Dynamics of active sites transformation in HDS-HDA catalyst

Benzene hydrogenation in steady-state and unsteady-state regimes over sulfide Ni-W/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst is studied. The mechanism and dynamic model of hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis active sites transformation are proposed. The reactions were shown to be quasi steady-state ones with slow poisoning of both hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis active sites by the formation of intermediate surface compounds of sulfur. The dynamic behavior was described by the proposed model with sufficient accuracy.     

有机含氮化合物对深度加氢脱硫反应的影响

从燃料油中含氮化合物和含硫化合物特点出发,介绍了含氮化合物对加氢脱硫（HDS）催化剂活性、选择性以及失活等性能的影响。研究表明,含氮化合物主要通过与含硫化合物在催化剂表面的竞争吸附,强烈抑制HDS催化剂活性。含氮化合物对含硫化合物加氢（HYD）和氢解（HYG）两条并行反应路径均有抑制作用,但对HYD反应路径的抑制作用更为强烈。含氮化合物还能通过毒化催化剂酸中心进而影响催化剂HDS活性和选择性,而其在催化剂表面的强烈吸附也是引发催化剂结焦和失活的重要因素。     

Ultra-deep hydrodesulfurization on MoS2 and Co0.1MoS2: Intrinsic vs. environmental factors

A hydrogenation index (HI), measured in the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of dibenzothiophene (DBT), is used to estimate the intrinsic hydrogenation selectivities of MoS₂, Co_0.1MoS₂, and two supported HDS catalysts. The HI and catalyst activity for desulfurizing 4,6-diethyl-DBT follow the same trend: MoS₂ ? Co_0.1MoS₂ ? supported catalysts. For desulfurizing a petroleum fraction rich in 4,6-alkyl-DBTs and 4-alkyl-DBTs, the activity decreases as follows: Co_0.1MoS₂ > supported catalysts ? MoS₂. These results introduce an apparent conundrum: MoS₂ has such a high hydrogenation power and activity for desulfurizing 4,6-diethyl-DBT, why does it perform poorly in real-feed tests? This conundrum is resolved by showing that an ultra-deep HDS catalyst requires an optimum balance between an intrinsic factor (hydrogenation function) and an environmental factor (tolerance of organonitrogen). Incorporating Co into MoS₂ lowers the hydrogenation function of MoS₂ and hence improves tolerance of organonitrogen. This conclusion corroborates the prediction of an early modeling study.     

负载型CuO/γ-Al2O3催化剂结构与催化甘油氢解性能

采用浸渍法制备了CuO/γ-Al2O3催化剂,通过BET、XRD、XPS和TPR方法表征催化剂上CuO的分布与化学形态,结合固定床催化甘油氢解制备1,2-丙二醇试验.结果表明,催化剂表面高度分散缺电子状态的Cu物种是甘油氢解制备1,2-丙二醇的活性中心.采用浸渍法制备的铜基催化剂具有较好的甘油氢解制备1,2-丙二醇性能...     

Competitive adsorption of nitrogen species in HDS: Kinetic characterization of hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis sites

Through modeling of the transient response of dibenzothiophene (DBT) hydrodesulfurization (HDS) to inhibition by 3-ethylcarbazole (3ECBZ), the hydrogenation (HYA) and hydrogenolysis (HYL) functions of a sulfided CoMo/Al₂O₃–SiO₂ catalyst are characterized. The HYL sites, accounting for about one third of the total active sites, have a lower adsorption affinity for 3ECBZ than for DBT. The opposite is true for the HYA sites. The adsorbed nitrogen species are denitrogenated more rapidly on the HYL sites than on the HYA sites. As a result, the HYL sites are less inhibited by 3ECBZ and drive the HDS of DBT almost single-handedly in the presence of 3ECBZ. The catalyst surface is sparsely occupied by sulfur species because the HDS rate is much faster than the hydrodenitrogenation rate on both HYA and HYL sites. These results give a quantitative understanding of why 3ECBZ is a far weaker inhibitor to the HDS of DBT than it is to the HDS of 4,6-diethyldibenzothiophene. There appears a tradeoff between the HYA and HYL functions, which can be exploited for HDS catalyst and process optimization.     

磷、柠檬酸改性对MoW/Ni/Al2O3催化剂性质及加氢脱氮性能的影响

采用等体积浸渍法制备了以γ-Al₂O₃为载体,Ni、Mo、W为活性金属组分的三金属催化剂,考察了磷改性、柠檬酸改性以及磷-柠檬酸组合改性对催化剂性质、加氢脱氮性能和脱氮选择性的影响。通过NH₃-TPD、Py-IR、H₂-TPR、XPS和HRTEM对催化剂进行表征,结果表明：磷改性不但提高了催化剂的表面弱酸量,而且提高了金属的硫化性能,促进碱性氮和非碱性氮的脱除,但磷改性导致金属活性相的堆垛层数偏高、分散度下降;柠檬酸改性降低了催化剂活性金属氧化物的硫化温度,提高了催化剂的加氢活性,但对氢解性能基本没有影响,表现为非碱性氮脱除性能的提高;而磷-柠檬酸组合改性,不但提高了催化剂的氢解性能,而且改善了其加氢活性,使催化剂对焦化蜡油中碱性氮和非碱性氮的脱除率均得到大幅提升,分别达到80.1%、54.9%。     

Effective supports to moderate H2S inhibition on cobalt and nickel molybdenum sulfide catalysts in deep desulfurization of gas oil

Deep desulfurization of gas oil was attempted in the presence of H₂S over commercially available catalysts. Hydrotreated gas oil containing 340 ppm of sulfur (ppmS) was successfully desulfurized to less than 10 ppmS under the presence of 1.67% H₂S over CoMoS and NiMoS supported on acidic supports. Such supports are believed to enhance the sulfur release from active sites and the hydrogenation of refractory sulfur species to accelerate their deep desulfurization.     

柴油催化加氢脱芳烃研究进展

论述了柴油加氢脱芳烃的催化剂体系、芳烃加氢反应机理和工艺方法。该催化剂体系包括贵金属催化剂和非贵金属催化剂两种类型,其中贵金属催化剂的脱芳烃效果较非贵金属催化剂要好。柴油加氢脱芳烃大多采用两段加氢工艺,将贵金属和非贵金属催化剂结合使用可以取得良好的脱芳烃效果。增强脱芳烃催化剂的抗硫性能也成为现今研究重点,载体的性质对加氢脱芳烃催化剂的催化性能有很大的影响,开发新载体和新材料成为今后加氢脱芳烃催化剂的研究趋势。     

Deactivation of fixed-bed nickel hydrogenation catalysts by sulfur

A series of fixed-bed nickel hydrogenation catalysts was tested in the dearomatization of hydrocarbon solvents. The mechanism of catalyst deactivation by aromatic sulfur compounds was studied in high-pressure micro-flow equipment by variation of the experimental conditions and the sulfur content of the feed. It is concluded that catalyst deactivation proceeds under mild but realistic conditions through formation of a surface sulfide which blocks the active surface. The rate of the disappearance of the active sites is a first-order process with rate constant 1.0 × 10⁻³ (ppm S)⁻¹ h⁻¹. Under more severe conditions, more sulfide layers are formed, but bulk Ni₃S₂ was not observed even after full deactivation of the catalysts. The poisoning of the active sites in the latter case is no longer a first-order process. Consequently, under the circumstances investigated, the sulfur resistance of nickel catalysts is determined by the nickel surface area per unit weight of catalyst.     

Hydrodenitrogenation of quinoline over Ni–Mo/Al2O3 catalyst modified with fluorine and phosphorus

In this paper, the effects of fluorine and phosphorus on the physical and chemical properties of Ni–Mo/Al₂O₃ catalysts and the hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) activity of quinoline were investigated. The acidity, pore structure, and dispersion of Mo of the catalysts were analyzed with TG-DTA, BET, and XRD techniques. The activities of hydrodenitrogenation and hydrogenation of the catalysts were investigated using hydrogenation of quinoline at high pressure in a micro-reactor. Experimental results verified that phosphorus can promote the formation of moderate and strong acidic sites, the dispersion of Mo, and the formation of the active phases; therefore, the hydrogenation activity of aromatic rings and the hydrogenolysis activity of C–N bonds increase. The hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis accelerate each other, which results in the increase of HDN activity. It is concluded that phosphorus is a promoter for HDN activity of the Ni–Mo/Al₂O₃ catalysts. Fluorine can promote the formation of weak and moderate acidic sites and the dispersion of Mo, but inhibit the formation of the active phases. Therefore, the hydrogenation activity of aromatic rings and the hydrogenolysis activity of C–N bonds decrease, which results in the decrease of HDN activity. It is concluded that fluorine is not a promoter for HDN activity of the Ni–Mo/Al₂O₃ catalysts. The possible promoting mechanism of fluorine and phosphorus for the Ni–Mo/Al₂O₃ catalyst is put forward and discussed.     

Deep hydrodesulphurization and hydrogenation of diesel fuels on alumina-supported and bulk molybdenum carbide catalysts

Deep hydrodesulphurization (HDS) of diesel fuels has been carried out on P (Ni)-promoted or non-promoted Mo₂C-supported γ-Al₂O₃ and bulk Mo₂C under standard industrial conditions (613 K, 3 MPa). The effect of the promoter was investigated for different feedstocks on HDS and hydrogenation (HYD) with very low levels of sulfur. The temperature effect was also followed. The HDS conversion indicates that phosphorus promoted alumina supported carbide catalysts are as active as a commercial Co-Mo/Al₂O₃ catalyst for low levels of sulfur in the feed. Furthermore, the refractory compounds such as 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene are only transformed on molybdenum carbide catalyst in industrial conditions for hydrotreated gas oils. With gas oils with less than 50 wt ppm in sulfur, phosphorus promoted molybdenum carbide catalysts become more active than commercial catalysts for the HYD of the aromatic compounds and the HDS or the HDN of the feedstock.     

Performance of spent sulfide catalysts in hydrodesulfurization of straight run and nitrogen-removed gas oils

After the test run of several months two kinds of commercial catalysts (NiMo/Al₂O₃ and CoMo/Al₂O₃) were examined in hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of straight run (SRGO) and nitrogen-removed gas oils, at 340 °C under 50 kg/cm² H₂. Hydrogen renewal between stages was attempted to show additional inhibition effects of the by-products such as H₂S and NH₃. Spent NiMo/Al₂O₃ and CoMo/Al₂O₃ catalysts showed contrasting activities in HDS and susceptibility to nitrogen species, according to their catalytic natures, compared to those of their virgin ones. HDS over spent NiMo/Al₂O₃ was significantly improved by removal of nitrogen species, while that over spent CoMo/Al₂O₃ was much improved by H₂ refreshment. The activity for refractory sulfur species such as 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene was reduced more severely than that for the reactive sulfur species such as benzothiophenes over spent catalysts. The effects of both two-stage hydrodesulfurization and nitrogen-removal were markedly reduced over the spent NiMo when compared with those over virgin NiMo one. The acidity of the catalysts was correlated with the inhibition susceptibility by nitrogen species as well as H₂S and NH₃. Spent catalysts apparently lost their activity due to the carbon deposition, which covered the active sites more preferentially. The spent NiMo catalyst carried more deposited carbon with larger C/H ratio and nitrogen content. Higher acidity was found to be present on the NiMo catalyst, but this was greatly decreased by the carbon deposition. Additionally, the reactivity of nitrogen species in HDS was briefly discussed in relation to the acidity of the catalyst and its deactivation by carbon deposition.     

Influence of the source of sulfur on the hydroconversion of 1-methylnaphthalene over a Pt–Pd/USY catalyst

Hydroconversion of 1-methylnaphthalene was performed over a Pt–Pd/USY catalyst in a batch reactor at 310 °C and 5 MPa of hydrogen pressure in cyclohexane as the solvent and in the presence of 800 ppm of sulfur resulting from different sources, hydrogen sulfide, thiophene and dibenzothiophene. In a general manner, hydrogenation of 1-methylnaphthalene into the corresponding mixture of methyltetralines is not significantly affected by the nature of the sulfur species present in the starting feed. On the contrary, going from hydrogen sulfide to thiophene and finally to dibenzothiophene, hydrogenation of methyltetralines into methyldecalines is lowered and ring-opening of methyltetralines to alkylbenzenes is enhanced. This would agree with the expected sequence of appearance of hydrogen sulfide in the feed.These results are in agreement with dissociation of hydrogen into protonic and hydride species, as already proposed in the presence of sulfided catalysts, i.e., protonic species would be involved for the hydrogenation steps and hydride species for the ring-opening steps. Hydrogen sulfide present as such or resulting from the transformation of thiophene or dibenzothiophene would then reduce the hydrogenation route, and, as a consequence, increase the hydrogenolysis route.     

钴基催化剂上氢解反应的研究

制备了一系列不同金属含量的Co/SiO2加氢催化剂,考察了催化剂非原位还原条件、进料空速、氢分压变化对其氢解反应影响。结果发现,钴基催化剂在非原位还原后进行反应时有氢解反应伴随发生。催化剂上金属含量越高、还原温度升高和还原时间延长,氢解反应越明显;较高的进料空速及较高的氢分压有助于抑制氢解反应的发生。     

FH-UDS催化剂生产国Ⅴ柴油工业运行结果

四川石化柴油加氢装置使用抚顺石油化工研究院研发的深度加氢脱硫催化剂FH-UDS,装置标定结果表明,催化剂性能满足设计生产国Ⅳ柴油的要求。为达到要求更高的国Ⅴ柴油质量标准,该装置在不进行升级改造和更换催化剂的情况下,通过提高反应温度使精制柴油硫含量达到国Ⅴ柴油标准要求,并且连续稳定运行14个月,说明FH-UDS催化剂生产硫含量不大于10μg/g的超低硫柴油时仍然具有很好的脱硫活性和稳定性。     

磷化物催化剂体系下二苯并噻吩加氢反应网络研究

为考察二苯并噻吩在磷化物体系下催化加氢的反应网络,以分子筛SBA-15为空白载体,利用等体积浸渍制取了一系列磷化物催化剂,Ni/P摩尔比为1.25,对不同Ni金属担载量的磷化物催化剂的性质进行了分析。采用含有1%二苯并噻吩的模型化合物为原料进行加氢脱硫试验,利用20 m L连续固定床加氢精制装置对制备的磷化物催化剂进行了活性评价。结果表明,相对于商业催化剂,低温和磷化物催化剂体系下二苯并噻吩具有更高的转化率,280℃转化率可达80%以上;碱性氮化物喹啉的存在抑制了二苯并噻吩加氢反应,转化率在320℃时由接近100%降至70%左右,此条件下,产物中联苯以及环己烷基苯的选择性随温度变化不大,二苯并噻吩大部分通过直接脱硫路径进行转化。评价结果显示,磷化物催化剂具有更高的氢解活性和更好的直接加氢脱硫效果。     

Selective hydrogenation of cyclopentadiene over supported metal catalysts

The selective hydrogenation of cyclopentadiene to cyclopentene has been studied in the liquid phase using Pd and Pd Me/Al₂O₃ bimetallic catalysts (Me = Mn, Ni, Co, W). The highest activity was obtained with Pd Co and Pd W/Al₂O₃. For these catalysts, no hydrogen or CO chemisorption was detected although Pd could be seen by XPS at 335·8 eV; it is considered that new species, more active for the selective hydrogenation of cyclopentadiene, appeared at the catalyst surface. The sulfur resistance towards thiophene has also been studied. It was observed that the highest sulfur resistance is coincident with the highest activity. XPS analysis shows that the poisoning species is thiophene adsorbed on the catalyst surface.     

催化剂形貌对沸腾床渣油加氢Ni-Mo/Al2O3催化剂活性位的影响机制

随着原油供应趋于劣质化和严格的环保法规出台,沸腾床渣油加氢技术引起了广泛关注。采用挤压成型法和STRONG沸腾床的特殊成型法分别制备了圆柱形和球形Ni-Mo/Al₂O₃催化剂,系统地研究了催化剂的颗粒形貌对活性相和渣油加氢性能的影响。采用XRD、N₂物理吸脱附、H₂-TPR、HRTEM、XPS和电子微探针分析等手段对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,球形催化剂具有活性更强的Type Ⅱ类型活性位点、更优异的孔道结构性质和更好的流化性能,这使得其具有更高的渣油加氢活性。球形催化剂中的金属和载体之间相互作用较弱,这有利于形成更高硫化程度和堆垛层数的Ni-Mo-S Ⅱ型活性相,这种活性相在渣油加氢中具有更高的活性。此外,球形催化剂具有比圆柱形催化剂更大的孔径和孔体积,这有利于大分子杂质在孔道中的扩散和活性位点上的吸附,并且使得金属沉积物均匀分布在球形催化剂中,而不是集中分布在孔口。而且球形催化剂尺寸更小,可能更易于流化,这增强了催化剂的传质性能。     

改性的NiB非晶态合金催化葡萄糖氢解制备低碳二元醇

采用化学还原法制备了NiB非晶态合金催化剂,并引入W、Mo对NiB催化剂进行改性,利用X射线衍射、N₂物理吸附、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱、透射电子显微镜和氢气程序升温脱附等手段表征了催化剂的物理化学性质,考察了其催化葡萄糖氢解制备乙二醇、丙二醇等低碳二元醇的催化性能,并进一步探讨了W在葡萄糖氢解中的作用。结果表明：W、Mo引入NiB非晶态合金可以改变催化剂微结构,促进葡萄糖氢解过程中C-C键的断裂,并催化葡萄糖氢解生成低碳二元醇;W的断键能力要优于Mo,NiWB催化葡萄糖氢解得到的乙二醇和1,2-丙二醇的收率分别为37.0%和11.3%,而NiMoB的乙二醇、1,2-丙二醇收率分别为6.6%和8.9%;W改性的NiB非晶态合金同时具备加氢和断键能力,是一种具有应用前景的糖醇氢解新型催化剂。     

吸附相反应技术制备Cu基催化剂在甲醇合成第一步反应中的活性

采用吸附相反应技术(APRT)制备了Cu基催化剂,并用XRD、HRTEM、H₂-TPR等表征手段进行了分析。结果表明催化剂中的Cu良好分散于载体表面,粒径在5～10 nm。在液相乙醇体系合成气制甲醇的反应中,该Cu基催化剂对第一步形成中间产物甲酸乙酯的催化活性远高于工业催化剂。APRT制备的催化剂与其他催化剂(包括工业催化剂)在液相合成气制甲醇的两步反应中表现出的显著差异,不仅说明APRT催化剂具有不同的结构特点,也表明甲酸乙酯的形成和进一步的加氢的活性位是不同的。