The coplanar resonator technique for determining the surfaceimpedance of YBa2Cu3O7-δ thinfilms

We describe how coplanar microwave resonators fabricated from patterned thin films of YBa₂Cu₃O₇(-δ) (YBCO) can he used to measure the ab-plane microwave surface impedance Z_s=R_s+jX_s of the films, in particular the absolute value and temperature dependence of the magnetic penetration depth λ. The current distribution of the resonator is calculated by modelling the resonator as a network of coupled transmission lines of rectangular cross-sections; this is then used to estimate the ab-plane λ(T) from the measurements of resonators of different geometries patterned onto the same film. We obtain values of λ(0) in the range 150-220 nm. The unloaded quality factors of the linear resonators at 7.95 GHz are around 45000 at 15 K and around 6500 at 77 K. We estimate the corresponding values of the intrinsic R_s at 7.95 GHz to be 23 μΩ and 110 μΩ at 15 K and 77 K, respectively. These values are comparable with those of other high quality unpatterned YBCO films reported in the literature. Z_s for the best optimised films appears to be insensitive to the effects of patterning     

Coaxial line configuration for microwave power transmission studyof YBa2Cu3O7-δ thin films

Microwave transmission measurements through YBa₂Cu₃O_7-δ (YBCO) high-transition-temperature superconducting thin films on lanthanum aluminate (LaAlO₃) have been performed in a coaxial line at 10 GHz. LaAlO₃ substrates were ultrasonically machined into washer-shaped discs, polished, and coated with laser-ablated YBCO. These samples were mounted in a 50-Ω coaxial air line to form a short circuit. The power transmitted through the films as a function of temperature was used to calculate the normal state conductivity and the magnetic penetration depth for the films     

YBa2Cu3O7 superconductors forhigh-speed interconnects

The surface resistance of high-quality YBa₂Cu₃ O₇ superconducting films measured over a frequency range from 10 to 500 GHz using high-speed optoelectronic techniques is discussed. A direct comparison is made with the surface resistance of gold and superconducting niobium conductors. Using the measured surface resistance, the propagation characteristic of interconnects based on YBa ₂Cu₃O₇ superconductors at 77 K is simulated and compared to that of gold transmission lines at 77 K and superconducting niobium lines at 7.7 K     

Template patterning of YBa2Cu3O7

We demonstrate the use of thin chromium layers to define structures in YBa₂Cu₃O₇ deposited by laser ablation. The chromium reacts with copper to form an insulating crystalline compound containing copper and chromium in equal amounts. Although the reaction will proceed up to approximately 1 μm into the defined pattern, the formation of a crystalline compound means that the extent of the reaction is limited by the availability of chromium. We have defined large-area, regular grids of tiny chromium pads, yielding a grid of insulating islands of approximately 600 nm in size after YBa₂Cu₃O₇ deposition. Electrical measurements show the influence of such a pattern on the R-T characteristics of the YBa₂Cu₃O₇.     

Optical detector using granularYBa2Cu3O7-δ weak link-typejunctions

Experimental photoresponse study of granular YBa₂Cu₃O_7-x (YBCO) weak link is reported. The Josephson critical current I_c is suppressed with light illumination of the junction, produced mainly from optical generation of quasiparticles. At lower temperature (T=64.5 K), the hysteresis in I-V characteristic of the weak link appears, which may be found useful for optical detection purpose. This was supported from preliminary experiments     

Switched YBa2Cu3O7 lumped elementbandstop filter

The switching capability of a simple high temperature superconducting (HTS) lumped element bandstop filter is demonstrated. A bias current of the order of the critical current of the HTS material is necessary to switch the filter response from high to low attenuation at the stop-band frequency. A simple theoretical model to describe the ON and OFF states is presented. First measurements of the response time to a pulsed bias current show that the switching time is <2 μs     

Inductance measurements in YBa2Cu3O7 DC SQUID's with a submicrometer line width

We measured the inductances of submicrometerwide strip lines by using DC superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUID's) fabricated from a single layer of YBa₂Cu₃O₇ thin film, The measured inductances coincided well with some numerically calculated inductances consisting of a magnetic and kinetic component. The proportion of the magnetic component in the total inductance for the line width of 2 μm was estimated from calculation to be 56%, The kinetic component increased with the decrease of the line width and was dominant for line widths less than 1 μm. The inductance per square at 4.2 K was measured to be 1.3 pH/□ for line widths from 0.5 to 2 μm     

Anomalous microwave response ofYBa2Cu3O7-δ granular thin filmsunder magnetic fields

The microwave response of YBa₂Cu₃O_7-δ (YBCO) granular films has been studied at a microwave frequency of 30.5 GHz. In absence of a magnetic field, the dependencies of a normal microwave response on the bias current was observed at a temperature close to T_c. When a magnetic field ranging from 5.0 to 33.0 mT is applied, the responses broaden and shift toward a lower temperature. In the superconducting state, the responses were found to be highly dependent on the magnetic field. For a current of 5.0 mA and a magnetic field above 17.0 mT, the responses increased and did not vanish, even at a very low temperature, which is believed to be correlative with the anisotropic character of the structure     

The propagation characteristics of wave-guiding structures withvery thin superconductors; application to coplanar waveguide YBa2Cu3O7-x resonators

The propagation characteristics of waveguiding structures with superconductors which are thin compared to the magnetic penetration depth are analyzed. The complex propagation constant is evaluated within the framework of the modified spectral domain method without the need for numerical calculations in the complex plane. Good agreement is found with the results of other methods. The numerical analysis is instrumental in deducing results for the penetration depth and the surface resistance of YBa₂Cu₃O_7-x thin films on sapphire with a PrBa₂Cu₃O_7-x buffer layer. Recent observations of a non-single-gap BCS temperature dependence are confirmed     

LaNiO3: a promising material for contact with YBa2Cu3O7-x thin films

Epitaxial LaNiO₃ metallic oxide thin films have been grown on c-axis oriented YBa₂Cu₃O_7-δ thin films on LaAlO₃ substrates by pulsed laser deposition technique and the interface formed between the two films has been examined by measuring the contact conductance of the same. The specific contact conductance of the interface measured using a modified four probe method was found to be 1.4 to 6×10⁴ ohm^-1 cm^-2 at 77 K. There are indications that contact conductance can be brought closer to that obtained for noble metal-YBCO interface     

Critical current characteristics of YBa2Cu3O7 thin films on (110) SrTiO3

The material and electrical characteristics of YBa₂Cu ₃O₇ (YBCO) thin films deposited by inverted cylindrical magnetron sputtering on (110) SrTiO₃ (STO) were investigated. X-ray diffractometry shows the grain orientations to be predominantly the YBCO (110) and (103) with no evidence of c-axis grains, Electron micrographs show the film surface to consist of coupled elongated grains parallel to the (110) STO edge. The films were patterned into small 2.5 mm squares parallel to the substrate edges for electrical characterization. Transport currents parallel and perpendicular to the (110) substrate edge showed a 945:1 anisotropy in film resistance and a factor of two in critical current density for temperatures below 60% of the transition temperature (T_c). The temperature dependence of the critical current near T_c was quadratic-like and strongly dependent on the value of T_c used in the analysis. For the two orientations, there was nearly a 6 K difference in T_c as determined by the point at which the critical current became zero. The response of the critical current to small magnetic fields was greater for transport current along the c-axis direction and was observable over a temperature interval nearly four times greater than for current along the basal plain. These YBCO thin films have good response to small magnetic fields and are suitable for vortex flow device development     

Possibility ofNd1.9Ba1.1Cu3O7+δ andPr1.14Ba1.86Cu3O7-δsingle crystals for insulator in high-speed superconductingcircuits

Dielectric properties of both Nd_1.9Ba_1.1Cu ₃O_7+δ (NBCO-213) and Pr_1.14Ba_1.86Cu₃O_7-δ (Pr-rich PBCO) single crystals have been examined at low temperature. These materials have good lattice matching to high-T_c superconductors (HTS), but they are conductive at room temperature. Below 80 K, they are insulators with low dielectric constants, ε _τ below 25, and low dielectric loss tan δ below 0.1 at 100 kHz. The value of ε_τ is suitable for insulators in integrated circuits using strip line widths of 10 μm order, providing short delay time, no excitation of surface wave, and low radiation loss. The value of tan δ is comparable to loss of superconducting surface resistance above 100 GHz. These results indicate the applicability for the insulator layers in multilayer superconducting electronic devices such as Single Flux Quantum (SFQ) circuits operated at high speed     

Temporal stability of circulating current in thin film Tl2Ba2CaCu2O8 and YBa2Cu3O7

The temporal stability of trapped transport current in annular thin film Tl₂Ba₂CaCu₂O₈ (TBCCO) and YBa₂Cu₃O₇ (YBCO) wafers has been accurately measured and has been found to be of suitable quality for the stringent requirements of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) magnets. No detectable decay, to the limit of the experimental apparatus (2*10^-14 Ω), was detected in those wafers with transport current at or below the critical current density J_c. The critical current density, as previously determined from 12 μm meander lines, was confirmed in a wafer with a width of 1.9 cm. The profile of trapped magnetic field resulting from induced current was modeled in order to assess its effect on the uniformity of an NMR magnet     

YBa2Cu3-xZnxO7薄膜红外探测器的研究

在对红外探测器进行理论分析的基础上,设计并研制了液氮温度下的Yba2Cu3-xZnxO7薄膜红外探测器,系统地测试了器件的特征参数.最好的结果为:对于波长为10μm,调制频率为f=500Hz,带宽为Δf=1Hz的红外输入辐射Rv(500,10,1)=3587V/W,NEP(500,10,1)=6.5×10-12W/Hz1/2,D*(500,10,1)=7.2×1012cmHz1/2/W,τ(500,10,1)=1.2ms.     

Nanoscale analysis of YBa2Cu3O7−x/La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 interfaces

The structure of interfaces in superconducting/ferromagnetic YBa₂Cu₃O_7−x/La_0.67Ca_0.33MnO₃ superlattices has been analyzed by scanning transmission electron microscopy and high spatial resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy. Individual layers are flat over long lateral distances. The interfaces are coherent, free of defects, exhibiting no roughness, and are located at the BaO plane of the superconductor. Concerning chemical disorder, EELS measurements show the absence of measurable chemical interdiffusion within experimental error bars.     

On the design and performance of electrically small printed thickfilm YBa2Cu3O7-x antennas

Strip material and substrate losses, that occur at the radiating element and the feeding-matching network of electrically small printed YBa₂Cu₃O_7-x (HTS) antenna systems, can substantially degrade their performance and, therefore, have to be considered in optimum efficiency and SNR designs. Identification and numerical estimation of such loss mechanisms, and assessment of the overall efficiency of the antenna system, which is of particular importance in design, is facilitated by fundamental microwave network analysis and the method of moments (MM). Four efficient designs, incorporating different feeding-matching configurations, are experimentally tested, and their performance is compared with the theoretical predictions. Superior gain can be demonstrated over similar supercooled Cu and Ag antennas. The applicability of low frequency efficiency measurement methods for highly efficient HTS antenna systems is outlined and extended for improved accuracy     

The effects of annealing step-edges on SrTiO3 and MgOsingle-crystal substrates on YBa2Cu3O7Josephson junctions

The effect of annealing step-edges on SrTiO₃ and MgO single-crystal substrates on Josephson junctions of YBa₂Cu ₃O₇, has been studied. The step-edge was fabricated by argon-ion milling technique and was annealed at 1050°C in oxygen atmosphere. YBa₂Cu₃O₇ thin film was deposited on the annealed step-edge by a standard pulsed laser deposition. The effect of annealing the step-edge on the junction was characterized by AFM and current-voltage (I-V)characteristic. The annealed step-edge on SrTiO₃ and MgO substrates showed that the surface of the substrates was smoother and I-V characteristic of Josephson junction improved     

氧缺陷的YBa2Cu3O7-x高温超导体光辐照研究

利用Janis CCS-350制冷机(最低可达10 K)提供低温环境, 从室温到200 K, 利用真空泵持续抽取真空, 使氧缺陷YBa2Cu3O7-x(YBCO)超导体中的氧重新分布。实验表明, 在缺氧环境下, 样品氧缺陷现象加剧, 超导临界温度降低, 直至到正常态, 利用原位光辐照氧缺陷YBCO样品产生持续光电导效应或光诱导超导电性效应, 可以部分地抵消氧缺陷对超导电性所引起的破坏, 而对YBCO,x<0.1时, 其转变温度Tc高于90 K的样品, 在缺氧环境下, 样品氧缺陷现象变化和光辐照效应不明显。讨论了YBCO超导体在能隙比一般半导体光电材料至少要窄约二个数量级, 又具有较高的光学吸收系数的情况下, 光子作用下高温超导体内各种元激发之间的相互作用过程, 对实际应用YBCO超导体光学性能, 理解机制设计仪器有现实意义。     

Microwave properties of epitaxial large-area Ca-doped YBa2Cu3O7−δ thin films on r-plane sapphire

Ca doping of YBa₂Cu₃O_7−δ (YBCO) is well known to enhance the critical current density in large-angle grain boundaries for example of bicrystals. However, up to now no data are available on microwave properties of epitaxial Ca-doped YBa₂Cu₃O_7−δ thin films on r-plane sapphire with CeO₂ buffer layer.Therefore, first results are presented for large-area pulsed laser deposition (PLD) grown Ca_xY_1−xBa₂Cu₃O_7−δ films on 3-in. diameter sapphire wafers. The PLD process is optimised for undoped YBCO thin films and shows high reproducibility for YBCO. The microwave surface resistance R_s at 8.5 GHz of Ca-doped YBCO (x=0.1) thin films shows clear reduction (up to 20%) with respect to that of YBCO for temperatures from about 20–50 K. In addition, microwave surface resistance R_s of Ca-doped YBCO is lower than that of YBCO even for enhanced microwave surface magnetic field up to about 20 mT for temperatures 20 and 40 K.     

Stripline resonator measurements of Zs versus Hrf in YBa2Cu3O7-x thin films

A report is presented on measurements of the surface impedance, Z_S, of YBa₂Cu₃O_7-x thin films using a stripline resonator. The films were deposited on LaAlO₃ substrates by off-axis magnetron sputtering. The authors obtained Z_S as a function of frequency from 1.5 to 20 GHz, as a function of temperature from 4 K to the transition temperature (~90 K), and as a function of the RF magnetic field from zero to 300 Oe. At low temperatures the surface resistance, R _S, of the films shows a very weak dependence on the magnetic field up to 225 to 250 Oe. At 77 K, R_S is proportional to the square of the field. The penetration depth shows a much weaker dependence on the field than does R_S. The origins of the magnetic field dependence of Z_S are also discussed