Discovering how urban poverty and violence affect health: Development and validation of a neighborhood stress index.

Health problems of the urban poor have been attributed to psychosocial effects of environmental stress. Testing such models requires an ability to measure neighborhood characteristics that make life stressful. The City Stress Inventory (CSI) uses self-report to assess perceived neighborhood disorder and exposure to violence. Data from an interracial sample of urban adolescents show the CSI to be internally consistent, stable, and correlated with census indices of social disadvantage. Validity for stress research is indicated by correlations with trait depression, anger, hostility, self-esteem, and mood changes during a debate with an unfamiliar peer. The CSI can be completed by persons with an 8th-grade education. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to McCreary and Thompson (2006).

Reports an error in "Development of Two Reliable and Valid Measures of Stressors in Policing: The Operational and Organizational Police Stress Questionnaires" by Donald R. McCreary and Megan M. Thompson (International Journal of Stress Management, 2006[Nov], Vol 13[4], 494-518). The authors of this paper carried out this research on behalf of the Government of Canada, and, as such the copyright in this paper belongs to the Crown, that is to the Canadian government. Non-exclusive permission is granted to requesters to translate and to reproduce this content in any form provided that its source, the authors, and the Defence R&D Canada are clearly indicated. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2006-21928-007.) This article describes the development and validation of the Operational Police Stress Questionnaire (PSQ-Op) and the Organizational Police Stress Questionnaire (PSQ-Org). In Study 1, a series of focus groups were used to elicit the most common stressors associated with policing. During this study, it became apparent that officers separated their stressors into two general categories: operational and organizational. In the following three studies, the PSQ-Op and PSQ-Org were assessed for reliability and validity. The findings showed that both forms of the PSQ were reliable and demonstrated construct validity (correlations between perceived stress and frequency), discriminant validity (compared with general life stressors), and concurrent validity (compared with job satisfaction measures). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Koss and Figueredo (2004).

Reports errors in "Change in Cognitive Mediators of Rape's Impact on Psychosocial Health Across 2 Years of Recovery" by Mary P. Koss and Aurelio José (Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2004 [Dec], 72 [6], 1063-1072). Several errors are present on pp. 1,068-1,071 that stem from incorrect numbers for final predicted values in the text and in Figure 2. The correct starting and ending values are provided in Table 1. Also, the statement in the last paragraph of p. 1,071, point (b), should be corrected to state that the present results suggest an impact of rape on global distress and PTSD that was still detectable after 2 years, whereas both starting and final predicted values for SAS were within the normal range. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2004-21587-016.) A previously published cross-sectional model of cognitive mediation of rape's impact on health (M. P. Koss, A. J. Figueredo, & R. J. Prince, 2002) was replicated longitudinally. Rape survivors (n = 59) were assessed 4 times at 3-24 months postrape. Growth curve analysis demonstrated significant change in all mediators and outcomes. Previously reported effects of Characterological Self-Blame, Behavioral Self-Blame, and Maladaptive Beliefs on Psychosocial Distress were partially cross-validated in intercept and slope data. The results suggest that Characterological Self-Blame sets the initial level of Psychosocial Distress and that reduction in Behavioral Self-Blame drives recovery. These effects on distress were wholly mediated through self-blame's association with alterations in beliefs about self and others. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Psychological Bulletin: Correction to Logan et al. (2002).

Reports errors in the original article by T. K. Logan et al (Psychological Bulletin, 2002, Vol 128[6], 851-885). Errors in Table 1 (p. 862), Table 2 (p. 863), and Table 4 (p. 865) are noted and corrected. Errors in the text on page 869 and page 871 also are corrected. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record record 2002-18663-001). This article is focused on examining social and contextual factors related to HIV-risk behavior for women. Specifically, this article has three main purposes: to review the literature on selected social and contextual factors that contribute to the risk for the heterosexual transmission of HIV and AIDS, to review and conduct a meta-analysis of HIV-prevention interventions targeting adult heterosexual populations, and to suggest future directions for HIV-prevention intervention research and practice. Results suggest that the HIV-prevention interventions reviewed for this article had little impact on sexual risk behavior, that social and contextual factors are often minimally addressed, and that there was a large gap between research and practice of HIV-prevention intervention. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Ford and Collins (2010).

Reports an error in "Self-esteem moderates neuroendocrine and psychological responses to interpersonal rejection" by Máire B. Ford and Nancy L. Collins (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2010[Mar], Vol 98[3], 405-419). This article contained a misspelling in the last name of the first author in the below reference. The complete correct reference is included. The online version of the article has been corrected. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2010-02829-005.) In this study, the authors investigated self-esteem as a moderator of psychological and physiological responses to interpersonal rejection and tested an integrative model detailing the mechanisms by which self-esteem may influence cognitive, affective, and physiological responses. Seventy-eight participants experienced an ambiguous interpersonal rejection (or no rejection) from an opposite sex partner in the context of an online dating interaction. Salivary cortisol was assessed at 5 times, and self-reported cognitive and affective responses were assessed. Compared with those with high self-esteem, individuals with low self-esteem responded to rejection by appraising themselves more negatively, making more self-blaming attributions, exhibiting greater cortisol reactivity, and derogating the rejector. Path analysis indicated that the link between low self-esteem and increased cortisol reactivity was mediated by self-blame attributions; cortisol reactivity, in turn, mediated the link between low self-esteem and increased partner derogation. Discussion centers on the role of self-esteem as part of a broader psychobiological system for regulating and responding to social threat and on implications for health outcomes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Cuevas, Sabina, and Picard (2010).

Reports an error in Interpersonal victimization patterns and psychopathology among Latino women: Results from the SALAS study by Carlos A. Cuevas, Chiara Sabina and Emilie H. Picard (Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 2010[Dec], Vol 2[4], 296-306). There were citation errors in the last sentence of the first column of text on page 9, and a reference was omitted from the reference list. The sentence should have read: “This result is consistent with other work that has found support for the anxious and dissociative reaction associated with trauma among Latinos and how it may relate to “ataque de nervios” (Hinton, Chong, Pollack, Barlow, & McNally, 2008; Lewis-Fernandez et al., 2002; Schechter et al., 2000; Tolin, Robinson, Gaztambide, Horowitz, & Blank, 2007). (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2010-19221-001.) Research on the victimization of Latino women and the subsequent psychological impact has been limited by focusing on individual forms of victimization, primarily partner violence or sexual assault. Another deficiency includes mainly using convenience and/or geographically restricted samples, which impacts the generalizability of the results. To overcome these research limitations, the Sexual Assault Among Latinas (SALAS) study aimed to evaluate the broader scope of victimization among Latino women. The study surveyed a national sample of 2,000 Latino women using random digit dial methodology. Women were asked about various forms of victimization in childhood and adulthood including physical assaults, sexual assaults, stalking, threats, and witnessed violence, as well as psychological symptomatology including depression, anxiety, anger, and dissociation. This analysis found that victimized women were more likely to experience some form of polyvictimization and/or revictimization throughout their lives, with only 36% of victimized women experiencing one form of victimization in childhood or adulthood alone. Furthermore, multiple victimization experiences significantly increased the proportion of women who experienced psychological distress symptoms in the clinical range. For almost all evaluated symptoms, the multiple forms of victimization or varying victimization patterns significantly predicted clinical levels of psychological distress over any specific form or single incident of victimization. The results suggest that victimized Latino women experience multiple forms of victimization and that the evaluation of a broader spectrum of victimization better accounts for pathological symptomatology. Clinical implications for Latino women and future research directions are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

The IQ paradox is still resolved: Reply to Loehlin (2002) and Rowe and Rodgers (2002).

In their original article (W. T. Dickens & J. R. Flynn, 2001), the authors formalized the consensus model of reciprocal effects between IQ and environment and showed that it can resolve the apparent paradox between high heritability and large environmental effects. Commentators suggested that the model has undesirable properties that call its usefulness into question. J. L. Loehlin (2002) argued that incorporating persistence of IQ into the model causes problematic behavior. D. C. Rowe and J. L. Rodgers (2002) argued that an increasing correlation of IQ and environment should have caused growing variance of IQ. Empirical evidence suggests that IQ is not sufficiently persistent to cause the problems Loehlin found and that the correlation of IQ and environment has not grown much over time so that the reciprocal effects model need not imply increasing variance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"A preliminary evaluation of SOLVE: Addressing psychosocial problems at work": Correction to Probst et al. (2008).

Reports an error in "A preliminary evaluation of SOLVE: Addressing psychosocial problems at work" by Tahira M. Probst, David Gold and Joannah Caborn (Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 2008[Jan], Vol 13[1], 32-42). In the aforementioned article, the copyright attribution is incorrect. The article is in the public domain. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2008-00533-004.) The International Labour Organization (ILO) has developed a workplace intervention known as SOLVE, aimed at reducing the incidence of psychosocial problems related to job stress, workplace violence, tobacco use, drug and alcohol abuse, and HIV/AIDS. Although this ILO intervention is widely implemented, this article reports the first attempt to empirically assess its effectiveness. Using pre- and posttests of knowledge related to the course content gathered from 268 individuals in 7 countries who attended 1 of 15 SOLVE courses, analyses show that participant learning significantly improved as a function of attending the training. Knowledge gains were consistent regardless of course attended, language used to deliver the training program, and country in which the training took place. Implications of the SOLVE program are discussed, and future steps for further intervention development and assessment are recommended. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Deemer, Thomas, and Hill (2011).

Reports an error in Measuring students' perceptions of faculty competence in professional psychology: Development of the Perceived Faculty Competence Inventory by Eric D. Deemer, Donna Thomas and Candi L. Hill (Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 2011[Feb], Vol 5[1], 38-47). There were errors in Table 1 and Table 4. In Table 1, the factor loading of “-22.00” in Column 4 should have read “-22” In Table 4, under “Variance” in the “Program level PFCI” row, “.00” is not a significant value and therefore should not have asterisks after it. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2011-04456-006.) This paper documents the development of a measure designed to assess doctoral students' perceptions of the professional competence of faculty in clinical, counseling, and school psychology. Study 1 yielded 33 items via principal components analysis that accounted for over 72% of the variance in the data across 5 domains: (a) Professionalism/Ethics; (b) Clinical Supervision; (c) Research; (d) Multicultural Competence; and (e) Advising/Mentoring. A confirmatory factor analysis in Study 2 provided support for the construct validity of the 5-factor model. Multilevel modeling was also used in Study 2 to demonstrate concurrent validity as aggregated group-level scores on the Perceived Faculty Competence Inventory were shown to explain significant variation in individual-level counselor and research self-efficacy. Implications for training and research in professional psychology are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Aarons et al. (2010).

Reports an error in "Psychometric properties and U.S. National norms of the Evidence-Based Practice Attitude Scale (EBPAS)" by Gregory A. Aarons, Charles Glisson, Kimberly Hoagwood, Kelly Kelleher, John Landsverk and Guy Cafri (Psychological Assessment, 2010[Jun], Vol 22[2], 356-365). There were three errors in Table 1 on p. 360. In the last row, the row label should be “Overall EBPAS mean,” M = 2.73, and SD = 0.49. The revised Table 1 appears in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2010-10892-016.) The Evidence-Based Practice Attitude Scale (EBPAS) assesses mental health and social service provider attitudes toward adopting evidence-based practices. Scores on the EBPAS derive from 4 subscales (i.e., Appeal, Requirements, Openness, and Divergence) as well as the total scale, and preliminary studies have linked EBPAS scores to clinic structure and policies, organizational culture and climate, and first-level leadership. EBPAS scores are also related to service provider characteristics, including age, education level, and level of professional development. The present study examined the factor structure, reliability, and norms of EBPAS scores in a sample of 1,089 mental health service providers from a nationwide sample drawn from 100 service institutions in 26 states in the United States. The study also examined associations of provider demographic characteristics with EBPAS subscale and total scores. Confirmatory factor analysis supported a second-order factor model, and reliability coefficients for the subscales ranged from .91 to .67 (total scale = .74). The study establishes national norms for the EBPAS so that comparisons can be drawn for U.S. local as well as international studies of attitudes toward evidence-based practices. The results suggest that the factor structure and reliability are likely generalizable to a variety of service provider contexts and different service settings and that the EBPAS subscales are associated with provider characteristics. Directions for future research are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Buehler and Welsh (2009).

Reports an error in A process model of adolescents' triangulation into parents' marital conflict: The role of emotional reactivity by Cheryl Buehler and Deborah P. Welsh (Journal of Family Psychology, 2009[Apr], Vol 23[2], 167-180). In the article “A Process Model of Adolescents’ Triangulation Into Parents’ Marital Conflict: The Role of Emotional Reactivity” by Cheryl Buehler and Deborah P. Welsh (Journal of Family Psychology, 2009, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 167–180), the abstract contains an error. The sample size for the study was 416 rather than 426. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2009-04780-005.) This study examined adolescents' emotional reactivity to parents' marital conflict as a mediator of the association between triangulation and adolescents' internalizing problems in a sample of 2-parent families (N = 426). Four waves of annual, multiple-informant data were analyzed (youth ages 11–15 years). The authors used structural equation modeling and found that triangulation was associated with increases in adolescents' internalizing problems, controlling for marital hostility and adolescent externalizing problems. There also was an indirect pathway from triangulation to internalizing problems across time through youths' emotional reactivity. Moderating analyses indicated that the 2nd half of the pathway, the association between emotional reactivity and increased internalizing problems, characterized youth with lower levels of hopefulness and attachment to parents. The findings help detail why triangulation is a risk factor for adolescents' development and which youth will profit most from interventions focused on emotional regulation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Lehman, Taylor, Kiefe, and Seeman (2009).

Reports an error in "Relationship of early life stress and psychological functioning to blood pressure in the CARDIA study" by Barbara J. Lehman, Shelley E. Taylor, Catarina I. Kiefe and Teresa E. Seeman (Health Psychology, 2009[May], Vol 28[3], 338-346). A URL for supplemental materials was included due to a production error. There are no supplemental materials for this article. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2009-06704-010.) Objective: Low childhood socioeconomic status (CSES) and a harsh early family environment have been linked with health disorders in adulthood. In this study, the authors present a model to help explain these links and relate the model to blood pressure change over a 10-year period in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults sample. Design: Participants (N = 2,738) completed measures of childhood family environment, parental education, health behavior, and adult negative emotionality. Main Outcome Measures: These variables were used to predict initial systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP, respectively) and the rate of blood pressure change over 10 years. Results: Structural equation modeling indicated that family environment was related to negative emotions, which in turn predicted baseline DBP and SBP and change in SBP. Parental education directly predicted change in SBP. Although African American participants had higher SBP and DBP and steeper increases over time, multiple group comparisons indicated that the strength of most pathways was similar across race and gender. Conclusion: Low CSES and harsh family environments help to explain variability in cardiovascular risk. Low CSES predicted increased blood pressure over time directly and also indirectly through associations with childhood family environment, negative emotionality, and health behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Adler et al. (2005).

Reports an error in "The Impact of Deployment Length and Experience on the Well-Being of Male and Female Soldiers" by Amy B. Adler, Ann H. Huffman, Paul D. Bliese, and Carl Andrew Castro (Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 2005, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 121-137). As stated in the original article, all service members re-deploying from the Bosnia Area of Operations were required by Department of Defense policy (tasker P 231639Z FEB 96) to complete the psychological screening survey. The screening data were collected as part of routine clinical care under the Privacy Act Regulation, and secondary analysis of these data was conducted under a protocol approved by the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Human Use Review Committee. It should be noted, however, that subjects were not asked to consent to the secondary analyses of the screening data for research purposes. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 2005-03471-004.) This study examined the effects of stressor duration (deployment length) and stressor novelty (no prior deployment experience) on the psychological health of male and female military personnel returning from a peacekeeping deployment. The sample consisted of men (n = 2,114) and women (n = 1,225) surveyed for symptoms of depression and posttraumatic stress. The results confirmed the hypotheses. Longer deployments and 1st-time deployments were associated with an increase in distress scores. However, the relationship between deployment length and increased distress was found only for male soldiers. The findings demonstrate the importance of considering the impact of exposure to long-term occupational stressors and confirm, in part, previous research that has demonstrated a different stress response pattern for men and women. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Fogel (2007) and Kalichman (2007).

Reports an error in "Health information on the Internet and people living with HIV/AIDS: Information evaluation and coping styles": Erratum" by Seth C. Kalichman (Health Psychology, 2007[Sep], Vol 26[5], 537) and The Letters to the Editor "In Response to Kalichman et al. (2006)" by Joshua Fogel (Health Psychology, 2007, Vol. 26. No. 5, p.537) and "Error Noted in 'Health Information on the Internet and People Living With HIV/AIDS: Information Evaluation and Coping Styles'" by Seth C. Kalichman (Health Psychology, 2007, Vol. 26. No. 5, p.537) were printed with the same DOI. This is incorrect. The DOIs should be as follows: Joshua Fogel (2007): DOI: 10.1037/0278-6133.26.5.537a and Seth C. Kalichman (2007): DOI: 10.1037/0278-6133.26.5.537b. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2007-13009-005.) Reports an error in "Health information on the Internet and people living with HIV/AIDS: Information evaluation and coping styles" by Seth C. Kalichman, Charsey Cherry, Demetria Cain, Lance S. Weinhardt, Eric Benotsch, Howard Pope and Moira Kalichman (Health Psychology, 2006[Mar], Vol 25[2], 205-210). Table 1 mistakenly reported that the correlation between total Internet use and gender was r = .14, which, given the coding for gender, would be interpreted as women using the Internet more than men. However, as correctly stated in the text and indicated throughout the rest of the article, men used the Internet significantly more than women. The correct correlation between total Internet use and gender in Table 1 should therefore be r = .14. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2006-03515-009.) Individuals who seek information on the Internet to cope with chronic illness may be vulnerable to misinformation and unfounded claims. This study examined the association between health-related coping and the evaluation of health information. Men (n = 347) and women (n = 72) who were living with HIV/AIDS and reported currently using the Internet completed measures assessing their Internet use. Health Web sites downloaded from the Internet were also rated for quality of information. HIV-positive adults commonly used the Internet to find health information (66%) and to learn about clinical trials (25%); they also talked to their physicians about information found online (24%). In a multivariate analysis, assigning higher credibility to unfounded Internet information was predicted by lower incomes, less education, and avoidant coping styles. People who cope by avoiding health information may be vulnerable to misinformation and unfounded claims that are commonly encountered on the Internet. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Kenny and Acitelli (1994).

Reports an error in "Measuring similarity in couples" by David A. Kenny and Linda K. Acitelli (Journal of Family Psychology, 1994[Dec], Vol 8[4], 417-431). In the first paragraph on page 424, the formula to test whether the set of correlations significantly differs from one another is described incorrectly. The correct formula is to first transform the correlations with a Fisher's z transformation and to then compute the mean value of z. For each correlation, one then computes the deviation of z from the mean z, squares that deviation, and then sums the squares. This quantity is multiplied by k-5, where k is the number of items used to compute the correlation. Under the null hypothesis that the correlations do not differ, the resulting quantity has a chi-square distribution with N-3 degrees of freedom, where N is the number of couples. The test results reported in the article are unaffected as they appear to be based on the correct formula, rather than the incorrect one presented in the article. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1995-09222-001.) The relationship between partner similarity and marital quality variables was explored by the use of a new method for the analysis of data from marital pairs. 42 married couples were given the Personal Assessment of Intimate Relationships inventory (M. T. Schaefer and D. H. Olson; see Pa, Vol 66:11686), and a method was devised for the removal of stereotype effects, that is, the tendency for partners to be similar to one another because they respond in a way that is typical of others. Similarity between wives and husbands decreased when adjusted for stereotype effects. There were no statistically significant relationships between couple similarity and measures of marital quality, with or without the adjustment for stereotype effects. However, there was evidence for both husbands and wives of an association between responding as typical husbands did and perceptions of satisfaction in the marital relationship. This result indicates that a stereotype effect may be a meaningful phenomenon rather than just a statistical artifact. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Beaulieu and Sylvie Normandeau (2011).

Reports an error in Prédicteurs des pratiques parentales: Cognitions sociales parentales et comportement des enfants TDAH by Marie-Christine Beaulieu and Sylvie Normandeau (Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, Advanced Online Publication, Jul 25, 2011, np). There was an error in the English abstract. This error is corrected in the correction. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2011-15455-001.) The purpose of this study was to examine the association between parental social cognitions (parental causal attributions, parental self-efficacy) and the behavioural characteristics of their child (ADHD subtypes, comorbidity, oppositional and anxiety/shy symptoms). Participants were 110 families with a child with ADHD (ADHD-I : n = 31, ADHD-H : n = 11, ADHD-C : n = 68). Multiple regressions show that parental self-efficacy is associated with more use of appropriate discipline, praise and incentives, positive verbal discipline, and less use of harsh and inconsistent discipline and physical punishment. Results also show that parental causal attributions for the child's misbehaviour to their own efforts are a predictor of positive verbal discipline whereas parents' causal attributions for the child's misbehaviour to the child's lack of efforts are a predictor of harsh and inconsistent discipline. Parents' perception of their child's oppositional symptom is a predictor of appropriate discipline and positive verbal discipline. Finally, children's comorbidity is a predictor of harsh and inconsistent discipline. The findings of this study highlight the importance of parental self-efficacy, because from all the variables studied, it shows the strongest association with positive and negative parenting practices. No association between ADHD subtype and parenting practices were observed. Implications of these results are explored in the discussion. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to de Jonge and Dormann (2006).

Reports an error in "Stressors, Resources, and Strain at Work: A Longitudinal Test of the Triple-Match Principle" by Jan de Jonge and Christian Dormann (Journal of Applied Psychology, 2006[Nov], Vol 91[6], 1359-1374). The issue number at the upper left corner of the title page (p. 1359) is wrongly stated as 5 rather than 6. Furthermore, in Table 1 (p. 1362), the value in Column 12, Row 4 (Emo resources) should be -.07 rather than -0.7. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2006-20695-014.) Two longitudinal studies investigated the issue of match between job stressors and job resources in the prediction of job-related strain. On the basis of the triple-match principle (TMP), it was hypothesized that resources are most likely to moderate the relation between stressors and strains if resources, stressors, and strains all match. Resources are less likely to moderate the relation between stressors and strains if (a) only resources and stressors match, (b) only resources and strains match, or (c) only stressors and strains match. Resources are least likely to moderate the relation between stressors and strains if there is no match among stressors, resources, and strains. The TMP was tested among 280 and 267 health care workers in 2 longitudinal surveys. The likelihood of finding moderating effects was linearly related to the degree of match, with 33.3% of all tested interactions becoming significant when there was a triple match, 16.7% when there was a double match, and 0.0% when there was no match. Findings were most consistent if there was an emotional match or a physical match. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Condry and Spelke (2008).

Reports an error in "The development of language and abstract concepts: The case of natural number" by Kirsten F. Condry and Elizabeth S. Spelke (Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 2008[Feb], Vol 137[1], 22-38). The DOI for the supplemental materials was printed incorrectly. The correct DOI is as follows: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.137.1.22.supp (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2008-01081-003.) What are the origins of abstract concepts such as "seven," and what role does language play in their development? These experiments probed the natural number words and concepts of 3-year-old children who can recite number words to ten but who can comprehend only one or two. Children correctly judged that a set labeled eight retains this label if it is unchanged, that it is not also four, and that eight is more than two. In contrast, children failed to judge that a set of 8 objects is better labeled by eight than by four, that eight is more than four, that eight continues to apply to a set whose members are rearranged, or that eight ceases to apply if the set is increased by 1, doubled, or halved. The latter errors contrast with children's correct application of words for the smallest numbers. These findings suggest that children interpret number words by relating them to 2 distinct preverbal systems that capture only limited numerical information. Children construct the system of abstract, natural number concepts from these foundations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Smith, McCarthy, and Anderson (2000).

Reports an error in the original article by Gregory T. Smith, Denis M. McCarthy, and Kristen G. Anderson (Psychological Assessment, 2000, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 102-111). Specifically, several formulas throughout the article contained errors. The corrected formulas are presented here. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 2000-07311-012.) The empirical short-form literature has been characterized by overly optimistic views of the transfer of validity from parent form to short form and by the weak application of psychometric principles in validating short forms. Reviewers have thus opposed constructing short forms altogether, implying researchers are succumbing to an inappropriate temptation by trying to abbreviate measures. The authors disagree. The authors do not oppose the development of short forms, but they do assert that the validity standards for short forms should be quite high. The authors identify 2 general and 9 specific methodological sins characterizing short-form construction and offer methodological suggestions for the sound development of short forms. They recommend a set of 6 a priori steps researchers should consider and 9 methodological procedures researchers can use to develop valid abbreviated forms of clinical-assessment procedures. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Stable negative social exchanges and health": Correction to Newsom et al. (2008).

Reports an error in "Stable negative social exchanges and health" by Jason T. Newsom, Tyrae L. Mahan, Karen S. Rook and Neal Krause (Health Psychology, 2008[Jan], Vol 27[1], 78-86). In the aforementioned article, there is an error in the Appendix. The labels for the factors Unsympathetic or insensitive behavior and Rejection or neglect were transposed. The revised table, listing the items correctly under each factor, is presented in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2008-00647-011.) Negative social exchanges with family, friends, and neighbors are known to be an important source of stress in daily life, and chronic stress is theorized to have especially potent impacts on health. Little is known about the health effects of stably high levels of negative social exchanges, however. In a national, longitudinal study of older adults (N = 666), we examined the association between stable negative social exchanges and health over a 2-year period. Trait-state-error models indicated that higher levels of stable negative social exchanges were significantly predictive of lower self-rated health, greater functional limitations, and a higher number of health conditions over 2 years after controlling for initial levels of health and sociodemographic variables. These results highlight the importance of examining continual and recurring interpersonal problems in efforts to understand the health effects of social relationships. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)