复合肥营销原理初探

从产品组合、定价、销售渠道3个方面对如何将市场营销原理应用于复合肥销售中进行了阐述。并指出:基于销售额和利润的最大化、基于市场保护、基于农民的施肥习惯是复合肥营销策略中品种策划工作的基本原则;产品组合要通过应用成本导向定价法和目标定价法对复合肥定价策略进行指导;通过有效的营销渠道建设既能够整合复合肥企业现有资源,又可以实现安全畅通的销售模式,对复合肥企业应对新形势下的市场竞争至关重要。     

Product design in price‐competitive markets: A case study of a skin moisturizing lotion

In this article, we apply a recently developed method for product design to the formulation of skin lotions and extend its application to consider price‐competitive markets. The method is based on the use of consumer preference functions that are in turn parameters of price‐demand relations. These relationships are then embedded in a business model that aims at determining the optimal lotion formulation from the profitability point of view. The model allows to distinguish the formulation that leads to the consumer most preferred skin lotion from the most profitably one in a quantitative fashion. In the latter case, the selling price is also determined simultaneously with the optimal formulation. The example analyzed shows that the consumer most preferred lotion is not profitable, whereas a slightly less preferred lotion is very profitable. We then extend the new product design procedure to consider a competitive environment in which prices of all competitors, change dynamically until equilibrium is established. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011     

A new superstructure optimization paradigm for process synthesis with product distribution optimization: Application to an integrated shale gas processing and chemical manufacturing process

We propose a novel process synthesis framework that combines product distribution optimization of chemical reactions and superstructure optimization of the process flowsheet. A superstructure with a set of technology/process alternatives is first developed. Next, the product distributions of the involved chemical reactions are optimized to maximize the profits of the effluent products. Extensive process simulations are then performed to collect high‐fidelity process data tailored to the optimal product distributions. Based on the simulation results, a superstructure optimization model is formulated as a mixed‐integer nonlinear program (MINLP) to determine the optimal process design. A tailored global optimization algorithm is used to efficiently solve the large‐scale nonconvex MINLP problem. The resulting optimal process design is further validated by a whole‐process simulation. The proposed framework is applied to a comprehensive superstructure of an integrated shale gas processing and chemical manufacturing process, which involves steam cracking of ethane, propane, n‐butane, and i‐butane. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 123–143, 2018     

洗涤用品市场苦乐不均

对洗涤用品市场进行系统，全面调查和了解的基础上，对市场状况，品牌竞争和消费行为等方面进行了深入的探讨和研究，指出，市场占有率是评价品牌实力的重要因素之一，产品的功效和价格是影响消费行为的主要因素。     

我国成品油定价机制的思考

结合我国成品油定价机制的变化,分析了各种机制条件下存在的问题及市场化对成品油价格的影响,提出了成品油市场化的4个对策建议,即建立多元化的市场竞争体系、营造良好的市场环境、形成合理透明的价格机制、搭建可交易的国际市场平台。     

工程公司的价格竞争分析

力图对工程公司的价格竞争进行分析 ,探寻定价的正确方法。     

Effects of price fluctuations in livestock and meat products on vegetable protein markets

The price of meat products will influence sales of vegetable protein in markets where both products compete directly. Fluctuations in livestock product prices have an impact on market growth of vegetable proteins, especially in the short term and for products in the retail consumer market. Initially the market for a vegetable protein product in retail markets may be cyclic, growing only when the price of competing animal protein is high and increasing. The suceess of a new vegetable protein product may depend to a great extent on the timing of its introduction. High animal protein prices could help the new product achieve enough market penetration or share to become established. Taste and other factors in addition to price would determine its ultimate acceptance. The long term market for vegetable proteins will be affected more by the relative differences between the price fluctuations. Changes in consumer taste, concern over health and food safety, and the ultimate “statue” of vegetable proteins will all help shape the long term growth.     

A hybrid heuristic for the inventory routing problem under dynamic regional pricing

The inventory routing problem (IRP) seeks to meet the demands of customers during consecutive time periods. Because of the geographical distribution of customers and variations in willingness to pay of the consumers in distinct locations and time, regional and time-based pricing are powerful ways to improve profitability. In this study, a quadratic mixed-integer programming model for single product, multi-period Inventory Routing under the dynamic regional pricing problem (IRDRP) has been proposed. A hybrid heuristic approach is developed to solve it. This algorithm comprises five phases: initialization, demand generation, demand adjustment, inventory routing, and neighborhood search, which are embedded in a simulated annealing framework. Experimental results indicate as the problem size increases, the difference between CPLEX and the proposed heuristic algorithm optimality gap exhibits an upward trend and that the heuristic outperforms CPLEX. A sensitivity analysis demonstrates that by intensifying the scarce capacity, approaching an optimal solution will be more difficult.     

我国天然气定价的发展方向与思考

分析了我国天然气出厂价、管输价、调峰价、配气价及销售价的现行定价方法及其存在的问题,并提出了相关的改进建议。     

Optimal Design of Generalized Batch‐Storage Network Considering Shortage Costs

Product shortages, which cause backlogging and/or lost sales costs commonly occur in the chemical industries, especially in the commodity polymer business. Shortage costs in a supply chain optimization model are studied under the framework of a generalized batch‐storage network. A classical economic order quantity model with backlogging costs suggested an optimal time delay and final product delivery lot size. A product shortage can be mitigated by advancing production/transportation or by purchasing a substitute product from a third party as well as by a product delivery delay in the supply chain network. Optimal solutions that consider all means for recovering shortage are more complicated than the classical case. Four solutions are identified depending on the parametric range and variable bounds. The optimal capacity for production/transportation processes associated with a product in shortage can differ from that of a product not in shortage. An illustrative example is presented in support of the analytical results. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 2454–2470, 2013     

An empirical bayes solution to the best–choice problem

We consider the problem of a consumer desiring to buy an item at as low a price as possible based on a finite sequence of price quotations obtained sequentially from various sellers. This is a version of the so-called best-choice problem. It is assumed that the optimal decision is concerned with the probability-maximizing approach. When the distribution of price quotations is completely known, the optimal buying policy is myopic. Many authors have shown that the myopic policy is still optimal in some cases where the price distribution has unknown parameter(s) and the buyer's prior on this parameter undergoes Bayesian updating as successive prices are received. In this article, we examine the case in which the buyer must update his/her beliefs in a Bayesian manner, but the prior distribution is not completely known to the buyer. We assume, however, that some auxiliary information is available to the buyer. Using empirical Bayes techniques, a stopping time for the price search is constructed for such situations     

The role of individual colour preferences in consumer purchase decisions

The purpose of this study is to test whether consumers' personal colour preferences (in an abstract sense rather than for a particular product) affect their intended product purchase decisions if they are given various colour choices. This work employs two experiments with visual components to investigate which colour a participant would choose if asked to select a product to purchase when there is a range of colours available. Two experiments were also designed to elicit a response about which colour each participant prefers (in an abstract sense). The study finds that personal colour preferences affect intended product‐colour purchase decisions but that the extent of this varies from one product category to the next. Further analysis reveals that personal colour preferences are secondary to factors such as colour functionality and colour performance. This work presents new experimental data about the role of colour in product and product packaging on intended consumer purchase decisions. A conceptual framework, supported by the experimental findings, are understanding the relationship between individual colour preferences and product‐choice colours, and more functional aspects of colour itself (such as the effect of colour on product's performance or functionality).     

美国口腔护理用品的市场动态

口腔护理用品工业的新产品、新技术层出不穷，以不便满足消费者日益增长的需求。消费者对口腔用品的关注点分为３类：上齿保健、增白和二者兼备。防过敏、专用和功能性口腔用品市场前景诱人，价格不是主要制约因素，消费者更看重产品的性能／价格比。     

美容品的体验营销

目前，美容市场越来越细分，如何做好精细销售是美容产品红火的关键环节。体验销售成为适合消费者苛刻需求的销售模式，它包括吸引力传播、功能式发挥、价值链优势、服务品牌、突破消费自我保护等销售手段，体验销售具有很强的生命力，是企业运用数据库营销最好的方法。     

The Role of Technological Parameters at Woven Fabrics Construction

Abstract

A design student frequently poses the question: Why should I study so much technology? This article tries to give the answer to this question by defining the constructional and technological parameters that are important for designing a woven fabric.

A designer like an artist designs a unique product which is the reflection of his ideas. Such product is not intended for massive production. The role of an industrial designer is completely different. Since the aim of an industrial designer is to satisfy the customer's wishes, his artistic expression is more or less limited. A well designed product for massive production is an optimal amalgamation of aesthetic and applicable characteristics with optimal price performance. The aesthetic and applicable properties of final product, in our case of a woven fabric, are greatly influenced by constructional parameters. A designer with solid technological knowledge is capable to achieve special visual effects and better applicable characteristics with only few changes during designing and construction process. Basic knowledge of technology and technological parameters helps a designer to adapt a new product to the available technological capacity as well as to better communicate with technological staff.     

牛仔服装市场调查研究

以问卷形式,通过广东四类城市的消费者对牛仔服装市场的调查,分析了目前牛仔服装市场消费者的偏好、对款式需求以及产品定价、品牌建立和产品开发等情况,旨在为广东地区牛仔行业的产业发展提供理论依据。     

A dynamic game theoretic framework for process plant competitive upgrade and production planning

A dynamic potential game theoretic production planning framework is presented in which production plants are treated as individual competing entities and competition occurs dynamically over a discrete finite time horizon. A modified Cournot oligopoly with sticky prices provides the basis for dynamic game theoretic competition in a multimarket nonlinear and nonconvex production planning model wherein market price adapts to a value that clears cumulative market supply. The framework is used to investigate a petrochemical refining scenario in which a single inefficient refiner faces elimination by its competitors; we demonstrate that there exist conditions under which the threatened refiner may upgrade itself to become competitive and escape the threat, or alternatively in which the threat of elimination is illegitimate and the refiner is effectively safe in the given market configuration. Globally optimal dynamic Nash equilibrium production trajectories are presented for each case. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 916–925, 2018     

基于拍卖的电子商务动态定价研究

产品定价是企业最重要的决策之一。随着电子商务的兴起,网上商品的销售价格不再是固定不变,动态定价已经成为网络驱动的新经济特征之一。在线拍卖是电子商务动态定价中最常用的一种形式。传统上的多物品拍卖研究是建立在拍卖方拍卖商品的数量或竞标方商品需求的数量是固定不变的假设基础之上,这种假设不能满足实际应用的需要。文中摈弃这种假设,论述了网上竞标方需求数量不定前提下同质多物品拍卖动态定价模型,并分析了基于Agent的算法实现。     

Design of formulated products integrating heuristic knowledge and consumer assessment

This work proposes a systematic approach for the design of formulated products incorporating consumer assessment and heuristic knowledge. The methodology is divided into two main phases: Consumer assessment and product realization. In the first part, product attributes valued by consumers and their interactions are identified through usability tests performed on a reference product, and fuzzy integral analysis. In the second phase, alternative product formulations are generated using a mixed-integer optimization approach, which incorporates heuristic rules regarding the choice of ingredients and their amounts. The results from the consumer assessment phase are transformed into additional heuristics and incorporated into the design. Different alternative formulations are generated at a lab-scale, by using two commercial skin moisturizers as references. Those formulations that included additional heuristics are shown to be more similar to the references. As a result, the incorporation of consumer preferences significantly reduced the time and resources spent on the design process.     

Extracting dynamic features with switching models for process data analytics and application in soft sensing

In recent decades, soft sensors have been profoundly studied and successfully applied to predict critical process variables in real‐time. While dealing with various application scenarios, data‐driven methods with representation learning possess great potentials. Latent features are formulated in these approaches to predict outputs from correlated input variables. In this study, a probabilistic framework of feature extraction is proposed in the context of process data analysis. To address switching behaviors in industrial processes, multiple emission models are utilized to construct latent space. To address temporal correlations from continuously operating processes, a dynamic model is implemented in latent space. Bayesian learning strategy is then developed for parameters estimation, where modeling preferences and uncertainties from multiple models are considered. The effectiveness and practicability of the proposed feature extraction algorithm are illustrated through numerical simulations, as well as an industrial case study. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 2037–2051, 2018