快餐和巧克力包装纸中矿物油迁移行为的研究

为研究快餐和巧克力包装纸中矿物油向食品中的迁移行为,选取3种不同的食品包装纸分别置于水、4%乙酸溶液、10%乙醇溶液、95%乙醇溶液和固体Tenax TA中,通过气相色谱检测食品模拟物中矿物油的含量,分析温度和时间对矿物油迁移率的影响,建立迁移模型。结果表明,迁移温度越高,接触时间越长,五种食品模拟物中矿物油迁移率越大;在五种食品模拟物中矿物油迁移率大小顺序为：95%乙醇>Tenax TA>10%乙醇>4%乙酸>水;分配系数K_P/F的数值随温度升高而减小,扩散系数D与之相反。该迁移试验和迁移模型的建立可更好地预测快餐和巧克力包装纸中矿物油的迁移趋势。     

快餐包装纸中矿物油向固体食品模拟物的迁移

研究从市场上收集到的24种快餐包装纸中的矿物油向固体食品模拟物Tenax的迁移规律.在多个不同的迁移条件(40℃/0.5、1、2、3h,40℃/10 d和70℃/2 h),探究矿物油的迁移行为及其影响因素,以评价其安全性.选择正己烷-乙醇(1∶1,V/V)混合溶液对Tenax进行过夜萃取,采用质量分数0.3％硝酸银固相...     

食品包装纸中模拟污染物迁移行为的研究

纸和纸板广泛用作食品包装材料,主要用于包装一次性产品。但是食品包装纸中含有一些污染物会迁移到食品中从而威协到消费者的安全。食品包装纸中污染物对食品的污染程度是由迁移到食品中的能力决定的。论文主要研究白卡纸中模拟污染物邻二甲苯、苯乙酮、正十二烷、萘、二苯醚、二苯甲酮、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯、硬酯酸甲酯在不同温度下向干性食品全脂奶粉和Tenax的迁移规律。研究发现,模型污染物的化学性质不同,向干性食品中的迁移能力不同。食品或食品模拟物的性质也会影响迁移能力。研究还表明,接触时间以及温度对模拟污染物向食品中的迁移都具有很大的影响。     

食品包装纸中紫外吸收剂向固态模拟物的迁移行为

研究4种紫外吸收剂,即2-(2’-羟基-3’,5’-二叔丁基苯基)-5-氯代苯并三唑(UV-327)、2-(2-羟基-5-甲基苯基)苯并三氮唑(UV-P)、2-羟基-4-甲氧基二苯甲酮(UV-9)和2-羟基-4-正辛氧基二苯甲酮(UV-531)在50、75℃和100℃3个温度条件下从食品包装牛皮纸迁移到固态食品模拟物Tenax~?中的迁移规律和影响因素。结果表明:随着温度的升高,紫外吸收剂的迁移速度加快,迁移量增加。此外,不同紫外吸收剂本身的物理化学性质(相对分子质量、油水分配系数等)也对其迁移规律和平衡迁移率产生了重要影响。在上述实验的基础上建立数学模型,以达到预测迁移量的目的。数据证明,所构建的模型可很好地预测在达到迁移平衡前,紫外吸收剂从牛皮纸迁移到Tenax~?中的迁移量。     

塑料包装材料化学物迁移试验中食品模拟物的选用

人们对健康的广泛重视引发了国际社会对食品安全的普遍关注。塑料包装材料化学物向食品的迁移与食品安全息息相关,美国FDA、欧盟EC等就此进行了广泛而深入的理论与试验研究。本文综述了包装材料化学物迁移试验中应用的食品模拟物并对其选用作了分析。     

食品接触材料中多环芳烃在食品模拟物中的迁移规律研究

采用气相色谱-质谱联用法,对食品接触材料中多环芳烃在水、乙酸(体积分数为3%)、乙醇(体积分数为10%)和异辛烷等4种食品模拟物中的迁移规律进行了研究,研究迁移量与实验的温度、时间和模拟物属性等参数的关系。结果表明:模拟物的属性对迁移行为有显著影响,迁移量随温度的升高和时间的增加而变大。     

PVC密封圈中环氧大豆油在食品模拟物中的迁移行为研究

分别选用3%乙酸、50%乙醇水溶液和精炼橄榄油为食品模拟物,研究了25℃、40℃和商业灭菌(121℃、0.1 MPa)条件下,食品玻璃包装瓶盖PVC密封圈中环氧大豆油(ESBO)的迁移行为。结果表明:ESBO的迁移量随温度的升高、时间的延长而增加;在25℃和40℃下,ESBO达到迁移平衡时的迁移率分别为:0.06%和0.14%(3%乙酸),0.46%和1.40%(50%乙醇),30.36%和31.57%(橄榄油),31.35%和33.87%(橄榄油灭菌后);ESBO在橄榄油中的迁移率最大,其次为50%乙醇,而3%乙酸因对ESBO的溶出作用最小,几乎不发生迁移;ESBO在橄榄油中迁移达到平衡时的量超过了欧盟(EU)10/2011法规的限量要求;高温高压灭菌对ESBO在油脂中的迁移具有一定的促进作用。     

二苯甲酮和1-羟基环己基苯基甲酮从食品包装纸向奶粉与Tenax迁移研究

对二苯甲酮和1-羟基环己基苯基甲酮在高温条件下从食品包装纸（白卡纸和牛皮纸）向脂肪类模拟物Tenax以及全脂奶粉中的迁移规律进行研究。为避开奶粉中杂质色谱峰的干扰,气相色谱的升温条件为柱温：80 ℃保留3 min,温度以20 ℃/min 的速率升到150 ℃,保留10 min,然后再以30 ℃/min 升到290 ℃保留10 min。结果表明：温度越高,光引发剂向食品的迁移率就越高,且迁移速率也越大,达到平衡的时间也越短。纸张本身对脂肪的渗透能力是影响污染物迁移的重要影响因素,在高温下包装含脂量较高的食品时,应尽量避免选用脂肪渗透能力较强的纸张。光引发剂由同种纸质食品包装材料分别向Tenax和全脂奶粉迁移的研究表明,光引发剂向奶粉迁移的迁出率较高,奶粉作为一种真实的食品,有很好的吸附能力,因而适合用于做迁移研究,且奶粉成分复杂,更能代表真实食品的特性。     

定量分析食品中的矿物油污染物

矿物油是碳数为10~50的直链、支链和烷基取代的环状饱和烷烃与芳香烃的混合物,其化学组成非常复杂。近年来,食品中的矿油油污染问题受到持续关注,主要原因是食品包装涉及使用回收纸和再生纸,其残留印刷油墨中的大量工业级矿物油造成与其接触食品的污染。调查显示:几乎所有食品中都或多或少含有矿物油。目前,国内对于食品中矿物油的分析方法还仅局限于定性鉴别。欧洲对矿物油的定量研究较多,陆续开发出在线联用的高效液相色谱-气相色谱-氢火焰离子化器检测法(HPLC-GC-FID)、离线固相萃取法(SPE-GC-FID)以及二维气相色谱法(GC×GC)等定量分析方法。本文综述了食品中矿物油污染物的最新分析技术、操作步骤以及定量结果的数据处理方法,目的是通过借鉴,研发出适用于我国食品中矿物油的定量分析方法,开展市售食品调查,保障食品安全。     

PVC密封圈中环氧大豆油向食品模拟物迁移量的测定

建立了气相色谱-质谱法（GC-MS）对食品玻璃包装瓶盖聚氯乙烯（Polyvinyl chloride polymer,PVC）密封圈中环氧大豆油（Epoxidized soybean oil,ESBO）向食品模拟物迁移量的检测方法。以蒸馏水和橄榄油为模拟物,在40℃条件下浸泡瓶盖240h,经甲酯化和衍生化,以11,14-二环氧二十烷酸乙酯为内标物,通过测定环氧亚油酸（18∶2 2E）衍生物的含量,进而定量测定ESBO的迁移量。结果表明:ESBO在0.5⁵0.0mg/kg的浓度范围内线性关系好,R2大于0.993,回收率在92.8%¹03.9%之间,RSD为0.9%⁸.0%（n=6）,检出限（LOD）为0.2mg/kg,定量限（LOQ）为0.5mg/kg,方法精密度好,灵敏度高,定性定量准确。最后,应用其对24种不同PVC密封圈中的ESBO迁移量进行测定,水基模拟物中ESBO的迁移量符合法规EC 10/2011限量,而在油脂模拟物中测得含量在0.7⁵01.8mg/kg之间,其中7种超过了限量要求。      

纸质食品包装材料的矿物油迁移研究进展

食品中的矿物油污染物是指石油来源的C10~C50烃类化合物, 包括烷烃矿物油(mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons, MOSH)和芳烃矿物油(mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons, MOAH)2大类。近年来的研究表明, 食品中的矿物油污染物主要来源于食品的回收纸包装材料迁移。本文综述了国外近十年来纸质包装材料的矿物油迁移研究情况, 包括纸质包装材料迁移的矿物油分析方法——液相色谱-气相色谱联用法; 矿物油迁移至食品的2种方式: 气态扩散迁移和包装材料接触迁移; 降低矿物油迁移的技术方法, 即食品包装纸质材料的回收工艺, 向包装纸质中添加活性炭等吸附剂以及增加阻隔层以阻挡矿物油的迁移。旨在为相关企业和机构提供数据与技术参考。     

Migration of mineral oil from party plates of recycled paperboard into foods: 1. Is recycled paperboard fit for the purpose? 2. Adequate testing procedure

Party plates made of recycled paperboard with a polyolefin film on the food contact surface (more often polypropylene than polyethylene) were tested for migration of mineral oil into various foods applying reasonable worst case conditions. The worst case was identified as a slice of fried meat placed onto the plate while hot and allowed to cool for 1?h. As it caused the acceptable daily intake (ADI) specified by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) to be exceeded, it is concluded that recycled paperboard is generally acceptable for party plates only when separated from the food by a functional barrier. Migration data obtained with oil as simulant at 70°C was compared to the migration into foods. A contact time of 30?min was found to reasonably cover the worst case determined in food.     

Migration kinetics of mineral oil hydrocarbons from recycled paperboard to dry food: monitoring of two real cases

Mineral oil hydrocarbons present in printing inks and recycled paper migrate from paper-based food packaging to foods primarily through the gas phase. Migration from two commercial products packed in recycled paperboard, i.e. muesli and egg pasta, was monitored up to the end of their shelf life (1 year) to study the influence of time, storage conditions, food packaging structure and temperature. Mineral oil saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons (MOSH and MOAH, respectively), and diisopropyl naphthalenes (DIPN) were monitored using online HPLC-GC/FID. Storage conditions were: free standing, shelved, and packed in transport boxes of corrugated board, to represent domestic, supermarket and warehouse storage, respectively. Migration to food whose packs were kept in transport boxes was the highest, especially after prolonged storage, followed by shelved and free-standing packs. Tested temperatures were representative of refrigeration, room temperature, storage in summer months and accelerated migration testing. Migration was strongly influenced by temperature: for egg pasta directly packed in paperboard, around 30 mg kg^?1 of MOSH migrated in 8 months at 20°C, but in only 1week at 40°C. Muesli was contained into an internal polyethylene bag, which firstly adsorbed hydrocarbons and later released them partly towards the food. Differently, the external polypropylene bag, containing pasta and recycled paper tray, strongly limited the migration towards the atmosphere and gave rise to the highest level of food contamination. Tests at increased temperatures not only accelerated migration, but also widened the migration of hydrocarbons to higher molecular masses, highlighting thus a difficult interpretation of data from accelerated simulation.     

速食食品纸桶包装冲泡过程的矿物油迁移试验研究

目的 建立速食食品纸桶在冲泡过程中产生矿物油迁移的化学溶剂替代试验,并且以此考察市售纸桶包装的矿物油迁移情况。方法 首先将100 ℃的玉米油倒入空纸桶,自然放置30 min以模拟冲泡过程;然后以该植物油为参考,分别考察换作正己烷和95%乙醇的迁移数据,寻找纸桶在食品冲泡过程中矿物油迁移试验的替代化学溶剂。结果 冲泡过程中纸桶及其外层印刷油墨均会迁移矿物油至玉米油中,其中饱和烃（mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons, MOSH）的迁移量为2.26~22.73 mg/kg;纸桶迁移矿物油至正己烷的数据与其迁移到植物油的具有较好的可比性,因而确定正己烷为纸桶的矿物油迁移的化学替代溶剂,从而建立了纸桶冲泡过程的迁移试验,即100 mL正己烷在常温下置于空纸桶30 min,然后测定迁移液中MOSH和芳香烃（mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons, MOAH）。结论 纸桶包装在冲泡过程会不同程度地迁移出矿物油,其中白桶的迁移量普遍高于牛皮纸桶,部分白桶的MOAH迁移量超出欧盟限量（0.05 mg/kg）。考虑到MOAH有致癌和遗传毒性,建议予以重视。     

Potential for short-term migration of mineral oil hydrocarbons from coated and uncoated food contact paper and board into a fatty food simulant

ABSTRACT

Mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOH) are widely used in the food industry for applications such as printing inks, additives, adhesives, and processing aids for food additives. Recently, the migration of MOH from food contact paper and board into foods has raised public health concerns. In this study, a total of 110 food contact paper and board samples, including baking and cooking paper (23), baking cups (28), food packaging bags (22), lunch boxes (8), party plates (26), and straws (3) were evaluated to quantify the content and short-term migration levels of MOH. The MOH were separated into mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH)/polyolefin oligomeric saturated hydrocarbons (POSH) and mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH) via a validated on-line liquid chromatography?gas chromatography?flame ionisation detection (LC–GC–FID) technique. The coating materials of the sample products comprised polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, and silicone. The effects of the coating materials on the content and migration of MOH/POSH were evaluated. Quantitative analysis of the MOH in the samples showed that the MOSH/POSH and MOAH content varied widely, ranging from 16 to 5626 mg kg^?1 for MOH, regardless of the coating materials. Short-term migration of MOSH/POSH was observed only in samples with polyolefinic coatings, such as polyethylene and polypropylene, in experiments conducted at 25 °C for 10 min, although the extent of MOAH migration for all samples was at the trace level. The migration of MOSH/POSH was detected within the range of 0.93 to 62.3 μg L^?1 in 22 samples, and the migration of MOAH was detected within the range of 0.80 to 2.6 μg L^?1 in only 4 samples. These results demonstrate that although the short-term migration potential of MOH is generally negligible, the migration of MOSH/POSH into wet fatty foods can be accelerated by polyolefinic coatings, even within a very short time.     

毒理学关注阈值方法在食品接触材料风险评估中的应用

食品接触材料中包含诸多有意添加的化学助剂,在生产和使用过程中还会引入大量非有意添加物。食品接触材料中的有意和非有意添加物质种类繁多,难以得出所有物质完整的毒理学数据;而且食品接触材料中存在一些低暴露量的物质,它们对人体造成的风险较小而不必要进行传统的风险评估。毒理学关注阈值（threshold oftoxicological concern,TTC）方法作为一种新的风险评估工具,可以对缺乏完整毒理学数据且暴露量较低的化学物质进行风险评估。本文综述TTC方法对食品接触材料中的物质（结构确定和结构未知的物质）进行风险评估的具体应用。对结构已知的物质,可以参照欧洲国际生命科学学会（European International Life Sciences Institute,ILSI）专家组提出的TTC决策树方法;对于未鉴定结构的物质,可以引用一个分步分析的方法,得出未知物质是否需要进行安全关注。本文还指出了TTC方法在食品接触材料风险评估中应用的难点和今后需解决的问题,可为食品接触材料中缺乏毒性数据物质的风险评估提供依据。     

毒理学关注阈值(TTC)方法的历史演化与发展

毒理学关注阈值(TTC)的概念是指,对化学品建立一个人体暴露阈值,当低于该阈值时化学品对人体健康无明显的风险。TTC方法从提出至今已将近半个世纪,并经历了一个不断完善和发展的过程。本文主要从TTC方法的建立、发展、改进等方面进行了探讨。TTC方法最初被用于食品接触材料中安全阈值的确定。之后,人们对经口的非致癌毒性终点的无明显作用剂量(NOEL)进行了分析,发展出了以结构类为基础的多层次TTC方法。这种以结构类为基础的多层次TTC方法后来被联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织(FAO/WHO)食品添加剂联合专家委员会(JECFA)和欧洲食品安全局(EFSA)等组织所采用,并在此基础上进行了发展和改进。TTC方法现已经在低人体暴露水平的化学物质风险评估中得到了广泛的应用,避免了大量不必要的,过于详细的研究,以及广泛的毒理学实验。TTC方法也为那些用量极低并且缺乏完整毒性数据的化学物质的风险评估提供了一条可行的途径。     

聚氯乙烯密封圈中环氧大豆油向食品中的迁移及其风险评估

目的研究带聚氯乙烯(polyvinyl chloride,PVC)密封圈的玻璃罐装食品中的环氧大豆油(epoxidized soybean oil,ESBO)的迁移规律,并对其进行风险评估。方法对112种带聚氯乙烯密封圈的玻璃罐装食品中的ESBO进行定量检测,计算其估计摄入量(estimated intake,ETI),同时对ESBO进行Cramer分类,并用毒理学关注阈值(threshold of toxicological concern,TTC)对其进行风险评估。结果调味酱中ESBO的含量最高,平均含量为4.58~263.50 mg/kg,其中14.63%超过了EU 10/2011限量要求;腌制果蔬中为5.04~13.78 mg/kg;油浸鱼中为0.05~15.31 mg/kg;而果酱、果汁等水基食品、咖啡等仅含有极少量的ESBO;ESBO的迁移受到脂肪含量、食品接触形式、储放时间等多种因素的影响。所测食品中ESBO的EDI有5.36%超过日耐受量(tolerable dailyintake,TDI)值;ESBO在Cramer分类中为ClassⅢ,其对应的阈值为0.09 mg/d,有74.11%的样品超过对应的阈值。结论相对于欧盟的限量要求,TTC法对ESBO的评估更加严格,ESBO存在较大的风险,需要进行更详细的安全评估。     

Concentrations of migrated mineral oil/polyolefin oligomeric saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH/POSH) in Chinese commercial milk powder products

ABSTRACT

Mineral oil contaminants migrated from food contact materials have raised much concern in the past few decades. However, survey data of the occurrence of mineral oils in foods are only available for a limited variety of foods, which do not include the contaminants in Chinese milk powders. Thus, to conduct an analysis of mineral oils migrated into milk powder products from different packaging materials, 50 Chinese commercial samples (including 38 infant formulas), which were packaged in metal cans, paper containers, paper boxes and aluminium foil-plastic bags, were analysed. Mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH), polyolefin oligomeric saturated hydrocarbons (POSH) and aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH) migrated into those samples were extracted and quantitatively analysed by on-line liquid chromatography coupled with gas chromatography (LC-GC). The results indicated no surface MOAH was detected in any of the samples, while 33 samples contained MOSH/POSH with surface contents of 0.10 ~ 5.09 mg kg^?1. Moreover, the amounts of those MOSH/POSH are closely related to packaging materials, among which the surface contamination values of products in metal cans were the lowest, followed by products in paper containers and boxes, and the values of samples in aluminium foil-plastic bags were the highest. In addition, the surface MOSH/POSH content exhibited a positive correlation with fat content in the samples due to their similar polarities.