共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
2.
Using geographic information system and topographic maps, 5829 headwater streams in Florida were surveyed for several parameters including elevation, stream length, flow regime and surrounding geology, and vegetation. Each was assigned to one of four headwater types: wetland, seep, lake, and spring. Wetland headwaters were the most common and widespread followed by seeps, many displaying temporary flow, while springs were perennial and least numerous. Four groups of Florida rivers were identified through cluster analysis of drainage densities (number headwaters/km of river length). Group 1 consisted of six rivers with lowest drainage densities (0.30–1.39 streams/km main channel). All were coastal rivers of peninsular Florida and, with one exception, drain to the Gulf of Mexico. Seven of eight rivers (group 2) with intermediate drainage densities (1.77–3.04 streams/km main channel) were located in peninsular Florida. Only three of 12 rivers comprising the two groups (groups 3 and 4) with greatest drainage densities (5.16–9.37 and 15.49–16.96 streams/km main channel) were not located in the Florida panhandle. Stream conservation efforts should focus on both highly complex dendritic river networks of the panhandle and on the 7000 km2 area in central Florida mostly lacking headwaters that may become a significant dispersal bottleneck for aquatic biota seeking refugia farther north from projected climate change. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
3.
C. Mendoza–Lera A. Larrañaga J. Pérez E. Descals A. Martínez O. Moya I. Arostegui J. Pozo 《河流研究与利用》2012,28(1):13-22
Leaf litter breakdown is a key process, providing matter and energy to communities inhabiting many headwater streams that flow through forests. This detrital pathway is affected by many human landscape transformations; but it is little known about the impact of small headwater reservoirs on leaf litter decay in streams. Alder leaf litter breakdown rates and associated fauna were studied upstream and downstream of five small water supply reservoirs (surface‐release in rainy autumn‐winters), in the Nerbioi‐Ibaizabal drainage basin (Basque Country, Spain), to assess the effect of impoundment on headwater streams function. Breakdown rates were significantly lower below the dams, mainly associated with a reduction of the density and the biomass of shredders. Among the shredders, Nemouridae and especially Protonemura were less abundant downstream of the dam. Alterations in the physicochemical characteristics of the water due to the reservoirs were negligible throughout our study, and temperature showed only slight variations that could not explain the reduction of the rates. The effect on shredders is likely to be related to differences in the riparian environment and flow regulation by the dams. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
4.
Nearly 400 rock rip‐rap grade control structures (hereafter GCS) were recently placed in streams of western Iowa, USA to reduce streambank erosion and protect bridge infrastructure and farmland. In this region, streams are characterized by channelized reaches, highly incised banks and silt and sand substrates that normally support low macroinvertebrate abundance and diversity. Therefore, GCS composed of rip‐rap provide the majority of coarse substrate habitat for benthic macroinvertebrates in these streams. We sampled 20 sites on Walnut Creek, Montgomery County, Iowa to quantify macroinvertebrate assemblage characteristics (1) on GCS rip‐rap and at sites located (2) 5–50 m upstream of GCS, (3) 5–50 m downstream of GCS and (4) at least 1 km from any GCS (five sites each). Macroinvertebrate biomass, numerical densities and diversity were greatest at sites with coarse substrates, including GCS sites and one natural riffle site and relatively low at remaining sites with soft substrates. Densities of macroinvertebrates in the orders Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera and Acariformes were abundant on GCS rip‐rap. Increases in macroinvertebrate biomass, density and diversity at GCS may improve local efficiency of breakdown of organic matter and nutrient and energy flow, and provide enhanced food resources for aquatic vertebrates. However, lack of positive macroinvertebrate responses immediately upstream and downstream of GCS suggest that positive effects might be restricted to the small areas of streambed covered by GCS. Improved understanding of GCS effects at both local and ecosystem scales is essential for stream management when these structures are present. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
5.
国家电力公司大坝安全监察中心自成立以后,代部编制了《水电站大坝安全管理办法》等有关法规,开展了首轮大坝安全定期检查,大坝安全监测和大坝安全注册等项工作,大坝安全管理水平有了较大提高。大坝通过补强加固和消缺处理,安全得到提高。但是,水电站大坝的安全状况尚不容乐观,法规体系有待完善,管理水平仍需提高。 相似文献
6.
利用坝地钻探取样资料分析了泥沙空间分布规律,通过输沙模数指标计算了黄河中游多沙粗沙区重点支流中各级泥沙的产沙量。结果表明:受水流分选作用的影响,表现出坝后淤积物粒径比坝前淤积物粒径粗的特点;受地表组成物质的影响,泥沙粒径空间上整体呈现出由南向北逐渐变粗的趋势;根据多沙粗沙区重点支流泥沙粒径、产沙量分析结果和淤地坝分布情况,可有针对性的开展沟道拦沙工程来达到有效控制泥沙的目的。 相似文献
7.
Run‐of‐the‐river dams (RORDs) comprise the vast majority of dams on river systems and are commonly removed as a part of stream restoration strategies. Although these dams are routinely removed, few studies have documented the geomorphological responses of sand‐bed rivers to the removal of RORDs. We examined the response of a large sand‐bed river located in South‐Central Kansas, USA, to the installation and removal of a dam that is installed annually for seasonal recreational purposes. Channel adjustments were tracked using cross‐sections sampled over the course of 7 months as the dam was installed and subsequently removed. Multivariate spatiotemporal analysis revealed emergence of channel stability when the dam was in place for most cross‐sections, except for those immediately adjacent to or at great distances from the dam. Our results provide an approximation for how sand‐bed rivers respond to RORD construction and removal and are useful for guiding management decisions involving preservation or restoration of connectivity. Results of this study suggest that sand‐bed rivers are resilient and recover quickly when transient RORDs are removed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
8.
Jamal Kabir;Giulio Biondi;Kieran J. Gething;Thomas Aspin;Tim Sykes;Rachel Stubbington; 《河流研究与利用》2024,40(5):863-874
Headwater springs and streams often occur in relatively remote areas, reducing their exposure to human influences and thus increasing their collective capacity to support high biodiversity. Their aquatic macroinvertebrate communities can include species of conservation interest, some of which are specialists associated with groundwater inputs, low water temperature or temporary flow. However, the inaccessibility of some spring and stream networks has left their communities poorly characterized, limiting our capacity to implement effective conservation strategies. We characterized the biodiversity and conservation value of macroinvertebrate communities in a network of 51 relatively inaccessible and unimpacted headwater spring and stream sites spanning multiple catchments in a single landscape type: the chalk downland of south England. At each site, we kick sampled macroinvertebrate communities and recorded environmental variables, including flow permanence. To represent each community, we calculated taxa richness, coverage-adjusted Hill-Shannon diversity, the local contribution to beta diversity, and an index of richness and species rarity. We used the latter three metrics to rank sites based on their biodiversity and conservation value and analyzed relationships between metrics and environmental variables. We found specialists of springs, cold waters, groundwaters and temporary flow regimes, including rare species of conservation value. Some metrics responded to environmental variables, but top-ranking sites had highly variable environmental characteristics. We highlight the value of individual headwater streams with contrasting characteristics as contributors to ecologically heterogeneous site networks. Our results can inform landscape-scale management strategies that protect headwaters as refuges that support biodiverse communities, including rare species, as they adapt to global change. 相似文献
9.
《Journal of Hydro》2014,8(2):77-87
A movable bed model was designed in a laboratory flume to simulate a mixed load sand-bed stream. The modelling objectives were to reproduce bedload and suspended sediment transport as well as downstream and transverse sediment fluxes in ratios similar to the field site. To meet these objectives the model contained an exact geometric scale and graded lightweight sediments to simulate migrating dunes and suspended load transport. The experiments are somewhat novel in that most mobile bed models have vertical exaggeration, whereas in these experiments exact geometric similitude of channel dimensions was maintained. The goal of this paper is to review the scaling strategy and the level of similarity among dimensionless parameters between model and field. Similarity in dimensionless bed shear stress and the particle Reynolds number enabled the experiments to replicate the dominant sediment dynamics present in the stream during a bankfull flow. There was a conflict in the strategy, in that grain roughness was exaggerated with respect to nature. However, the paper shows that geometric similarity of bedforms and the resulting drag is much closer to what is predicted for nature. In addition, measurements of sediment transport are compared to values computed from well-supported formulations, which is shown to reinforce the validity of the scaling strategy. Lastly, criteria for movable bed equilibrium are defined and it is shown that lightweight sediments contributed to the rapid development of near-equilibrium conditions. Overall, the paper shows a methodology that can be used to model mixed load streams at an exact geometric scale. 相似文献
10.
Leaf litter decomposition is an important process providing energy to freshwater biota. Flow regulation and dams can strongly alter freshwater ecosystems, but little is known about the effect of small impoundments on leaf litter decomposition rates in headwater streams. In this study, we examined the effect of small water storage impoundments (80 to 720 m3) on leaf litter decomposition by comparing sites located within 10‐m upstream and downstream of nine impoundments (Rhineland Palatinate, Germany) and sites located further upstream and downstream. The impoundments did not have a statistically significant effect on most physico‐chemical variables. However, the abundance of shredders and leaf litter decomposition rates decreased in study sites located within 10‐m upstream of the area flooded by impoundments. Small impoundments can locally reduce leaf litter decomposition rates in headwater streams. The effect of small impoundments on ecosystem functioning is minor and may require less attention by freshwater managers than other stressors, though this may differ for other ecological aspects such as connectivity. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
11.
Breakdown rates and colonisation of leaves from four tree or scrub species differing in quality are studied upstream and downstream of the Canales reservoir, a dam located in the headwater of the River Genil, Sierra Nevada, in southern Spain. This dam, with hypolimnetic release, displays short‐term fluctuations of discharge and nutrient enrichment in the tailwater during the study period. Breakdown rates of the four leaf species studied do not differ between sites, despite the higher dissolved nutrient concentration in the tailwater. This lack of differences is attributed to the potentially high physical breakage of leaves during peak flows that are of higher magnitude at the upstream site. The invertebrate density in leaf bags does not differ between sites, and Chironomidae and Ephemeroptera are the numerically dominant taxa at both sites. With regard to functional feeding groups, the scarcity and lack of significant differences between sites for shredders do not match the trend predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept in relation to the effect of a headwater dam. Possibly, the discharge fluctuations at both sites causes excessive instability of the natural substrate (leaf litter) for the shredder guild. However, as expected, the biomass of collectors colonising leaf bags is significantly higher at the tailwater, which might be explained not in terms of quantity, but as a consequence of the higher nutritional quality of the fine particulate organic matter (FPOM) accumulated in leaf bags at this site, owing to the eutrophication caused by the dam. Despite the scarcity of functional shredders at both sites, at the community level, the leaf material is significantly more ingested at the upstream site, suggesting the importance of this source of nutrition for the trophic web at this site in contrast with the tailwater, as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept. This also suggests that caution is needed in using functional feeding groups as trophic guilds to infer system‐level trophic dynamics in streams, given the prevalence of generalist feeders among benthic macroinvertebrates in these environments. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
12.
巴贡电站坝高库大，填筑强度高，坝体分区部位多、施工交叉作业干扰大、技术难题多，该文重点介绍了填筑现场的质量控制． 相似文献
13.
透水拱坝在泥石流防治工程中的研究和应用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
泥石流是一种广泛分布的地质灾害,透水拦挡坝能够拦渣排流,通过对泥石流特点的分析及坝身所受泥石流荷载的受力分析,设计透水拱坝为单曲圆形拱坝,坝体主要结构由竖向的支墩以及水平拱圈梁组成,结构简单,圬工量小,施工方便。研究表明,透水拱坝适合建在\"V\"或\"U\"型峡谷地区,对坝肩岩体强度要求较高。相对于平面格栅坝其坝身内力小,有利于发挥坝体材料抗压强度高、抗拉强度低的特点。更多还原 相似文献
14.
The Almbach, a headwater stream in the Upper Austrian foothills of the Alps bordered by mountain pastures was studied to gain insight into the benthic macroinvertebrate community and its habitat. Two springs, one of them fenced in to prevent livestock access, and two more sites of the headwater section were investigated. A discriminant analysis (DA) based on hydrochemistry and phytobenthos revealed three functions with 86% of all samples correctly classified to the four sites. The first function clearly separated the two springs with phosphorus and oxygen as the most important discriminating factors. Spring sites and headwater sites were split up by the second function mainly due to nitrate concentration, but no differences could be detected for the two stream sites. With the exception of the fenced spring, indicator taxa could be assigned to all sites by means of an Indicator Species Analysis (ISA). Polyvalent taxa groups such as Gastropoda and Ostracoda were indicators for the unfenced spring site. This is in accordance to observed low abundances of sensitive plecopteran taxa and suggests a negative impact of livestock trampling on the invertebrate community. Redundancy Analysis explained 99% of the macroinvertebrate‐environment relation. The first axis separated springs from stream sites and was correlated with nitrate, pH, water temperature and phytobenthos eveness. Phosphorus was responsible for splitting the unfenced spring and the downstream station from the fenced spring and the upstream location along the second axis. Ephemeropteran taxa like Habrophlebia sp. were related to elevated pH, increased water temperature and low nitrate concentrations. In accordance to the ISA, nitrate played an important role for tolerant Gastropoda and Ostracoda at the unfenced spring. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
15.
淤地坝是黄土高原地区治理水土流失有效的水利工程措施,其在减少入黄泥沙、淤地造田、防洪减灾、改善生态、促进经济发展等方面发挥着重要作用。但淤地坝的水毁灾害时有发生,建立淤地坝的风险评价体系迫在眉睫。经调研分析,对淤地坝风险进行识别,建立了现状风险、管理风险、失事后果的3层次9指标的淤地坝风险层次分析模型。运用模糊层次分析法对淤地坝各风险的权重进行了计算,并且对淤地坝的安全进行了综合评价。结果表明：模糊层次分析法有效地改进了层次分析法的一致性问题,并且可以简便地对淤地坝的风险进行评价,为淤地坝的风险评价提供了一种新思路。 相似文献
16.
17.
18.
淤地坝坝面过水试验研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
作者提出应用土工膜衬护,直接在淤地坝坝面设置溢洪道的坝面过水技术方案,并以宋家沟试验淤地坝为依托工程,进行了现场大型试验.试验研究了平底式与阶梯式两种过水方案.试验结果表明：同等条件下,平底式方案末端最高流速达10.7m/s,而阶梯式方案则为3.1m/s,说明阶梯式方案具有较好的消能作用;在上述流速下,两种方案的结构整体稳定,说明土工膜的铺设结构形式与固定方法是合适的;从耐磨抗冲刷性能看,土工膜抗碎石的耐磨性尚待进一步研究;从施工难度、土工膜用量和成本等方面比较,平底方案具有较大的优越性. 相似文献
19.
黄河中游多沙粗沙区淤地坝拦减粗泥沙分析 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
本文对地处黄河中游多沙粗沙区的河口镇至龙门区间（简称河龙区间）及四大典型支流皇甫川、窟野河、无定河和三川河流域淤地坝拦减粗泥沙效果进行了深入分析,计算了不同年代淤地坝拦减粗泥沙量。通过分析实施淤地坝等水土保持措施前后泥沙粒径的变化、淤地坝配置比例与减沙比例关系的变化后认为：淤地坝是快速减少入黄粗泥沙的首选工程措施和第一道防线,具有明显的“拦粗排细”功能。只要河龙区间坝地的配置比例保持在2%左右,其减沙比例即可达到45%以上。当四大典型支流淤地坝配置比例平均达到2.5%时,淤地坝减沙比例平均可以达到60%。因此,为有效、快速地减少入黄泥沙尤其是粗泥沙,河龙区间水土保持措施应采用以淤地坝为主的工程措施与坡面措施相结合的综合配置模式。淤地坝的配置比例应保持在2%以上。减少黄河粗泥沙的重点支流应首选窟野河和皇甫川。 相似文献
20.
Damming of streams and rivers alters downstream ecosystem processes, and understanding its effects is essential in managing forested mountain streams. This study examined the effects of dams with a reservoir on organic matter decomposition and its seasonality in two neighbouring mountain streams over five seasons. The cotton‐strip assay and measurement of tensile strength loss were used to evaluate decomposition rates. In addition, the environmental factors, such as water level, water temperature, inorganic nitrogen concentrations and contribution of macro invertebrates were measured. The dams with a reservoir lowered decomposition rates downstream compared to upstream and unregulated sites, in all seasons. The decomposition rates also varied by season at all sites, with higher rates in summer and lowest in winter, and the seasonal variation was larger than the effects by the reservoirs in both streams. Seasonal variation in decomposition rates coincided with water temperature variation, suggesting strong influence of water temperature. However, the temperature differences did not explain the effects of reservoirs because water temperature was always higher at downstream sites. The downstream sites had lower nitrate concentrations and contribution of macroinvertebrates, and these factors may have greater effects than water temperature. Thus, damming of streams may lower the decomposition rates at downstream sites due to altered nutrient and biological effects. However, seasonal variation in water temperature may have more pronounced effects, resulting in greater seasonal variation than the difference among sites. 相似文献