P concentrations decreased significantly in four out of six long-term monitored tributaries; however, concentrations in all six tributaries remain above the level recommended to avoid nuisance plant growth (30 μg/L). Although TP loads to the lake are currently below the target 75 t/yr, excessive growths of filamentous algae and macrophytes continue to be a problem in the nearshore zone. End-of-summer minimum hypolimnetic DO concentrations (average 4.3 mg/L, 1998/99-2003/04) remain substantially below the level (7 mg/L) that is considered protective of lake trout. Efforts to reduce TP loads to the lake therefore need to continue.     

于桥水库沉积物内源污染特性研究

通过对天津市于桥水库沉积物中污染物的释放实验研究,找出了于桥水库底泥中磷、有机质、氮、铁、锰等污染物释放的影响因素,得出了溶解氧、pH值、水温等影响因素对底泥污染物释放的影响程度,并对各污染物的释放机理进行了探讨。磷的释放条件:pH值≥8时,好氧条件下会缓慢释放,当ρ(DO)<2 mg/L时快速释放;在中酸性条件下,当ρ(DO)<1 mg/L时发生较快速释放;低溶解氧和高pH值协同作用强烈。有机物和氮的释放主要受溶解氧浓度影响,与pH值关系不大,在ρ(DO)<2 mg/L时发生了快速释放。溶解性铁、锰的释放取决于水体pH值,在酸性条件下,ρ(DO)<1 mg/L时释放。     

Seasonal and diel changes of dissolved oxygen in a hypertrophic prairie lake

Humboldt Lake, a hypertrophic prairie lake typical of many found on the Great Plains of North America, is usually ice‐covered from early November to about mid‐May. The lake is an important recreational fishery, now mainly stocked with walleye. It has a high potential risk of experiencing fish kills because of the very large cyanobacterial blooms that develop in it, the high rates of algal and bacterial production and the high concentrations of ammonia (NH₃‐N) and dissolved organic matter. Following the collapse of cyanobacterial blooms, shallow prairie lakes are known to undergo periods of anoxia that can lead to summer fish kills. In some of the lakes, anoxia forms during the long period of ice cover, causing winter fish kills. Two years of seasonal and diel data (total phosphorus, dissolved oxygen (DO), NH₃‐N and chlorophyll‐a concentrations, and bacterial production) were analysed in this study to assess why significant fish kills did not occur during this period or during the ≈ 30 years of records from Saskatchewan Environment. Humboldt Lake did not become anaerobic, either following the collapse of the cyanobacterial bloom or under ice cover, indicating that the oxygen (O₂) influx (strong mixing) and production processes were greater than the microbial and chemical O₂ demands, both over seasonal and diel time scales. Several published risk threshold criteria to predict the probability of summer and/or winter fish kills were applied in this study. The threshold criteria of maximum summer chlorophyll and maximum winter NH₃‐N concentrations indicated that a summer fish kill was unlikely to occur in this hypertrophic prairie lake, provided its water quality remained similar to that during this study. Similarly, the threshold criteria of initial DO storage before ice cover and the rate of O₂ depletion under ice cover also indicated a winter fish kill was unlikely. However, recent development in the watershed might have resulted in significant water quality deterioration and the winter fish kill that occurred in 2005.     

Temporal Variations in Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations Observed in a Shallow Floodplain Aquifer

Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations play an important role in many groundwater biogeochemial processes, yet assessments of temporal variations are lacking. In this study, we examined daily DO concentrations using a continuously‐reading optical DO probe in a shallow floodplain setting in Iowa to (i) quantify fluctuations across two growing seasons; (ii) examine hydrologic controls on DO values; and (iii) model daily DO concentrations using easily measured variables. DO concentrations exhibited both rapid and long‐term changes in concentrations over time, rapidly increasing and decreasing more than 1 mg/l in response to precipitation recharge and stream stage increase over the span of several hours and days. On 40% of the monitoring days in this study, DO concentrations increased, on average, 0.2–0.4 mg/l from one day to the next. DO concentrations decreased approximately 5–6 mg/l from spring through late summer and fall, likely owing to microbial and root respiration. Daily DO concentrations were successfully modelled using a combination of hydrologic (groundwater level and river stage) and temperature variables (r² > 0.7). Improved understanding of temporal controls on groundwater DO patterns is needed to help clarify the dynamics of many biogeochemical processes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Chronicles of hypoxia: Time-series buoy observations reveal annually recurring seasonal basin-wide hypoxia in Muskegon Lake – A Great Lakes estuary

We chronicled the seasonally recurring hypolimnetic hypoxia in Muskegon Lake – a Great Lakes estuary over 3?years, and examined its causes and consequences. Muskegon Lake is a mesotrophic drowned river mouth that drains Michigan's 2nd largest watershed into Lake Michigan. A buoy observatory tracked ecosystem changes in the Muskegon Lake Area of Concern (AOC), gathering vital time-series data on the lake's water quality from early summer through late fall from 2011 to 2013 (www.gvsu.edu/buoy). Observatory-based measurements of dissolved oxygen (DO) tracked the gradual development, intensification and breakdown of hypoxia (mild hypoxia <4?mg DO/L, and severe hypoxia <2?mg DO/L) below the ~6?m thermocline in the lake, occurring in synchrony with changes in temperature and phytoplankton biomass in the water column during July–October. Time-series data suggest that proximal causes of the observed seasonal hypolimnetic DO dynamics are stratified summer water-column, reduced wind-driven mixing, longer summer residence time, episodic intrusions of cold DO-rich nearshore Lake Michigan water, nutrient run off from watershed, and phytoplankton blooms. Additional basin-wide water-column profiling (2011–2012) and ship-based seasonal surveys (2003–2013) confirmed that bottom water hypoxia is an annually recurring lake-wide condition. Volumetric hypolimnetic oxygen demand was high (0.07–0.15?mg DO/Liter/day) and comparable to other temperate eutrophic lakes. Over 3?years of intense monitoring, ~9–24% of Muskegon Lake's volume experienced hypoxia for ~29–85?days/year – with the potential for hypolimnetic habitat degradation and sediment phosphorus release leading to further eutrophication. Thus, time-series observatories can provide penetrating insights into the inner workings of ecosystems and their external drivers.     

小浪底水库排沙对下游鱼类的影响研究

采用现场调查和室内实验相结合的方法研究了黄河小浪底水库排沙期间下游河流出现鱼类死亡现象的原因。2010年度小浪底水库排沙期间,下游出现了高含沙水流过程,伴随出现了鱼类死亡现象,调查发现受影响鱼类有5目5科11种。水库排沙期间的含沙量、溶解氧变化过程的现场调查及室内实验结果表明,小浪底水库排沙时细颗粒泥沙含量较高,堵塞和损坏鱼鳃是导致鱼类死亡的原因之一。当含沙量大于80 kg/m3时,水体溶解氧下降至鱼类生存所需下限2mg/L以下,鱼类在短时间内缺氧而死亡;当含沙量低于60kg/m3时,根据现场调查结果及相关人员经验判断水库下游河道内不会出现鱼类死亡漂移现象。水库排沙期间,下游河道水体的含沙量与溶解氧浓度具有较好的相关性,即河道水体的溶解氧浓度随着含沙量的增加而减少,可通过控制出库含沙量及其持续时间减轻对鱼类的影响。     

寒区结冰湖冰盖下溶解氧垂直分布数值模型

根据芬兰Valken-Kotinen湖2011年1—4月冰下溶解氧现场观测数据,经对这些数据进行统计分析,绘制出该湖冰下不同时刻溶解氧含量垂直分布图形,通过大量的数据拟合与优化辨识计算,得到了描述该结冰湖冰下溶解氧时空分布规律的一个新的正态分布数值模型。该数值模型中溶解氧含量的变化由深度和冰封持续时间来确定,与文献中的小波分析法和高斯拟合时间序列法的分析结果作比较,该数值模型计算出的冰下溶解氧含量值与实测值吻合效果更好,所绘制出的溶解氧含量曲面和等值线图形更光滑,最后讨论了进一步改进该模型需要考虑的一些因素。该研究结果可推广应用到其它寒区冰封湖泊或水产养殖池塘等水体环境的溶解氧问题研究中。     

Restoration of hypolimnetic dissolved oxygen through light irradiation-induced periphyton production

Large quantities of detritus can accumulate on the bottom sediments of eutrophic lakes, leading to depletion of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the hypolimnion. Decreased redox potential associated with low hypolimnetic DO concentrations can accelerate the remobilization of ammonia and phosphorus from the sediments back into the water column. As maintenance of aerobic conditions in the hypolimnion is an important consideration for successful lake management, this research focused on the use of periphyton production of DO to control hypolimnetic DO levels. To augment periphyton photosynthesis, light was irradiated to the bottom sediments via glass fibres, in order to examine the effects of light irradiation on DO restoration on bottom sediments in test chambers. Dissolved oxygen restoration by periphytic photosynthesis was confirmed in these experiments, with both temperature and light intensity having positive effects on the areal net oxygen production rate. The Q ₁₀ temperature coefficient for net oxygen production was estimated to be 2.24. In typical temperate-zone lakes, the hypolimnetic water temperature is <15 °C, resulting in an expected areal net oxygen production rate ranging from 100 to 200 mg O₂ m⁻² day⁻¹ at a light irradiation of 50 μE m⁻² s⁻¹. Based on these experimental results, the condenser area required to achieve DO restoration under hypolimnetic light irradiation alone was estimated to be 3.2–4.1% of the hypolimnetic area. Thus, hypolimnetic light irradiation combined with hypolimnetic aeration can reduce energy consumption required for hypolimnetic aeration in DO restoration efforts.     

The Influence of Model Structure Uncertainty on Water Quality Assessment

Physically-based mathematical water quality models are known as potentially effective tools to simulate the temporal and spatial variations of water quality variables along rivers. Each model relies on specific sets of assumptions and equations to simulate the physico-biochemical processes, which influence on its simulation results. This paper aims to improve the insight in the uncertainties related to state–of–the–art river physico-biochemical water quality modelling. Sensitivity analysis is applied to the processes implemented in three most popular commercial software packages: MIKE11, InfoWorks RS and InfoWorks ICM. This is done for the Molse Neet river case study. Firstly, the physico-biochemical processes are screened to obtain a preliminary assessment on the critical processes and to determine the processes that require more detailed comparison. Then, local sensitivity analysis is carried out to specify the sensitive parameters and processes. Results show that the hydrodynamic results, heat transfer rate and reaeration simulations cause large differences in model simulation outputs for water temperature and dissolved oxygen concentrations. The ignorance of processes related to sediment transport, phytoplankton and bacteria has a significant influence on the higher values of organic matter and lower values of dissolved oxygen concentrations. The three models show consensus on the main pollutant sources explaining organic matter and nitrate concentrations, but disagree on the main factors explaining the DO concentrations.     

Numerical simulation of water quality in Yangtze Estuary

In order to monitor water quality in the Yangtze Estuary, water samples were collected and field observation of current and velocity stratification was carried out using a shipboard acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP). Results of two representative variables, the temporal and spatial variation of new point source sewage discharge as manifested by chemical oxygen demand (COD) and the initial water quality distribution as manifested by dissolved oxygen (DO), were obtained by application of the Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC) with solutions for hydrodynamics during tides. The numerical results were compared with field data, and the field data provided verification of numerical application: this numerical model is an effective tool for water quality simulation. For point source discharge, COD concentration was simulated with an initial value in the river of zero. The simulated increments and distribution of COD in the water show acceptable agreement with field data. The concentration of DO is much higher in the North Branch than in the South Branch due to consumption of oxygen in the South Branch resulting from discharge of sewage from Shanghai. The DO concentration is greater in the surface layer than in the bottom layer. The DO concentration is low in areas with a depth of less than 20 m, and high in areas between the 20-m and 30-m isobaths. It is concluded that the numerical model is valuable in simulation of water quality in the case of specific point source pollutant discharge. The EFDC model is also of satisfactory accuracy in water quality simulation of the Yangtze Estuary.     

Water quality management of a stretch of river Yamuna: An interactive fuzzy multi-objective approach

This paper presents an Interactive Fuzzy Multi-Objective Linear Programming (IFMOLP) model for water quality management in a river basin. The IFMOLP model formulated will first evaluate dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations or DO deficits at a point in different reaches depending on the overall Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) concentration present in the respective drain. Subsequently, the model incorporates the aspirations and conflicting objectives of the decision maker (DM) by taking into consideration the aspects relevant for pollution control boards as well as dischargers responsible for generating wastewater. The uncertainty associated with specifying the water quality criteria (based on DO concentration or DO deficit) and treatment cost to remove pollution level is incorporated by interacting the decision maker. In this process DM is asked to specify the reference aspiration levels of achievement for the values of all membership functions generated with respect to each objective. This provides flexibility for the pollution control authorities and dischargers to specify their aspirations. IFMOLP model developed herein is then used in a case study for the evaluation of optimal BOD removal in different drains located across the river Yamuna at New Delhi, India. The presented model will simulate the allocation of waste load efficiencies with satisfactory results which will indicate usefulness of the model in managing more complex river basins along with better flexible policies of water management.     

Estimating flow rates to optimize winter habitat for centrarchid fish in Mississippi River (USA) backwaters

The backwaters of large rivers provide winter refuge for many riverine fish, but they often exhibit low dissolved oxygen levels due to high biological oxygen demand and low flows. Introducing water from the main channel can increase oxygen levels in backwaters, but can also increase current velocity and reduce temperature during winter, which may reduce habitat suitability for fish. In 1993, culverts were installed to introduce flow to the Finger Lakes, a system of six backwater lakes on the Mississippi River, about 160 km downstream from Minneapolis, Minnesota. The goal was to improve habitat for bluegills and black crappies during winter by providing dissolved oxygen concentrations >3 mg/L, current velocities <1 cm/s, and temperatures >1°C. To achieve these conditions, we used data on lake volume and oxygen demand to estimate the minimum flow required to maintain 3 mg/L of dissolved oxygen in each lake. Estimated flows ranged from 0.02 to 0.14 m³/s among lakes. Data gathered in winter 1994 after the culverts were opened, indicated that the estimated flows met habitat goals, but that thermal stratification and lake morphometry can reduce the volume of optimal habitat created. This article is a U.S. Government publication and is in the public domain in the United States.     

上海青浦城区西北片河网引清调水的研究

基于河道水体溶解氧浓度随时间变化的实测数据,得出了上海青浦城区西北片河网在不同季节下的引清调水频率;采用经过实际调水过程验证的数学模型,对7种边引边排工况下的河网内水流运动进行了数值仿真,获得了每种工况下的水流速度场分布。以水流速度场模拟结果为基础,分析了现有水利设施条件下青浦城区西北片河网内水体的流动性,进而提出了为实现河网水体的流动自净功能应打通留水河和进行新的水利设施建设(如配置新的高流量水泵等)的建议。     

INVERTEBRATE AND FISH ASSEMBLAGE RELATIONS TO DISSOLVED OXYGEN MINIMA IN LOWLAND STREAMS OF SOUTHWESTERN LOUISIANA

Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations in lowland streams are naturally lower than those in upland streams; however, in some regions where monitoring data are lacking, DO criteria originally established for upland streams have been applied to lowland streams. This study investigated the DO concentrations at which fish and invertebrate assemblages at 35 sites located on lowland streams in southwestern Louisiana began to demonstrate biological thresholds. Average threshold values for taxa richness, diversity and abundance metrics were 2.6 and 2.3 mg/L for the invertebrate and fish assemblages, respectively. These thresholds are approximately twice the DO concentration that some native fish species are capable of tolerating and are comparable with DO criteria that have been recently applied to some coastal streams in Louisiana and Texas. DO minima >2.5 mg/L were favoured for all but extremely tolerant taxa. Extremely tolerant taxa had respiratory adaptations that gave them a competitive advantage, and their success when DO minima were <2 mg/L could be related more to reductions in competition or predation than to DO concentration directly. DO generally had an inverse relation to the amount of agriculture in the buffer area; however, DO concentrations at sites with both low and high amounts of agriculture (including three least‐disturbed sites) declined to <2.5 mg/L. Thus, although DO fell below a concentration that was identified as an approximate biological threshold, sources of this condition were sometimes natural (allochthonous material) and had little relation to anthropogenic activity. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

氧化沟工艺污泥膨胀及出水水质影响因素的研究

针对丝状菌污泥膨胀造成改良式氧化沟工艺处理城市生活污水超标的问题,通过分析进水水质、溶解氧、温度、污泥膨胀指数、出水水质变化的关系,探讨了导致丝状菌膨胀的主要限制因子以及出水水质的变化.研究结果表明,此工艺中进水BOD5、CODcr、TP浓度和pH值变化不是导致污泥膨胀的原因,进水TN和环境温度对污泥膨胀略有影响,DO、NH3-N变化与SVI有较强的相关性,DO和NH3-N越高,SVI越低.     

云南高原湖泊溶解氧达标考核要求探讨

溶解氧是表征地表水环境质量的重要指标之一。以云南省泸沽湖、抚仙湖、洱海及程海为例,通过资料收集与数据统计,分析高原湖泊表层溶解氧浓度及氧饱和率特征,提出高原湖泊溶解氧达标考核要求建议。结果表明:云南高原湖泊溶解氧达标考核过程中,根据水功能区划要求对氧浓度进行考核,若氧浓度未达到标准,则根据温度和海拔计算氧饱和率并进行考核,满足标准即可判定为溶解氧达标;达标考核中,Ⅰ类标准限值可取氧浓度≥7.5 mg/L或氧饱和率≥80%;Ⅱ类标准限值可取氧浓度≥6 mg/L或氧饱和率≥70%;Ⅲ类标准限值可取氧浓度≥5 mg/L或氧饱和率≥60%;Ⅳ类标准限值可取氧浓度≥3 mg/L或氧饱和率≥50%。结果可为高原湖泊水环境管理提供参考。     

潘家口水库热分层期溶解氧垂向分布及影响因素

为探究水库热分层对溶解氧垂向分布的影响,2019年8月在潘家口水库设置监测平台,分别采用YSI-EXO2监测仪和NISKIN采样器进行监测和水样采集,测定库区水温、溶解氧、pH、浮游植物等水质指标的垂向分布,分析水体热分层期溶解氧垂向分布的影响因素及溶解氧极小值（MOM）的形成原因。结果表明：潘家口水库8月存在显著热分层现象,水温呈混合层-温跃层-滞温层结构。混合层溶解氧浓度大于6.5 mg/L;温跃层受热分层等影响显著,层内出现MOM,梯度明显增大,浓度显著减小;滞温层溶解氧逐渐恢复。相关性分析表明：溶解氧与水温和浮力频率显著相关,热分层是MOM形成的主要物理因素;溶解氧与浮游植物生物量和pH呈正相关,温跃层浮游植物的呼吸作用、营养物质的积累和有机物质的氧化分解等生物和化学因素在一定程度上促进了MOM的发展。     

大型分层水库翻库特性及溶解氧响应研究

翻库对分层水库的水生态环境具有重要意义。通过在大型深水水库潘家口水库的原位监测结合垂向二维水动力-水质-水生态模型对翻库特性及溶解氧(DO)响应进行研究,分别对2018和2020年的水环境过程进行模拟。结果显示,水温分层导致了DO垂向分层,表层DO与气温相关性强,底层DO在分层后持续下降至0,秋季翻转是底层复氧的主要途径。2018年平均运行水位较2020年高14.2 m,表层温水层最大厚度2018年比2020年增加了近10 m,水库翻库从库尾逐渐向坝前推进。在库尾到坝前的距离约30 km的水域,2018年翻库的历经时间比2020年缩短40 d,坝前DO的垂向均匀时间滞后于水温7~10 d。水库水位较低时,翻库产生的表层水体DO下降幅度更大,降幅为3~4 mg/L。分别对水库不同断面可用势能指数(APE)对分层稳定性的过程进行分析,水库在不同年份和不同位置断面的翻库日期与夏季混合循环期的平均APE指数大小具有较好的相关关系。研究为探求大型深水分层水库水环境演变规律,科学合理进行调度提供理论基础。     

水库排沙对下游河流鱼类影响研究进展

水库排沙对减轻水库淤积、延长水库寿命和恢复河流泥沙连续性等方面有着重要意义,但是水库进行水力排沙时水库下游河流水体的物理和化学性质的变化可能对鱼类等水生生物产生不利影响,严重时出现死鱼现象.国内外水库排沙时期下游河道含沙量及其颗粒级配、溶解氧浓度、污染物等水质变化对鱼类影响研究表明,微颗粒泥沙淤堵鱼鳃影响其摄入氧气功能和水体溶解氧下降是影响鱼类的两个主要因素,且含沙量及其持续时间、颗粒级配等对鱼类影响机理不同.最后展望了我国今后水库排沙对下游河流鱼类研究内容.