人皮质骨径向微动损伤有限元分析与试验验证

对骨哈佛氏系统径向微动进行有限元分析,分析结果显示:哈佛氏管、环骨板处和穿过环骨板和骨间质组织等多处有应力集中现象发生,高的应力梯度可导致哈佛氏骨管处、环骨处和骨间质组织等多处裂纹的萌生;高载荷条件下,穿过骨间质,联接相邻骨单位的较大塑性区也是裂纹萌生的原因。采用球-平面接触模式,在高精度液压伺服微动实验机上,对人股骨皮质骨的轴向断面的径向微动行为进行试验研究。用位移-载荷曲线对其动力学进行分析;采用LCSM、SEM等方法对磨痕进行观测分析。结果表明:径向微动条件下,在股骨密质骨中可观察到3种典型裂纹,即放射状裂纹、环状裂纹和联接裂纹。有限元分析和试验分析结果具有很好的一致性,试验结果充分验证有限元分析。     

人股骨皮质骨轴面微动摩擦磨损特性研究

采用高精密微动试验台外加体液恒温循环装置,在一定法向载荷和不同位移幅值条件下,研究了天然活性人股骨皮质骨对纯钛的微动摩擦磨损行为。试验结果显示：随位移幅值的增加,股骨皮质骨的微动运行状态从部分滑移向完全滑移状态转变,详细讨论了不同位移幅值下摩擦因数随循环次数的演变规律。微观观察表明：接触表面处于部分滑移状态时损伤轻微,而在完全滑移状态下磨损较严重。人股骨皮质骨的磨损机理主要表现为磨粒磨损和微骨折导致的剥层剥落。微动磨痕的深度随位移幅值的增加而增加,而且磨痕深度与摩擦因数有很好的对应关系。研究认为控制植入体/骨界面的微动幅度有利于提高皮质骨抗微动损伤的能力。     

载荷对径向微动磨损的影响

为了研究在实际工况中较为常见的圆柱/平面接触副的径向微动磨损特性,分析载荷对径向微动磨损影响,本文通过ANSYS建立圆柱/平面的径向微动磨损模型,分析施加载荷过程,不同时间点的载荷对径向微动磨损的影响,并通过接触切应力和X方向应力的分析,提出径向微动磨损在粘滑过渡点以及X方向应力为零的点为裂纹萌生点.     

轿车轮毂轴承微动磨损试验分析

利用自行设计的轿车轮毂轴承径向式微动磨损试验系统,对三组轮毂轴承进行试验。试验轴承滚道上出现宏观条状磨损痕迹,轴承次表面约20 ?m处出现了连续微孔,严重微动磨损的轴承次表面出现了近似平行于滚道的微裂纹。同时,模拟径向载荷下轮毂轴承的内部3D应力分布,结果表明,轮毂轴承载荷区出现条状应力/应变峰的幅值波动。在此基础上,结合轿车行驶时轮毂轴承的承载特点,提出了轮毂轴承广义复合微动磨损机理模型。该模型为减缓轮毂轴承微动磨损程度和提高轴承可靠性提供了新的途径。     

表面工程技术抗微动损伤的研究现状

总结了工业中抗微动损伤的基本途径，指出了表面工程技术减缓微动损伤的重要作用，并从表面机械强化、扩散处理、表面化学处理、电沉积、热喷涂、气相沉积、高能密度处理和固体润滑涂层等表面工程分支综述了目前的研究现状。介绍了作者在径向和复合微动中的最新研究进展。     

Ti-6Al-4V燕尾榫结构微动疲劳裂纹萌生及扩展行为研究

针对Ti-6Al-4V钛合金燕尾榫连接结构在不同载荷下的微动疲劳现象,采用榫形微动疲劳试验进行研究,并对裂纹萌生扩展、微动磨损及断口进行分析。结果表明,微动疲劳使构件疲劳寿命显著降低约70%;疲劳载荷对微动裂纹扩展的影响比对裂纹萌生的影响更大;微动疲劳裂纹起始于接触面边缘,与接触表面约成45°角,裂纹扩展到60~150μm后转向与接触表面垂直;微动疲劳断口形貌表面在微动磨损区具有多个裂纹源点,但只有一个主裂纹形成。     

转向架关键部件螺纹连接界面微动磨损行为研究

螺纹连接的可靠性对机车车辆的安全运行至关重要,而界面的微动行为(微动磨损和微观滑移)是螺纹连接失效的重要原因之一。首先选取某高速列车转向架关键部件螺纹连接材料制成直径为10mm的球试样和10×10×20 mm的平面试验,然后进行球/平面模型的切向微动磨损试验,考察法向载荷、位移幅值和循环次数对材料损伤的影响规律,最后利用扫描电子显微镜和三维白光干涉形貌仪对平面试验进行损伤形貌分,揭示其磨损机制。试验结果表明:随着法向载荷的增加,界面摩擦系数减小,磨损程度减轻;随着位移幅值的增加,界面摩擦系数增大,磨损加剧;随着循环次数的增加,磨损宽度和深度增大,磨损越为严重;表面主要的磨损机制为疲劳磨损和磨粒磨损。     

30CrNiMo8合金钢的弯曲微动疲劳特性

在不同弯曲载荷水平下,对30CrNiMo8合金钢进行了系统的弯曲微动疲劳试验,建立了其微动疲劳S-N曲线,讨论了其弯曲微动疲劳特性及相关规律。结果表明:30CrNiMo8钢弯曲微动疲劳的S-N曲线明显不同于常规疲劳的,呈现"C"曲线特征;随着弯曲载荷的增加,微动依次运行于部分滑移区、混合区和滑移区;在混合区,裂纹最易萌生且微动疲劳寿命最短;微动损伤区的磨损机制主要为磨粒磨损、氧化磨损和剥层;弯曲微动疲劳裂纹的扩展表现为三个不同的阶段,第一阶段裂纹斜向扩展,以接触应力控制为主,第二阶段裂纹转向,受接触应力和弯曲应力共同控制,第三阶段裂纹扩展方向变为垂直方向,以弯曲应力控制为主。     

基于能量密度法预测微动疲劳寿命

通过接触界面的应力应变场和临界平面法计算了能量密度损伤参数,结合疲劳试验得到了能量密度损伤参数-寿命关系曲线中的材料常数,建立了LZ50钢微动疲劳寿命的预测公式。根据裂纹萌生寿命预测效果,将Chen损伤值作为裂纹萌生控制参数。分析了摩擦因数、微动桥半径、循环载荷和微动桥压力对LZ50车轴钢的Chen损伤值的影响,以及CRH2型动车组空心车轴裂纹萌生的位置及寿命。     

架空导线微动磨损表面的微观分析

在轴向静载荷为 30MPa ,振动频率为 10Hz,弯曲振幅为 0 8mm的试验条件下 ,在弯曲疲劳试验装置上对JL/G1A 12 5 2 6 / 7架空导线进行微动试验。利用扫描电子显微镜分析了经 5 4× 10 6周次循环振动后的线夹处导线的微动磨损表面形貌特征。结果表明 :架空导线的各同层铝线间的接触处、外层铝线与内层铝线的接触处、内层铝线与钢线的接触处、外层铝线与线夹的接触处均发生了微动磨损 ,其中与线夹接触的外层铝线磨损最为严重。磨损机制为粘着磨损、氧化磨损和磨粒磨损 ,磨屑主要为铝的氧化物 ;微动疲劳裂纹发生在磨损区域内 ;在磨损区与非磨损区的界面没有发现疲劳裂纹。     

Comparison between radial fretting and dual-motion fretting features of cortical bone

Fretting tests were carried out to compare the effect of radial and dual-motion modes on wear of cortical bone. A titanium ball was rubbed against fresh human cortical bone under controlled load and motion test conditions. Dual-motion fretting mode produced more severe damage than radial fretting, with more debris occurring at the worn surface. Cracks were abundant in radial fretting and they were significantly affected by the microstructure of cortical bone; this effect was not obvious in the case of the dual-motion fretting mode. Radial fretting test could be used to evaluate the anisotropy of material and crack propagation of brittle cortical bone.     

Radial Fretting Behavior of Cortical Bone Against Titanium

Radial fretting tests of human cortical bone against two kinds of diameters titanium (TA2) balls were conducted. The damages of cortical bone aggravated with increase in the normal loads and cycles. Cracks propagating on the surface of cortical bone can be classified into four patterns among which the cracks propagated along the cement line were the most popular types. Critical load for crack initiation was also deduced to help analyzing the cause of the implant failure.     

Investigation of micro-cracking behaviors of human femur cortical bone during radial fretting

Radial fretting tests on human femur cortical bone with a ball-on-flat configuration were carried out in vitro under different normal contact loads. The kinetics behaviors and damage characteristics of the cortical bone were analyzed using the load versus displacement (F-D) curves. The fretting scars were examined using laser confocal scanning microscopy (LCSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A nano-indenter was used to characterize the mechanical property of the osteon of the cortical bone. Morphologies showed that the primary damage form was due to micro-cracking. Around the osteon, three kinds of micro-crack configurations were observed; i.e. annular cracks—located at the concentric lamellae; radial cracks—initiated from the Harversion canal; and interstitial cracks—initiated and propagated between the interstitial lamellae. Plenty of interstitial cracks occurred in the wear scar, which indicated that the interstitial tissue was the weak zone in the structure of cortical bone. In addition, the contact stresses under the radial fretting condition were calculated by the finite element method analysis (FEMs) and the behaviors of cracking were explained. The results demonstrated that the stress concentration that occurred around the Harversian canal and osteon system resulted in a better resistance than that from the interstitial tissue. The concentric lamellae presented a better radial-fretting resistance and contact fatigue resistance than that from the interstitial lamellae.     

聚四氟乙烯基粘结固体润滑涂层微动磨损性能研究

在不同位移幅值与载荷条件下研究了酚醛环氧粘结聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)基固体润滑涂层的微动磨损特性，并利用扫描电子显微镜、表面轮廓仪和傅里叶表面红外仪等对涂层磨斑进行分析。结果表明，粘结PTFE基涂层具有良好的抗微动损伤性能，随循环次数的变化只存在部分滑移区和滑移区，部分滑移区的损伤轻微，滑移区的损伤强烈依赖于栽荷，其损伤与PTFE分子链在往复交变载荷作用下的疲劳断裂相关。     

690合金材料的微动磨损特性研究

利用微动磨损试验机,在载荷50N以及位移幅值为60μm、100μm、150μm的工况下,研究了690合金材料在常温下的微动磨损行为及其动力学特性,采用激光共焦扫描显微镜(LCSM)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察磨痕微观形貌。结果表明,载荷和位移幅值对微动特征有很大的影响,微动运行完全处于滑移状态。在滑移区,滑移磨损严重、磨痕面积大。690合金材料的磨损机制主要表现为磨粒磨损与剥层的共同作用。     

Dual-motion fretting behavior of mandibular cortical bone against pure titanium

Dual-motion fretting tests of flat cortical bone specimens from fresh human mandible against pure titanium (TA2) ball were carried out on a modified test rig with tilt angle of 45°. The imposed maximal loads varied from 100 to 200 N. Dynamic characteristics of dual-motion fretting tests were analyzed in combination with micro-examinations via optical microscopy (OM), laser confocal scanning microscopy (LCSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) together with energy dispersive X-ray spectrum (EDX). Two types of F-D curves (the trapezoid and elliptic mode) were recorded during the tests. The examination showed that the wear scars of the dual-motion fretting were asymmetric, and the tangential component of dual-motion fretting was in the mixed fretting regime. Under the lower imposed load, only some detachment of particles and scratches without cracking were observed even after 5×10⁴ cycles. The main wear mechanisms of the dual-motion fretting damage were the abrasive and adhesive wear. Under higher imposed loads, the cracks initiated and propagated mainly at the high stress side of contact edges. The wear mechanisms of the dual-motion fretting of cortical bone under higher imposed loads were the combination of the adhesive wear, abrasive wear, cracking and lubrication of the human bone tissue debris. And the lubrication of the debris played an important role during the dual-motion fretting processes.     

Radial fretting fatigue damage of surface coatings

Radial fretting tests with a 52100 steel ball-on-flat contact have been carried out under different normal loads. TiN, MoS₂ and TiN+MoS₂ coatings on a 1045 steel flat were examined. The normal loads amplitude used were 200, 400 and 800 N at speeds of 12 and 1.2 mm/min. Dynamic analysis in combination with microscopic examinations by SEM and EDX have been performed. It was observed that the vertical stiffness increased with the increase of loading speed and number of cycles. The metallographic examinations showed that little damage was observed for the MoS₂ coating, which exhibited excellent radial fretting fatigue resistance. For the TiN coating, micro-cracks appeared at the lower load while delamination occurred at the higher load. For the TiN+MoS₂ composite coating, the vertical stiffness increased but accompanied by some micro-cracks. As a result of the study, the radial fretting test is proposed as one possible new method to evaluate coating life.     

桨-毂轴承材料扭动微动磨损行为研究

采用面接触扭动微动形式,以动力定位系统可调距螺旋桨桨-毂轴承摩擦副材料(CuNiAl-42CrMo4)为对象,以不同的角位移幅值模拟海水波动影响下的微动磨损行为,并结合扫描电子显微镜和超景深三维显微镜对磨痕形貌进行分析,探究桨-毂轴承摩擦副材料扭动微动磨损规律。结果表明,随着角位移幅值的增加,扭动微动依次运行于部分滑移区、混合区、滑移区,摩擦因数减小,同时磨损量增加,微动损伤中剥层机制所占的比例逐渐增加,且由于疲劳裂纹扩展的不利影响,实际运行过程中要尽量避开混合区。