In718合金杯形件等温挤压成形数值模拟

应用有限元法对In718合金的杯形件挤压成形过程进行了数值模拟，着重分析了不同挤压温度和不同凸模形状下的金属流变行为和应力应变分布，对模拟结果进行了对比分析，得出了比较合理的等温挤压工艺参数，为高温合金的生产和实验研究提供了科学的理论依据。     

微反挤压数值模拟与实验研究

将退火后的T2紫铜圆柱坯料进行常温压缩实验,根据所得应力应变曲线,采用DEFORM-3D模拟杯壁厚度为0.5mm的杯形件的微反挤压成形过程。研究了凸模速度和摩擦系数对材料等效应变分布和凸模载荷的影响。结果表明,凸模速度越大,材料等效应变差值越大,变形越不均匀,但对凸模载荷无明显影响。摩擦系数越大,材料变形越不均匀,且凸模载荷明显增加。根据模拟结果选择合适的工艺参数进行微反挤压实验,实验所得杯形件晶粒变形较均匀,与模拟结果较吻合。     

车用齿轮轴冷挤压成形模拟及反挤压工艺参数优化

针对车用齿轮轴制定了冷挤压成形工艺方案,并对其进行了相应的正、反挤压模具设计。利用Deform-3D进行有限元仿真模拟,对成形件进行等效应变、等效应力、损伤和载荷—行程曲线分析。选取凸模速度、摩擦因数以及凸模锥角3种工艺参数进行正交试验及工艺优化,通过正交试验的方差分析得出摩擦因数对齿轮轴反挤压载荷大小具有显著影响,并得到各参数对成形载荷的影响顺序为:摩擦因数>凸模锥角>凸模速度。最终得到的最优反挤压工艺参数为:凸模速度为25mm/s、摩擦因数为0.10和凸模锥角为25°。优化后反挤压的最大载荷由原来的2.15×10~4 kN减小到1.01×10~4 kN,降低了53个百分点。     

In718合金高温锻造数值模拟与试验研究

利用MSC．SuperForm有限元分析软件对In718合金镦粗过程进行三维数值模拟和试验研究．分析了不同温度、摩擦和变形速率条件下等效应力-应变分布和载荷曲线。通过热模拟试验研究了In718合金不同条件下的真应力-应变曲线和微观组织。结果表明：镦粗变形分为三个变形区域，摩擦增加了变形的不均匀性和塑性变形抗力：高温锻造过程中，In718合金在基体边界上发生了动态再结晶，再结晶晶粒细小，动态再结晶进行程度随着工艺条件的不同而不同；In718合金比较合适的锻造温度为1010-1040℃之间，变形速率为0．05～0．5s^-1之间,最大变形程度可以达到70％以上。     

工艺参数对T2紫铜微齿轮挤压成形的影响

经过不同热处理工艺的T2紫铜圆柱坯料通过压缩试验测得材料常温下的流动应力应变曲线,利用DEFORM-3D软件对T2紫铜微型齿轮正挤压过程进行了数值模拟,分析了晶粒尺寸、摩擦因数、挤压速度、入模角和挤压比等工艺参数对凸模单位挤压力和材料等效应力应变分布的影响,研究讨论了各参数对微齿轮正挤压成形过程的影响规律。根据模拟结果选取了最优参数组合并在此参数组合下进行了微齿轮挤压模拟试验。结果显示:在该参数组合下(晶粒尺寸为50μm,摩擦因数为0,挤压速度为0.1 mm/s,入模角为30°,挤压比为2.25)凸模稳态挤压力小于其他各组,各特征点最大等效应变、等效应力均较小,材料流动均匀性更好,从而验证了之前模拟结果与分析的正确性。     

凸模形状对杯形构件转模反挤压成形过程的影响规律

通过刚塑性有限元法对AZ80镁合金杯形构件四种不同结构形式的凸模旋转反挤压成形过程进行了数值模拟,分析了凸模形状对成形载荷—行程曲线、应力场和应变场的影响规律;并且研究了不同凸模沟槽锥角对成形过程的影响。结果表明:挤压凸模端面开槽数目越多,轴向载荷就越小、等效应力和等效应变越大;小角度的沟槽锥角的构件等效应变较大。     

中厚板的反挤凸柱成形规律

运用有限元软件DEFORM-3D对5 mm厚的20钢中厚板进行了反挤凸柱成形模拟研究,对比分析了封闭式模腔、全开式模腔、半开式模腔挤压成形时材料的变形特点。研究揭示了3种成形方式下金属的流动规律、等效应力及等效应变的分布、载荷与行程的关系,从而可根据成形载荷、凸柱高度与凸凹模行程的关系来合理选择模腔形式。进而研究了凸凹模圆角半径、凸柱直径与坯料初始直径之比d/D、凸凹模下行速度等因素对于各挤压方式下凸柱高度的影响。最后,选取半开式模腔成形凸柱进行实验,实验结果和有限元模拟结果符合较好,验证了有限元模拟的准确性。     

AZ80镁合金管材反挤压成形的数值模拟与试验研究

采用Deform-3D软件对AZ80镁合金厚壁管材的反挤压过程进行了数值模拟,模拟了不同挤压温度和挤压速度对反挤压成形过程的影响。结果表明,反挤压过程的等效应变主要集中在凸模与坯料接触处和管壁上,管材的内壁和外壁损伤值较大,容易产生损伤。挤压温度越高,管材成形的温差、等效应力和挤压载荷就越小,挤压变形越均匀。挤压速度越小,金属的流动速率峰值越小,金属流动越均匀,管材温差越小,挤压变形越均匀。通过镁合金管材的反挤压试验,验证了模拟结果的准确性。     

分流-挤压复合成形模具结构对斜齿轮成形的影响

利用软件Deform建立了圆柱斜齿轮分流-挤压复合成形有限元模型,模拟了不同凸台尺寸的凸模下齿轮热成形过程,研究了不同凸台尺寸对斜齿轮成形的影响规律。结果表明,凸台高度越高,最大成形载荷越小;凸台高度和凸台直径都会影响齿形的最终填充效果,凸台高度较小时,轮齿沿齿向的温度分布均匀性和等效应变分布均匀性较好。     

铝合金筒体侧向挤压润滑条件分析及润滑剂配比研究

润滑条件对铝合金筒体凸台侧向挤压成形有着重要影响。通过润滑条件对成形等效应变及凸模载荷影响的模拟、分析得出:当摩擦因数增大时,等效应变、筒壁变形和凸模平均载荷值增加,但凸模载荷波动减小。综合分析后确定:当摩擦因数为0.25时,具有较好的挤压效果。水基石墨润滑剂较适合于铝合金的等温挤压,为获得该摩擦因数,制取5种不同石墨含量的润滑剂,通过摩擦试验分析,确定摩擦因数。试验结果表明:当石墨含量为质量分数18%时,该润滑剂的摩擦因数为0.25,此配比较适合于铝合金筒体凸台的侧向挤压成形。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.