粉末冶金难变形材料热静液挤压技术进展

综述了热静液挤压技术在烧结态粉末冶金难变形材料挤压成形与粉末体高致密化固结方面的研究进展。简述了热静液挤压工艺原理、工艺特点与适用范围,分析了热静液挤压润滑层形成的影响因素,介绍了热静液挤压润滑介质研制和热静液挤压技术在粉末冶金高比重钨合金、γ-TiAl基合金材料的挤压成形以及纳米晶铝合金、弥散强化铜合金、NdFeB永磁合金等金属粉末体材料的高致密化固结成形方面的应用,指出了热静液挤压工艺的技术优势与发展前景。     

Mo-8wt%Cu纳米复合粉末的烧结与加工

用机械合金化法制取Mo-8%Cu(质量分数)纳米复合粉末,采用液相烧结和致密化后处理工艺制备了Mo-8%Cu(质量分数)合金。通过扫描电镜对Mo-Cu液相烧结和变形加工后合金显微组织进行了分析,研究了各种工艺参数对Mo-Cu合金致密性、拉伸强度、延伸率和晶粒尺寸的影响。结果表明,高能球磨的Mo-8%Cu(质量分数)纳米复合粉末坯体,经液相烧结后,其烧结态为Mo、Cu复合网状组织,可获得相对密度高达98.6%的Mo-Cu合金,再经静液挤压变形加工处理后,可获得全致密的Mo-8%Cu(质量分数)合金,在室温静液挤压40%形变率的条件下,拉伸强度可达到576MPa,延伸率5.8%。     

W-35%Cu粉末形变强化复合材料组织及性能研究

为了提高W-Cu复合材料的致密度,采用机械球磨-冷压制坯-液相烧结-热静液挤压-热处理工艺,制备出微观组织弥散分布、性能优异的W-35%Cu复合材料.采用扫描电镜、电子探针等测试手段分别对烧结及挤压后材料的组织及性能进行了分析.实验结果表明,采用机械球磨技术制备的W-35%Cu复合粉,经液相活化烧结后,再经热静液挤压进一步形变和致密,材料的硬度以及导电性能都有较大提高.在800℃真空热处理2 h后,获得了硬度高于200HB,电导率高于40m/Ω·mm2的W-35%Cu形变复合材料.     

新型高性能粉末冶金高速钢及其近净成形制备技术

目的研究无熔炼制备高性能近净成形粉末冶金高速钢的新工艺(SAP工艺)。方法以铁粉、钴粉和碳化物粉末为原料,通过机械球磨和真空活化烧结制备SAP 6031粉末冶金高速钢,并采用扫描电镜、X射线衍射、碳含量、相对致密度等检测方法,探讨球磨和活化烧结对试样致密化过程的影响。结果球磨后的原料粉末具有较高的烧结活性,结合后续活化烧结过程中的碳氧反应,使烧结坯在远低于液相线温度下实现烧结致密化(99.5%),材料力学性能优异,且杂质含量远低于标准值。结论 SAP工艺具有合金成分易调节、工艺流程短、生产能耗低、近净成形等优点,在特种粉末高速钢开发、异形件和非标件的灵活生产上具有显著优势。     

机械球磨3%C-Cu复合粉末的微观组织

为了获得具有良好微观组织的C-Cu复合粉末,以利于后续的压制、烧结和挤压等工艺,用机械球磨方法制备了3%C-Cu(质量分数)复合粉末.运用扫描电镜、背散射和X射线衍射等分析手段研究了该复合粉末的微观组织随球磨时间的演变规律.实验结果表明,随着机械球磨时间的增加,Cu颗粒由树枝状转变为层片状、块状,最后转变为近球形.球磨2 h,复合粉末中的石墨衍射峰消失.随着球磨的进行,复合粉末中Cu的微观应变逐渐增大.经3 h的机械球磨获得了晶粒尺寸约为20 nm的Cu纳米晶,说明该方法可以有效地细化晶粒组织.     

难变形材料热静液挤压复合精密塑性成形工艺

目的 研究热静液挤压及其复合塑性变形工艺在高密度钨合金、钨铜合金、钛基复合材料及镁合金薄壁细管等难变形材料方面的制备。方法 通过对高密度钨合金难变形材料进行热静液挤压及旋转锻造等塑性成形,分析了材料在成形过程中的微观组织及性能变化规律和强化机制,制备出大长径比穿甲弹弹芯材料。在此基础上,将该复合塑性变形技术拓展至两相不互溶材料钨铜合金、钛基复合材料及大长径比镁合金毛细管等难变形材料方面的制备。结果 热静液挤压及其复合塑性变形工艺在粉末冶金难变形材料的致密化方面具有显著优势,获得材料不仅致密度高,而且有效实现了控形控性;对于镁合金薄壁细管成形而言,也可以实现组织与性能的有效调配,同时材料的精度较高。结论 热静液挤压及其复合塑性变形工艺在难变形材料的制备与成形方面具有独特的优势与广阔的应用前景。     

机械球磨-热压法制备Bio.5Sb1.5Te3热电材料

用机械球磨-热压法制备了Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3热电材料,分别研究了机械球磨时间对合成Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3合金相的影响和烧结温度对其热电性能的影响.结果表明Bi、Sb、、Te原始混合粉末高能球磨10 h以后,就可以完全合金化,生成Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3相.球磨10h的粉末分别在400、450和520℃下热压烧结成型,烧结样品的密度随烧结温度的增大而增加,Seebeck系数和电阻率随烧结温度的升高而降低     

烧结TiH_2粉末制备钛合金的工艺及组织EI北大核心CSCD

以TiH2粉末为原料,通过组元球磨混合、压制成形和烧结工艺制备钛合金。用扫描电镜对球磨过程TiH2粉末的粒度、形貌变化以及烧结CP-Ti,Ti-6Al-4V合金的组织形貌进行了观察;采用热重分析方法研究了TiH2粉末脱氢的特性;用热膨胀技术研究了TiH2,TiH2-Al-V两种粉末压坯的烧结致密化特性。结果表明:TiH2粉末经过球磨后迅速变细,其粒度随球磨时间的延长而减小,粉末形貌由原来的不规则形状逐渐变为等轴状;TiH2粉末在烧结过程的脱氢将使α-Ti产生强烈收缩、同时因脱氢后获得的新鲜钛表面所发生的快速粘接而使烧结体迅速致密、得到相对密度大于99%的烧结坯体;TiH2-Al-V粉末压坯在烧结时因为伴随着合金元素的溶解而使其烧结致密特性不如纯TiH2粉末压坯的好;TiH2粉末经过成型、烧结脱氢工艺可获得典型的等轴状纯钛组织,TiH2-Al-V粉末经过相同工艺可获得典型的层片状α+β钛合金组织、且合金元素分布均匀。     

AIN粉末特性对AIN—BN复合陶瓷致密化的影响

以比表面积分别为4．26和17．4m^2／g两种A1N粉末为原料，添加5％Y2O3作为烧结助剂制备AIN15BN陶瓷（质量分数，％），研究了A1N粉末特性对复合陶瓷致密化过程的影响。结果表明，A1N粉末比表面积对复合陶瓷致密化有重要影响，比表面积高的AIN粉末所制备的复合陶瓷致密化过程主要发生在1500-1650℃，1650℃烧结3h后，复合材料的相对密度达95．6％，继续升高温度，对材料的密度影响不大；而低比表面积的A1N粉末所制备的复合陶瓷的致密化过程主要发生在1650～1850℃，1850℃烧结3h，复合陶瓷的相对密度为86．4％。即高比表面积的AIN粉末有利于获得相对密度高的A1N—BN复合材料。     

高能球磨工艺对CNTs／Cu复合粉末与材料性能影响

采用卧式高能球磨和机械合金化工艺制备了纳米碳管增强铜基（CNTs／Cu）复合粉体,并采用真空冷压烧结制备出CNTs／Cu复合材料,研究了高能球磨工艺参数对复合粉体与材料性能的影响规律,包括球磨时间和搅拌轴转速对复合粉体粒度、松装密度以及力学性能的影响,结果表明,高能球磨技术有利于CNTs与铜的界面结合和机械合金化。高能球磨的最佳工艺条件：搅拌轴线速度4．2／5．4m／s,球磨时间2～4h,得到的CNTs／Cu复合粉体的中位径为11．76μm,松装密度为1．356g／cm3。CNTs／Cu复合材料的致密度到达94％,硬度到达92HB,抗拉强度到达138Mpa。     

Deformation Processed Cu-15 wt pct Cr Composite Synthesized by Hot Hydrostatic Extrusion of Mechanical Milled Powders

A novel technique was developed for the preparation of Cu-15 wt pct Cr composite with high strength and conductivity.The composite powders with refined microstructure and curly lamellae strengthening phase was first prepared by mechanical milling in favorite milling time and then were hot hydrostatic extruded after pre-densification with sintering or hot pressing. It was shown that the extrusion densified the composite powders well and at the same time the chaos curled strengthening phase was aligned into lines and further deformed as strengthening ribbons. The deformation processed Cu-15 wt pct Cr composite prepared by this technique is of superior conductivity, strength and thermal stability.     

Microstructural,physical, and mechanical characteristics of bulk nanocrystalline copper synthesised using powder metallurgy

Abstract

In the present study, elemental Cu powder was mechanically milled to reduce the grain (crystalline) size to the nanorange (< 100 nm). The powder was consolidated by die cold compaction. Omitting the sintering process, the powder compacts of 10 h mechanically milled powder and elemental powder without mechanical milling (0 h mechanically milled) were hot extruded at different temperatures to maintain a crystallite size within the nanoregime. Characterisation revealed that samples with relatively lower grain size (63 nm/10 h mechanically milled) exhibited reduced density and ductility, similar dimensional stability, and significantly enhanced hardness, 0.2% yield strength, and ultimate tensile strength. Particular emphasis was placed on correlating the properties of the samples with their microstructural features.     

FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF Cu-SiCp COMPOSITES FOR ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE MACHINING APPLICATIONS

Cu-SiC_p composites made by the powder metallurgy method were investigated. To avoid the adverse effect of Cu-SiC_p reaction, sintering was controlled at a reaction temperature less than 1032 K. Electroless plating was employed to deposit a copper film on SiC_p powder before mixing with Cu powder in order to improve the bonding status between Cu and SiC particles during sintering. It was found that a continuous copper film could be deposited on SiC_p by electroless copper plating, and a uniform distribution of SiC_p in Cu matrix could be achieved after the sintering and extrusion process. The mechanical properties of Cu-SiC_p composites with SiC_p contents from 0.6 to 10 wt% were improved evidently, whereas electrical properties remained almost unchanged as compared with that of the pure copper counterpart. In the electrical discharge machining (EDM) test, the as-formed composite electrodes exhibited a character of lower electrode wear ratio, justifying its usage. The optimum conditions for EDM were Cu-2 wt% SiC_p composite electrode operating with a pulse time of 150 μsec.     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al-4.9Ni-4.9Ti Alloy Prepared by Mechanical Alloying

Mechanically alloyed Al-4.9Ni-4.9Ti powders were prepared by milling mixed aluminium, titanium and nickel powders, and then consolidated by hot hydrostatic extrusion. The microstructures of milled powders and extruded bars were characterized by X-ray diffraction and transmission eIectron microscopy observation. The results show that mechanical alloying and consolidating processes have great effects on the microstructures and mechanical properties of extruded materials. Polycrystalline materials having an ultrafine grain size may be prepared by mechanical alloying. The strength and thermal stability are improved with the increasing of processing time of mechanical alloying, since grain size decreases and volume fraction of dispersoids increases as milling time increased     

In situ boron carbide–titanium diboride composites prepared by mechanical milling and subsequent Spark Plasma Sintering

Boron carbide–titanium diboride composites were synthesized and consolidated by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) of mechanically milled elemental powder mixtures. The phase and microstructure evolution of the composites during sintering in the 1,200–1,700 °C temperature range was studied. With increasing sintering temperature, the phase formation of the samples was completed well before full density was achieved. The distribution of titanium diboride in the sintered samples was significantly improved with increasing milling time of the Ti–B–C powder mixtures. A bulk composite material of nearly full density, fine uniform microstructure, and increased fracture toughness was obtained by SPS at 1,700 °C. The grain size of boron carbide and titanium diboride in this material was 5–7 and 1–2 μm, respectively.     

多重结构Ti-B4C/Al2024复合材料的组织和力学性能

为了研究多重结构对铝基复合材料力学性能的影响,将气雾化态Al2024合金粉末与球磨不同时间的Ti-10%(质量分数,下同)B_4C复合粉末混合,采用热压烧结和热挤压的方法制备多重结构Ti-B_4C/Al2024复合材料。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)和拉伸试验机对不同材料的显微组织与力学性能进行观察和测试,并对多重结构复合材料的强韧化行为进行讨论。结果表明:Ti-B_4C/Al2024复合材料多重结构包括基体Al2024、核壳结构Ti/Al₁₈Ti_2Mg_3组织和B_4C颗粒。向Al2024中加入5%预先球磨6h后的Ti-B_4C粉末时,其屈服强度从107MPa提高到122MPa,并且表现出与热挤压Al2024合金几乎相同的伸长率。当球磨时间延长至12h时,试样5TB-12h的伸长率可达到16.4%。然而,复合材料的伸长率随着Ti-B_4C添加量的增加而降低。     

Synthesis and characterization of Al-Zn/Al2O3 nano-powder composites

Composites consisting of Al-Zn/Al2O3 have been synthesized using high energy mechanical milling. High energy ball milling increases the sintering rate of the composite powder due to increased diffusion rate. Owing to the finer microstructure, the hardness of the sintered composite produced by using the mechanically milled nanocomposite powder is significantly higher than that of the sintered composite produced by using the as-mixed powder. The mean crystallite size of the matrix has been determined to be 27 nm by Scherrer equation using X-ray diffraction data. The powders have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The effect of high-energy ball milling and subsequent annealing on a mixture of Al and ZnO has also been investigated. DTA result show that the reaction temperature of Al-ZnO decreases with the increase in the ball milling time.     

Suppressing Al_2O_3 nanoparticle coarsening and Cu nanograin growth of milled nanostructured Cu-5vol.%Al_2O_3 composite powder particles by doping with Ti

Both the coarsening of Al_2O_3 nanoparticles and the growth of Cu nanograins of mechanically milled nanostructured Cu-5 vol.%Al_2O_3 composites with, and without, trace amounts of Ti during annealing at973 K for 1 h were investigated. It was found that doping with a small amount of Ti(e.g. 0.2 wt%) in a nanostructured Cu-5 vol.%Al_2O_3 composite effectively suppressed the coarsening of Al_2O_3 nanoparticles during exposure at this temperature. Further, the Ti addition also prevented the concomitant abnormal growth of the copper grains normally caused by the coarsening of the Al_2O_3 nanoparticles. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis of the Al_2O_3 nanoparticles in the annealed Cu-5 vol.%Al2 O3-0.2 wt%Ti sample suggested that the Ti atoms either diffused into the Al_2O_3 nanoparticles or segregated to the Cu/Al_2O_3 interfaces to form Ti-doped Al_2O_3 nanoparticles, which was more stable than Ti-free Al_2O_3 nanoparticles during annealing at high homologous temperatures.