The Mega-Cities in China: Development, Problems and Prospect

The existence of large and very large cities is a worldwide phenomenon. and has beena subject of much research and concern, The potentiai difficulty in tackling the issue isnow well understood. The number of large and very large cities is the greatest in China: there aretwenty-eight cities of 50,000 to one million population, and thirty of over one million, thelatter being regarded as meg-citics. There are nine of over two million population,amongst which Beijing has 10.4 million(1990)and Shanghai has 12.8 million(1990).Planning and research of the mega-cities tend to be locally specific and what is lackingseems to be an overview of the common and general issues in their development.     

The Sharp Increase of the Urban Floating Population A new problem faced by our big cities

The sharp increase of the floating popu-lation in the cities is a new phenomenonbrought about by the implementation of thepolicy of reform and opening to the outsideworld.It has vitalized the urban economy,but also created new demands for and pres-sure on the city planning,construction andmanagement and become a new problem forthe cities,especially for the big cities in their     

The Historical Evolution of Chinese Urban Morphology

China has had a long urban experience. The existence oftowns in China can be dated to 2600 BC, and the pattern of urbanmorphology were essentially different from those in other majorcultural regions, which represents one of the major forms of urbangrowth of the world. This paper describes the characteristics andhistorical development of Chinese urban morphology. The centrallocation of political and administrative buildings, a grid-iron streetpattern, symmetrical layout and axis are the most important charac-teristics of Chinese traditional cities, which reflected the distinctivepolitical and economic system and cultural traditions of China. Polit-ical forces play a key role in shaping this urban pattern. The histori-cal development of Chinese urban morphology experienced fourphases: the walled city (770 BC——AD 906), the open city (618——1840), the colonial city (1840——1949), and the modern city(1949——1985). Each of these phases has its distinct characteris-tics and different planning philosophies reflecting the current na-tional political and economic development. The central feature of ur-ban development in China is that the process has been controlledto a large extent by the highly centralized government. After 1949,Chinese cities experienced a fundamental transformation in their in-ternal structure and morphology which reflect the communist idealsin urban planning. The key aims of urban planning in communistChina is to establish a highly productive and convenient living envi-ronment, and to reduce the gaps between city and countryside in or-der to achieve a new type of socialist city with 'classless' or 'uni-form socio-economic characteristic.     

The Study of Mechanism for the Development of the Large Cities in China

In studying the development of largecities in China,one has to examine both itspattern,a repeated phenomenon which isuniversal in the development of large cities,and its mechanism, which exists in the tradi-tional culture as well as in the political andeconomic structures of the society.     

The Present Situation of Community Services in Urban Shanghai

Community service,which is called community work abroad,is a new concept.At present,there is no agreed def-inition on community services.However.according to the experience in China's cities,community services refer to va-rious types of social welfare and services rendered by community organizations to citizens to improve their materialand spiritual welfare.and to assist the community members in solving special problems in life.These facilities wouldimprove their quality of life and promote community development.In order to study the present situation and development objective of community services in Shanghai,the Muni-cipal Civil Affairs Bureau of Shanghai commissioned the Research Institute of Social Science and Proiect of JiaoTong University to carry out a large scale sample survey of community services in Shanghai.A general survey wasfirst carried out for 143 neighborhoods and townships of the city and subsequently questionnaire survey was carriedout for 100 neighborhood committees and 2,500 residents by random sampling.The following are the finding of theabove surveys.     

Review and Exploration of the Development of Planning for the Conservation of the Famous Historical and Cultural Cities in China

To comprehend the development of the famous histori-cal and cultural cities in China and their conservation plan-ning, it is necessary to understand, first of all, the back-ground of their history and present condition. This back-ground has taken shape in the historic development of thecities and is influenced by many complicated factors of thepresent time. To discuss these factors in simple way, theycan be summarized as follows:The impact of the historical and cultural ideas;The impact of the physical and environmental condi-tion;The impact of the present socialand economicsituation.The impact of the historical and cultural ideasChina is a country with ancient civilization. TheChinese cultural has been shaped through development, in-heritance and harmony in a history of 5000 years on the ba-sis of the ancient Huaxia Culture with the Yellow River andthe Yangtse River as the main arteries.The rising of ancient cities in China can be traced backto over 3500 years ago. China is a multinational country. Int     

城市收缩与人口老龄化——基于中国138个县级市的实证

Urban shrinkage is a world-wide phenomenon characterized by population loss in a short period of time.During this process,the decrease of the younger generation will further accelerate the demographic aging process through lowering birth rates.Although many studies have qualitatively addressed that demographic aging could be both a result and cause of urban shrinkage,empirical studies to examine their interrelations are lacking.This paper aims to examine their interrelationships by proposing an integrated model which covers the paths,effects,and interrelationships between shrinking cities and demographic aging in economic,spatial,and social dimensions.Based on the data from 138 county-level cities in China,partial least-square method is used for structural equation modeling(PLS-SEM).The results show that two indirect influence paths exist between shrinking cities and the demographic aging process.First,urban shrinkage has an indirect interaction with the demographic aging process via social and economic factors(path:shrinking cities←→society←→economy←→aging process).Second,urban shrinkage is also indirectly interrelated with the demographic aging process in spatial factors(path:shrinking cities←→space←→aging process).To deal with the double challenges of urban shrinkage and demographic aging,planning policies should integrate with policies in socio-economic and spatial aspects.     

Challenge in Protecting Famous Historic and Cultural Cities in New Situation and Some Issues in Understanding

China is now in a period of fast economic growth withlarge-scale construction.Especially since 1992 some statelevel famous historic and cultural cities are undergoing aprocess of land leasing and transferring the the land userights,trying to attract domestic and foreign fund for devel-opment of their old city propers.Therefore, it has becomeextremely urgent as to how to handle properly the relation-ship between conservation of these cities and their econom-ic development and construction. It is well known that China is a country with an an-cient civilization.Its rich historic remains and cultural heri-tage are appreciated by the whole world. The protectionand preservation of this heritage is an issue of concern notonly for all the decendents of the Chinese nation but alsofor other countries and peoples,for this heritage is an essen-tial part of the cultural heritage of the whole mankind.Tenitems from China have been included in the list of the worldnatural and cultural heritages under protection publish     

Cairo＇s Slums： A Ticking Time Bomb

Despite being one of the symbols of civilization throughout human history, Greater Cairo has many slum areas, hosting a population of three million people living in deteriorating conditions and lacking the basic human necessities. These slums represent a fertile environment for diseases caused by pollution in all its forms and are subject to crimes, rape and theft. There is a huge difference in the state of conditions when comparing the formally planned areas to the informally planned ones. People living in the formally planned settlements, like Nasr City, and in informal ones, like Ezbet El-Haggana, are similar to the kings and queens and slaves of legends. This paper tries to find solutions to the problem of slums and random areas.     

Sustainability of Touristic Potential of the Old Van City and Castle of Van in Terms of Cultural,Historical and Natural Values

Tourism has become the world＇s fastest growing sector due to acceleration of technology and information flow in the globalized world of today, development of the modem mass transport system and increase in people＇s disposable income. Upon tourism＇s being considered as a serious development strategy in the developments of the countries, all the countries of the world have begun to accelerate their investments in this area through utilizing the natural and cultural assets of their countries （heritage） with a view to provide revenue to their economy as well as creation of jobs. This situation, which has emerged as a result of the globalization of supply and demand in tourism, has created certain problems in terms of environmental balance and the living conditions of local people as a result of poor management of the utilization of natural and cultural resources. The objective of this paper is to examine the concepts and principles germane to sustainable tourism which has significant contribution to the development of the countries, made at the macro level both in the world and in Turkey. The aim of this paper, at the micro level, is to create awareness incident to the tourism resources of the Van Region and the Old Van province and ensure the utilization of these resources through protection thereof. At the end of the study, the importance of the protection of heritage resources as well as fair use thereof in terms of increasing the competitiveness of Turkey on a global scale in tourism is addressed in the light of the overall evaluations.     

Diffusion of Solar Energy Use in the Built Environment Supported by New Design

Places of large potentials of sustainable energy production and places of large energy consumption are often very different and separated by large distances across the globe. This paper first discusses potentials of solar technology in terms of global availability using PV （photovoltaic） technology and actual energy production. Solar energy is widely under-used and one way to reduce this is to improve production in low-energy places with high demand： large cities. According to this option, about 40% of the electricity consumption in the built environment could be produced by solar PV systems and energy storage systems. This paper discusses conditions in the built environment and functional and design qualities enabling an increased diffusion of the technologies In a comparative analysis of PV technologies, the criteria taken into account encompass efficiency of the type of solar cell and commercial availability. Special attention is paid to the design features of different PV systems, like flexibility, colour and transparency that might help in their utilization as integrated in building material and ornaments in modem architecture. The same procedure is followed for electricity storage devices. The preliminary conclusion is that at present the freedom of design is largest for a combination of crystalline silicon PV cells and Li-ion batteries.     

Strategic Planning Approaches for Creating Resilient Cities: A Case Study on Hangzhou City

In the twenty-first century, the population in China will be increasingly urbanized – focusing the sustainability challenge on cities and raising new challenges to address the urban resilience capacity. During the past two decades, China's urban policies are state institution-directed, growth-oriented, and land-based, imposing unprecedented challenges on sustainability. Strengthening the capacity of cities to manage resilience appears to be a key factor for cities to effectively pursue sustainable development. The aim of this paper is to explore strategic planning approaches for creating resilient cities in China through a study on Hangzhou City in an integrated framework. Firstly, the paper gives a systematic insight into the structure of Hangzhou City. Secondly, the development trajectory of the urban system is analyzed to understand how the past has shaped the present and to get a broader perspective on its evolution. Thirdly, scenario planning is conducted to explore the adaptive capacity of Hangzhou City under different future conditions. At last, having analyzed the past, present, and future of the urban system, the paper discusses the strategies for resilient planning, which helps to identify factors and trends that might enhance or inhabit the adaptability.     

Editor's Note

<正>In an urban society,where more people live in cities,more wealth is materialized in cities,and cities take a dominant role in socio-economic development,urban safety has become a critical issue for the sustainable development of cities.It concerns not only the safety of man in front of the risks of natural and manmade disasters in a simple sense,but also the interaction between nature and man to reduce the happening frequency and actual damage of natural disasters in a profound     

CHINA CITY PLANNING REVIEW——ENGLISH EDITION,QUAR TERLY

The English edition of China City Planning Review which has had wide readership inChina is Jointly published by the China Urban Planning Society and China Academy ofUrban Planning and Design.The decision to publish the English edition is made in re-sponse to the worldwide interests in China’s quests in the fields of urban and rural plan-ning.As a high quality and referred Journal it can be seen as a main stream information onsocio-economic and physical developments in contemporary China with a historicaI per-spective linking the past,present and future to enable the readership outside China to bet-ter understand the many,complex factors which are shaping cities in China today Tothose professionally involved especially in the Third World,will find emphasis on the re-Su     

Informal Settlements： A Shape Grammar Approach

Informal urban development is seldomly covered in academic studies or professional architectural training. This article sets forth the first stage of a novel study that observes the informal city using the methodology of analysis of architecture called shape grammars. The idea is to recognize peculiarities in the occupation of the land and the volumetric features of the buildings. Rocinha favela, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is taken as a case study with the primary aim of extrapolating a set of rules for its morphological features so that these rules can be used to generate new shapes, whilst bearing in mind the issues of adaptation and transformation which are so characteristic of informal settlements. There is some expectation that this study may help improve the housing and public space in the favela and enable new housing programs to observe the way the buildings and different architectural elements combined, forming a new channel of interchange with the spatial organization of the favela.     

风险中的城市

Cities, as the most complex of human creations, are at great risk both from a wide range of hazards and from their own multiple vulnerabilities. With the current form of globalization, cities around the world are moving together into a new and hazardous environment. More cities have now become strategic and independent linchpins in the global economy. Disrupt economic life in any one major city and shock waves circle the earth almost instantly. However, to sustain consumer confidence which underlies the global economy, much information that might generate serious doubt about the world‘s future has not been tabled for general public consideration.While the new hazard of global terrorism forces the reveal of the reality, globalists are facing severe challenges including the psychological impact. The author draws an analogy of the industrialization in 19th century and proposes many of the changes that are needed to reduce the vulnerability of cities.     

Use of ANSYS for Thermal Analysis in Mass Concrete

With the increasing development of Brazil in recent years, major engineering construction works have been designed and built, partieutarly those involving large volumes of mass concrete, such as in the case of dams. Mass concrete, due to its large size and volume, presents a considerable temperature rise caused by cement grain hydration. This temperature rise can be sufficient to cause concrete crack and/or cracking, which may lead to serious problems. In this paper, we sought to study heat generation and temperature field in mass concrete through ANSYS software, which uses finite element method to analyze the problem. This program allows temperatures to be checked for different concrete ages. With that, it is possible to evaluate the temperatures obtained and the factors influencing the results in a short period of time at a low cost. With the help of the software, it is possible to check the temperatures for different concrete properties by analyzing them on different concreting days. Therefore, it was possible to establish that the properties of the concrete directly influence the temperature evolution phenomenon.     

“当前现有的全球化”所造成的危害

The ‘really existing globalization‘, which is used to refer to the type of globalization we see today, is viewed by the author to pose great dangers to life in cities by increasing poverty and gap between the rich and the poor,handicapping developing cities through specialization of functions, advocating marketization of housing and privatization of public services which are harmful to the urban poor, prioritizing profit instead of quality in environmental management and magnifying the danger of terrorism to cities. However, this is not the only form of globalization possible.     

Some Suggestions on the Formation of Guangzhou—Shenzhen—Zhuhai International Metropolitan Group

Since the Central Government approved GuangdongProvince to impIement special economic poIicies in l979, pro-moted by the refOrm and opening to the outside world,Guangzhou as an oPen city and Shenzhen and Zhuhai as spe-ciaI economic zones have undergone great changes and scoredsignificant achievements in their economic development andsocial life, which has attracted world--wide attention.Shenzhen, a fOrmer deserted town in the border and Zhuhai,a fOrmer poor fishing village and Guangzhou whose econo-my was staganating befOre the refOrm and opening up, sawvigorous economic development in the l980s. Now thegrowth rate of industry and of the GNP, and the export vol-ume and economic returns of these three cities have all reac-heh the advanced level of the hig cities in the country, andtheir economic power expanded tremendously. Having play-ed an important role as a" w'indow" both to home andabroad, they have now become lcading industrial bases inSouth China and serve as a bridge and important pivot tolink wi     

Analytical computation of support characteristic curve for circumferential yielding lining in tunnel design

Circumferential yielding lining is able to tolerate controlled displacements without failure,which has been proven to be an effective solution to large deformation problem in squeezing tunnels.However,up to now,there has not been a well-established design method for it.This paper aims to present a detailed analytical computation of support characteristic curve(SCC)for circumferential yielding lining,which is a significant aspect of the implementation of convergence-confinement method(CCM)in tunnel support design.Circumferential yielding lining consists of segmental shotcrete linings and highly deformable elements,and its superior performance mainly depends on the mechanical characteristic of highly deformable element.The deformation behavior of highly deformable element is firstly investigated.Its whole deforming process can be divided into three stages including elastic,yielding and compaction stages.Especially in the compaction stage of highly deformable element,a nonlinear stress-strain relationship can be observed.For mathematical convenience,the stress-strain curve in this period is processed as several linear sub-curves.Then,the reasons for closure of circumferential yielding lining in different stages are explained,and the corresponding accurate equations required for constructing the SCC are provided.Furthermore,this paper carries out two case studies illustrating the application of all equations needed to construct the SCC for circumferential yielding lining,where the reliability and feasibility of theoretical derivation are also well verified.Finally,this paper discusses the sensitivity of sub-division in element compaction stage and the influence of element length on SCC.The outcome of this paper could be used in the design of proper circumferential yielding lining.