On the impingement heat transfer of an oblique free surface plane jet

The objective of the present study is to understand the hydrodynamics and heat transfer of the impingement process, particularly the complexities attributable to the asymmetric geometry of an oblique liquid plane jet. The Navier-Stokes equations are solved using a finite-volume formulation with a two-step projection method on a fixed non-uniform rectangular grid. The free surface of the jet is tracked by the volume-of-fluid method with a second order accurate piecewise-linear scheme. The energy equation is modeled by using an enthalpy-based formulation. The method provides a state-of-the-art comprehensive model of the dynamic and thermal aspects of the impinging process. Nusselt number plots and pressure distributions on the substrate are obtained. The locations of the maximum Nusselt number as well as maximum pressure on the surface are identified and compared with the geometric jet impingement point. Results for normal impingement are also obtained and are used as reference. The effects of several parameters are examined. These include jet Reynolds number, jet impingement angle and jet inlet velocity profile. Experimental and analytical data from the literature are also included for comparison.     

Numerical investigation on hybrid-linked jet impingement heat transfer based on the response surface methodology

ABSTRACT

The present paper considers hybrid-linked jet impingement cooling channels that involve both parallel-linked jets and series-linked jets. Systematic analysis was conducted with the aid of computational fluid dynamics and response surface methodology. Of particular interest is the impact of topology on heat transfer and pressure drop, which is considerably new to studies on jet impingement. The results obtained indicate that the topology number developed in this study works well with the response surface methodology. Among the tested topologies, series-linked jet impingement has significantly higher heat transfer and pressure drop than traditional parallel-linked jet impingement.     

Enhancement of an impingement heat transfer between turbulent mist jet and flat surface

The work presents the results of numerical investigation of the flow structure and heat transfer of impact mist jet with low concentration of droplets (M_L1 ? 1%). The downward gas-droplets jet issued from a pipe and strikes into at a center of the circular target wall. Mathematical model is based in the solution to RANS equations for the two-phase flow in Euler approximation. For the calculation of the fluctuation characteristics of the dispersed phase equations of Zaichik et al. (1997) [35] model were applied. Predictions were performed for the distances between the nozzle and target plate x/(2R) = 1–10 and the initial droplets size (d₁ = 5–100 μm) at the fixed Reynolds number based on the nozzle diameter, Re = 26,600. Addition of droplets causes significant increase of heat transfer intensity in the vicinity of the jet stagnation point compared with the one-phase air impact jet.     

Effect of jet direction on heat/mass transfer of rotating impingement jet

The objective of this study is to investigate the heat/mass transfer characteristics on various impinging jets under rotating condition. Two cooling schemes related to impingement jet are considered; array impingement jet cooling and impingement/effusion cooling. The test duct rotates at Ro = 0.075 with two different jet orientations and the jet Reynolds number is fixed at 5000. Two H/d configurations of 2.0 and 6.0 are conducted. The detailed heat/mass transfer coefficients on the target plate are measured by a naphthalene sublimation technique. The rotation changes the local heat/mass transfer characteristics due to the jet deflection and spreading phenomenon. For H/d = 6.0, the jet is strongly deflected at the leading orientation, resulting in the significant decrease in heat/mass transfer. At the axial orientation, the momentum of jet core decreases slightly due to jet spreading into the radial direction and consequently, the value of stagnation peak is a little lower than that of the stationary case. However, reduction of heat/mass transfer due to rotation disappears at a low H/d of 2.0. In the averaged Sh, the leading orientation with H/d = 6.0 shows 35% lower value than that of the stationary case whereas the other rotating cases lead to a similar value of the stationary case.     

Liquid Jet Impingement Heat Transfer with or without Boiling

The purpose of this paper is to summarize the important studies in the area of impingement heat transfer with or without phase change, with emphasis on the research conducted at Beijing Polytechnic University mainly with circular jets. Heat transfer characteristics of single phase jets are discussed in detail. Comment is presented on boiling heat transfer of impinging jets for steady and transient states. Some special colling configurations of two-phase jets are also introduced.     

阵列射流冲击冷却传热特性的数值研究

以涡轮叶片冷却技术为背景,采用带转捩的剪切应力输运(Transition SST)模型对阵列射流冲击冷却的传热特性进行数值模拟,分析了冲击Re、冲击间距、初始横向流和冲击孔排列方式的影响规律。结果表明:冲击间距对靶面平均Nu的影响存在最优值,在所计算的范围内,Zn/d=2时平均Nu最大;在冲击孔排列方式影响中,当冲击间距Zn/d≤2时,顺排孔冲击冷却传热效果优于错排,而当Zn/d≥3时,错排孔冷却传热效果优于顺排。     

Effect of nozzle sizes on jet impingement heat transfer in He-cooled divertor

The use of impinging jets for divertor cooling in the conceptual fusion power plant is attracting much attention due to its very high heat removal capability and moderate pumping power requirement. The latest and the most advanced divertor concept is based on modular design cooled by helium impinging jets. To reduce the thermal stresses, the plasma-facing side of the divertor is build up of numerous small cooling fingers cooled by an array of helium jets. In this study the influence of nozzle sizes on the heat transfer and flow characteristics of such cooling finger is investigated numerically. The main objective is to find an optimal size and distribution of nozzle diameters in the jet array in which the heat transfer would be the highest possible at an acceptable pressure drop through the cooling finger. Prior to nozzle diameters modification, the simulation results for the reference finger geometry were validated against high heat flux experiments. A good agreement was obtained. The nozzle diameters were then modified at two different mass flow rates (13.5 g/s and 6.8 g/s per cooling finger). The most critical design parameter of interest was the maximum thimble temperature, which is limited by the melting temperature of the filler material in the brazed finger joint. It has been found that an optimal jet arrangement should have equal nozzle diameters to reach the highest thimble temperature decrease, while keeping the pressure drop within reasonable limits.     

Multiple orifice synthetic jet for improvement in impingement heat transfer

Synthetic jet is potentially useful for cooling of electronic components and its utility has been investigated in previous studies. Synthetic jet will become further attractive if additional cooling can be obtained without a corresponding increase in the input power. In this context, we explore the use of multiple orifice single-cavity synthetic jet employed in direct impingement mode of cooling. Experiments are conducted for different configurations with a center orifice surrounded by multiple satellite orifices. The Reynolds number is in the range of 1000–2600 while the normalized axial distance is varied in the range of 1–30 in this study. The maximum heat transfer coefficient with multiple orifice synthetic jet is approximately 12 times that of the natural heat transfer coefficient and up to 30% more as compared to that obtained with a conventional single orifice jet. Interestingly, the average Nusselt number gets maximized at two axial distances-the two peaks can be of comparable magnitude. The appearance, location and magnitude of the two peaks depend on the number of satellite orifices and the pitch circle radius on which the satellite holes lie. It is proposed that a transition in flow behavior from multiple-jet to a combined-jet occurs, which leads to the appearance of this additional peak. The additional peak (at the smaller axial distance) can be utilized in the design of cooling solutions for compact devices. The input power reduces slightly in the multi-orifice case with respect to the conventional design. The average velocity at the surface is also obtained with the help of hot-wire anemometry. The use of multiple orifice synthetic jet does not appear to have been explored earlier and the results are expected to be useful in several practical applications.     

Synchronal measurement of flow structure and heat transfer of impingement jet

This paper will present the characteristics of flow behavior and thermal field of both free and
impingement jet issued from a circular orifice nozzle at Re=8900.The flow behavior of a single round
jet and impingement jet was observed by smoke flow visualization recorded by a high speed camera
using 5000 frame per second.Heat transfer coefficient on the impingement surface was measured by
means of infrared camera （TVS-8500,Avio） with a two-dimensional array of Indeum-Antimony （In Sb）
sensors varying in the separation distance between the nozzle and the target plate.The heat transfer
coefficient changes in time and spatial.Therefore,the root mean square distribution of the heat
transfer was obtained from the data.As a result,it was confirmed that the longitudinal vortex was
observed outside of the ring vortex,and then the longitudinal vortex was penetrated in the jet
flow.Moreover,the high value of root mean square of the heat transfer coefficient has spread radially
in stripy manner,which is caused as the results of the longitudinal vortexes flowing in the radial
direction on the impingement plate.     

受限空气射流冲击矩形柱鳍热沉换热实验研究

采用实验方法研究了受限空气冲击射流与矩形柱鳍热沉相结合的散热方式应用于芯片冷却的换热规律,采用最小二乘法对实验数据进行了拟合,并最终获得平均努塞尔数关于雷诺数、喷口高度-孔径比及普朗特数的实验准则方程。在此基础上将这种散热方式与其他空冷方式进行了换热能力的比较,结果表明此种散热方式的换热能力大大超过其他空冷方式。最后,对实验系统误差进行了分析,根据误差传递理论求得的平均努塞尔数的实验相对误差不超过6%。     

Turbulent impinging jet heat transfer enhancement due to intermittent pulsation

A numerical study was carried out of heat transfer under a pulsating turbulent slot impinging jet. The jet velocity was varied in an intermittent (on–off) fashion. The effects of the time-mean jet Reynolds number, temperature difference between the jet flow and the impinging surface, nozzle-to-target distance as well as the frequency on heat and mass transfer were examined. The numerical results indicate significant heat transfer enhancement due to intermittent pulsation of the jet flow over a wide range of conditions for both cooling and heating cases. Simulations of the flow and temperature fields show that the instantaneous heat transfer rate on the target surface is highly dependent on the hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layer development with time.     

Effects of Mach number and Reynolds number on jet array impingement heat transfer

Experimental results from the present study show substantial, independent Mach number effects (as the Reynolds number is held constant) for an array of impinging jets. The present discharge coefficients, local and spatially averaged Nusselt numbers, and local and spatially averaged recovery factors are unique because (i) these data are obtained at constant Reynolds number as the Mach number is varied, and at constant Mach number as the Reynolds number is varied, and (ii) data are given for jet impingement Mach numbers up to 0.74, and for Reynolds numbers up to 60,000. As such, results are given for experimental conditions not previously examined, which are outside the range of applicability of existing correlations.     

Numerical optimizations of hybrid-linked jet impingement heat transfer based on the genetic algorithm

ABSTRACT

The present paper considers hybrid-linked jet impingement, which involves both parallel linked jets and series linked jets. An optimization platform was established with the aid of computational fluid dynamics, response surface methodology, and genetic algorithm. Of particular interest is the influence of optimization strategies and constrain conditions on the results. With the objective function of minimal mass flow rate, the optimal structures show consistent parameters and series linked topology. On the contrary, the results for minimal pressure drop show different topologies under different constraint conditions. Such results indicate the capability of hybrid-linked jet impingement to fit a wide range of applications by changing the topology.     

Numerical analysis of heat transfer due to confined slot-jet impingement on a moving plate

Convective heat transfer from a moving isothermal hot plate due to confined slot-jet impingement is investigated numerically. Two-dimensional turbulent flow is considered. The rectangular flow geometry consists of a confining adiabatic wall placed parallel to the moving impingement surface with the slot-jet located in the middle of the confining wall. The k ? ε turbulence model with enhanced wall treatment is used for the turbulence computations. The problem parameters are the jet exit Reynolds number, ranging from 5000 to 20,000, the normalized plate velocity, ranging from 0 to 2, and the normalized distance of separation between the impingement plate and the jet exit, ranging from 6 to 8. The computed flow patterns and isotherms for various combinations of these parameters are analysed to qualitatively understand the effect of the plate motion on the heat transfer phenomena. The distribution of the local and average Nusselt numbers and the skin friction coefficients at the hot moving surface for above combinations of the flow parameters are presented. Results are compared against corresponding cases for heat transfer from a stationary plate. The analysis reveals that the average Nusselt number increases considerably with the jet exit Reynolds number as well as with the plate velocity. The average skin friction coefficient, on the other hand, is relatively insensitive to the Reynolds number but increases significantly with the plate velocity.     

Control of jet impingement heat transfer in crossflow by using a rib

Experimental studies are carried out to investigate the jet impingement heat transfer in crossflow by liquid crystal thermography (LCT). The aim is to assess the possibility of controlling heat transfer by using a rib. The crossflow Reynolds number spans from 80,000 to 160,000 and the velocity ratio ranges from 1.0 to 2.8. The results show that the presence of rib can significantly modify the heat transfer pattern of impinging jet. For all the tested cases, the presence of rib makes the Nusselt number profiles across the stagnation point change from a classical bell-shaped profile to a plateau-like pattern, indicating the enhanced heat transfer region expands more as the rib is present. In particular, the presence of rib has a more pronounced effect on the enhancement of heat transfer at lower velocity ratios (R = 1.0 and R = 1.4). However, in such cases, the local heat transfer in the rib corner region deteriorates. At higher velocity ratios (R = 2.0 and R = 2.8), the presence of rib makes the heat transfer rate more uniform, but meanwhile, it is found that the impinging jet effect tends to be weaker.     

Effects of outlet port positions on the jet impingement heat transfer characteristics in the mini-fin heat sink

Effects of outlet port positions on the jet liquid impingement heat transfer characteristics in the mini-rectangular fin heat sink are numerically investigated. The three-dimensional governing equations for fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics are solved using finite volume scheme. The standard k-ε turbulent model is employed to solve the model for describing the heat transfer behaviors. The predicted results obtained from the model are verified by the measured data. The predicted results are reasonable agreement with the measured data. The outlet port positions have significant effect on the uniformities in velocity and temperature. Based on the results from this study, it is expected to lead to guidelines that will allow the design of the cooling system to ensure the electronic devices at the safe operating temperature.     

Multiobjective optimization study of jet impingement heat transfer through a porous passage configuration

The present study reports an optimized configuration of multijets impinging through porous passages, providing a viable solution for applications requiring localized heat transfer. The cascaded collision lattice Boltzmann numerical method is initially validated with the in-house experimental results of single jet impinging through a porous passage configuration. A multiobjective optimization study using Kriging-GA algorithm is conducted on a single jet impinging through a porous passage at a Reynolds number of 400, considering Darcy number, porosity, and porous passage height as variables and Nusselt number, nondimensional pressure drop as the conflicting objectives. The optimal parameters from the generated pareto plot are chosen attributing equal weightage to Nusselt number and nondimensional pressure drop. Finally, an optimal pitch for multijets impinging through optimized porous passages is determined to maximize heat transfer performance.     

Secondary flows and extra heat transfer enhancement of ribbed surfaces with jet impingement

Previous experiments recognize that substantial heat transfer augmentation is achieved by adding ribbed turbulators after jet impingement with cross flow present. To address fundamental working mechanisms, conjugate CFD simulations are employed for ribs, jet impingement, and their combinations. Flow characteristics and drawbacks for the individual and combined enhancement techniques are highlighted. New analysis on the coupled design arrangement reveals that the counter-rotating vortices generated by the jet flow can energize inter-rib recirculating vortices and promote span-wise convection. With an optimal design combination arrangement, extra heat transfer benefit is achieved beyond that associated with simple superposition of rib and jet impingement techniques.     

Conjugated heat transfer investigation with racetrack-shaped jet hole and double swirling chamber in rotating jet impingement

A numerical study is performed to investigate the effects of jet hole shape and channel geometry on impingement cooling for both stationary and rotating condition. Two hole shapes and two channel geometries are introduced to counteract the adverse effects of centrifugal force and Coriolis force which are induced by rotation. Both the fluid and solid part are considered for realizing the conjugate heat transfer simulation. The unsteady k-ω SST turbulence model was employed to obtain the time-averaged Nusselt number distributions, time-averaged temperature and temperature gradient fields and the turbulent flow structure. The results show that the cooling jet from the racetrack-shaped hole can effectively withstand the intensive streamwise crossflow to enhance the heat transfer. The double swirling chamber (DSC) channel significantly improves the heat transfer characteristics on the cambered surface and diminishes the adverse effects of the Coriolis force. The high Nu number region is expanded while the temperature uniformity is improved. The combination of the racetrack-shaped hole and DSC channel provides the highest heat transfer among the four cases. The averaged Nu numbers on both the leading and trailing sides for all tested cases show obvious downtrend as rotation number increases, especially at high Reynolds number.