黑河大坝应力变形及上游坝坡稳定有限元分析

基于邓肯E-B模型对黑河水库大坝的应力变形进行了非线性有限元分析，并结合坝体有限元应力计算结果对上游坝坡的稳定性进行了分析。通过与实际观测成果的比较，说明其分析方法合理，计算结果接近实际。     

混流式水轮机转轮强度的样条有限元求解

采用样条有限元的计算方法对混流式水轮机转轮的强度计算求解作了有益的尝试。计算中首先划分了转轮叶片计算网格， 然后用样条有限元按计算网格对叶片的应力和变形进行计算， 并与文献 ［３］ 的计算结果进行了分析比较。通过实例计算与比较表明， 采用的方法更简明， 计算效率、精度较高， 计算结果也更为合理， 可用于实际工程。这种方法为混流式水轮机转轮强度计算的求解探索了一条新途径。     

冬季混凝土浇筑的热工计算

寒冷地区冬季确保混凝土施工不致发生冻坏质量事故，需要采用加热水、预热砂料等混凝土原材料预热措施。对于拌合物的温度计算在规范中已有现成公式，利用该公式计算所得拌合物温度与工地实际拌合物温度进行对照，发现计算温度普遍偏低２～４℃。分析其原因：发现规范公式未考虑在拌合时水泥与水结合所发生的热量及摩擦产生的热量两个因素。通过对这两个因素进行试验与计算，取得实际数据，并运用这些实际数据对规范公式进行了修正，修正后的计算结果与实际温度比较接近。     

基于CAD/CAE有限元计算软件的某引水隧洞钢筋混凝土结构分析

利用CAD/CAE有限元计算软件，建立了某水库工程引水隧洞的三维模型，依据《水工混凝土结构设计规范》（SL 191-2008）中非杆件体系钢筋混凝土的配筋计算原则，分析各部分结构的受力情况及工作状态。同时根据有限元计算的截面应力图形，利用该软件的三维配筋模块，按弹性受拉应力图形为引水隧洞受拉部位进行配筋计算。对结果进行对比分析表明：使用CAD/CAE有限元计算软件进行快速建模和三维配筋，能够较真实地模拟结构的实际受力状态，明确应力分布区域，实现结构应力及配筋计算；其计算结果可靠，过程简单明了，避免了用结构力学法计算时出现内力显著集中的缺点，能够有效地为实际工程设计、施工提供帮助。     

面板堆石坝应力变形分析

采用双屈服面弹塑性模型对大坳水库面板堆石坝进行变形和应力计算，得到了自施工以来坝体变形及应力规律。大坳水库现已运行多年，积累了一定的实测资料，以沉降量为例，计算结果与实测资料对比相差不大，说明计算结果能够反映大坝实际运行状况。因此，通过计算来分析大坝状态是可行的。     

水库泄洪洞底板抗冲磨混凝土温控计算及测温数据分析

结合某水利工程泄洪洞底板抗冲磨混凝土工程的施工实例，介绍了大体积混凝土的温控计算方法及相关参数的取值，并将计算结果与实际监测结果进行对比分析，得出对工程实践有指导意义的结论。     

证据理论在火电厂选址中的应用

利用证据理论进行火电厂选址，给出了3种形成辨识框架及在推理网络中传播BPA(基本 概率指派)的方法，并用这3种方法对一实际算例进行了计算，结果与实际情况相符。     

深竖井底部廊道衬砌结构计算模型

针对采用现行筒仓设计规范进行竖井廊道结构设计存在计算模型不贴切的问题，提出一种以太沙基理论为依据的结构计算方法，即太沙基理论计算模型。以溪洛渡水电站混凝土生产系统骨料竖井为例，进行2种方法的计算比较。结果表明，该计算模型较贴切地反映了竖井底部实际受力状况，计算结果更加合理，较筒仓规范理论计算方法可节省50％以上的工程投资。     

液力变矩器三元流场计算的一种近似方法

本文提出了一种在两类相对流面基础上的液力变矩器三元流场计算的近似方法，建立了求解的数学模型并给出了计算方法和步骤。用这一方法计算了YB355-2型液力变矩器三元流场分布，并将计算结果与试验数据进行了比较和分析。计算结果与实际相吻合，能满足一定的精度，该方法在透平机械流场计算中也有较高的应用价值。     

回水计算中流量模数计算方法的探讨

回水水面线计算是河流规划、沿河城市防洪堤设计及水库淹没赔偿范围确定的基本工作。要计算回水水面线，就必须计算流量模数。为此，归纳总结了回水计算中流量模数计算的6种方法，对6种计算方法进行了比较，得到了以第6种方法计算流量模数时取得的水位最高、最安全的结论；并以实际工程为例，对采用各种流量模数计算方法的回水计算结果进行了对比。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Desiccation and recolonization of phytobenthos in a regulated desert river: Colorado River at Lees Ferry,Arizona, USA

We tested the recolonization of the phytobenthic community in the tailwaters of Glen Canyon Dam following long- and short-term experimentally induced desiccation. The response of Cladophora glomerata, Oscillatoria spp., miscellaneous phytobenthos species and periphyton was studied over 18 weeks using three treatments: (1) undisturbed control cobbles from the submerged zone; (2) cobbles desiccated and replaced into the submerged zone; and (3) cobbles desiccated and replaced into the varial zone. Periphyton density and compositional response resulting from these treatments were also examined. Desiccation treatments were significantly different in biomass from controls throughout the study. The biomass of desiccated and replaced river cobbles averaged <30% of the controls for C. glomerata and periphyton during the 18-week recolonization period. In contrast, the biomass of the control Oscillatoria and miscellaneous phytobenthos species averaged only 3 and 50% of that in the desiccation treatments, respectively. Cladophora, the dominant alga, comprised 77% of the phytobenthic biomass. A significant positive relationship between discharge, Cladophora and periphyton biomass was present in all treatments, while there was a negative relationship with discharge for Oscillatoria and miscellaneous phytobenthos species. There was a significant inverse correlation, as well as a pattern of separate biomass dominance, between C. glomerata and Oscillatoria. Cladophora was the dominant phytobenthos species on cobbles below the baseflow and Oscillatoria was dominant on cobbles in the varial zone. In general, the Cladophora biomass decreased under intermittent drying conditions, while Oscillatoria declined under permanently wet conditions. Diatom composition was not significantly different between treatments; however, their density was lower on desiccated cobbles. Diatom density on desiccated cobbles in the submerged and varial zones averaged 69 and 42% of that of the controls, respectively. Recovery and maintenance of benthic resources are hindered by fluctuating flow regimes driven by electricity and irrigation requirements. Repeated desiccation of the phytobenthos has major effects on the bottom-up interactions in the Colorado River ecosystem. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.