Analytical investigation of response modification (behaviour) factor,R, for reinforced concrete frames rehabilitated by steel chevron bracing

Steel bracing of reinforced concrete (RC) frames has received noticeable attention in recent years as a retrofitting measure to increase the shear capacity of the existing RC buildings. In order to evaluate the seismic behaviour of steel-braced RC frames, some key response parameters, including the ductility and the overstrength factors, should first be determined. These two parameters are incorporated in structural design through a force reduction or a response modification factor. In this paper, the ductility and the overstrength factors as well as the response modification factor (or seismic behaviour factor) for steel chevron-braced RC frames have been evaluated by performing inelastic pushover analyses of brace-frame systems of different heights and configurations. The effects of some parameters influencing the value of behaviour factor, including the height of the frame and share of bracing system from the applied lateral load have been investigated. It is found that the latter parameter has a more localised effect on the R values and its influence does not warrant generalisation at this stage. However, the height of this type of lateral load-resisting system has a profound effect on the R factor, as it directly affects the ductility capacity of the dual system. Finally, based on the findings presented in the article, tentative R values have been proposed for steel chevron-braced moment-resisting RC frame dual systems for different ductility demands and compared with different type of bracing systems.     

Equivalent viscous damping in direct displacement‐based design of steel braced reinforced concrete frames

Performance‐based design method, particularly direct displacement‐based design (DDBD) method, has been widely used for seismic design of structures. Estimation of equivalent viscous damping factor used to characterize the substitute structure for different structural systems is a dominant parameter in this design methodology. In this paper, results of experimental and numerical investigations performed for estimating the equivalent viscous damping in DDBD procedure of two lateral resistance systems, moment frames and braced moment frames, are presented. For these investigations, cyclic loading tests are conducted on scaled moment resisting frames with and without bracing. The experimental results are also used to calibrate full‐scale numerical models. A numerical investigation is then conducted on a set of analytical moment resisting frames with and without bracing. The equivalent viscous damping and ductility of each analytical model are calculated from hysteretic responses. On the basis of analytical results, new equations are proposed for equivalent viscous damping as a function of ductility for reinforced concrete and steel braced reinforced concrete frames. As a result, the new equation is used in direct displacement‐based design of a steel braced reinforced concrete frame. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

门式刚架轻钢结构支撑体系计算方法的探讨

分析比较门式刚架轻钢结构的支撑计算的三种方法，对支撑体系的计算提出合理的方案。     

Behavior and design of reinforced concrete frames retrofitted with steel bracing against progressive collapse

Steel bracing is able to improve progressive collapse resistance of reinforced concrete (RC) frames, but the bracing design is typically based on seismic retrofitting or lateral stability. There is no approach for design of steel bracing against progressive collapse. To this end, a retrofitting approach with steel braces is proposed based on analysis of macro finite element (FE) models with fiber beam elements. The FE models were initially validated through the experimental results of a braced frame and then used to investigate the effects of pertinent parameters on the progressive collapse resistance of planar frames. The results suggest the braces should be placed at the top story. Thereafter, macro FE models are built to investigate the dynamic responses of the three‐dimensional prototype RC frames under different column removal scenarios (CRS) and show the necessity of retrofitting. Accordingly, the design approach of steel bracing is proposed with incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) and assuming independent contribution of braces and frames to resistance. Finally, the fragility analysis of the frames under a corner‐penultimate‐exterior CRS is conducted through IDA and Monte Carlo simulation, and the results confirm the validity of the proposed design approach for retrofitting RC frames.     

不同支撑形式的型钢混凝土剪力墙抗震性能试验研究

型钢混凝土剪力墙具有强度高、刚度大、稳定性好等优点,广泛应用在高层建筑中。为研究不同支撑形式对型钢混凝土剪力墙抗震性能的影响,进行了3个1/3缩尺的型钢混凝土剪力墙(型钢支撑布置形式分别为X型、AC1型和AC2型)和1个普通混凝土剪力墙对比试件在低周反复荷载作用下的试验研究,得到了其破坏过程的变化规律和破坏模式,分析了不同型钢支撑类型对剪力墙抗剪承载能力、裂缝开展、刚度、延性及耗能的影响规律。试验研究表明:型钢支撑对剪力墙的承载能力、刚度、延性及耗能性能均有较大幅度提高。试验研究表明:AC1型、AC2型和X型型钢支撑的剪力墙极限承载能力较普通混凝土剪力墙分别提升了71.9%、64.6%和49.4%,其延性系数分别提高了19.3%、5.0%和14.5%;型钢混凝土剪力墙的刚度退化速率与普通混凝土剪力墙相比更加缓慢,而且中后期刚度明显优于普通混凝土剪力墙;型钢混凝土剪力墙的塑性区范围较普通混凝土显著增加,试验获得的滞回曲线也更加饱满。     

Direct displacement‐based design of steel‐braced reinforced concrete frames

This study investigates a direct displacement‐based design procedure for dual system structures composed of reinforced concrete frames and steel bracings. In this procedure, in order to establish the design displacement profile before any analysis, strength proportions between bracings and frames are assigned. By using the displacement profile and damping characteristics of the structural components, the structure can be represented as an equivalent single‐degree‐of‐freedom system. The effective period and secant stiffness of the structure are then calculated, and finally, after the base shear was computed, the design process can be implemented. Structures with 4, 8 and 12 stories have been designed using this methodology, and in order to validate it, seven accelerograms have been used for nonlinear time‐history analysis of the above structures. The results demonstrate the efficiency of this procedure. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

预应力及非预应力型钢混凝土框架受力及抗震性能试验研究

进行了两榀预应力型钢混凝土框架和非预应力型钢混凝土框架在竖向荷载及水平低周反复荷载作用下受力与抗震性能试验研究,研究结果表明：在型钢混凝土梁中采用预应力,可以有效地控制结构裂缝宽度,改善结构的正常使用性能;梁中施加预应力没有明显改变型钢混凝土结构优良的抗震性能,预应力型钢混凝土框架低周反复加载滞回曲线饱满,抗震性能优良;在型钢混凝土梁中施加预应力,可以充分发挥型钢与混凝土等材料各自的优势。在试验研究的基础上,提出了预应力型钢混凝土框架和型钢混凝土框架的三线型恢复力模型,并利用该恢复力模型进行了预应力型钢混凝土框架和型钢混凝土框架在低周反复荷载作用下的滞回性能分析,分析结果与试验结果吻合良好。     

钢筋混凝土圆环支撑系统在深基坑设计与施工中的应用

由于城市发展不断往地下空间延伸,周边环境复杂、临坑建筑密集、开挖深度大的基坑越来越多。钢筋混凝土圆环支撑由于结构受力合理、位移变形较小、方便土方开挖等优点,在城市特大深基坑支护工程中应用日益广泛。结合笔者多年基坑支护设计与施工的工程实际经验,本文分析了钢筋混凝土圆环支撑在设计和施工过程中应注意的问题,如支撑刚度、角部支撑布置、支撑立柱计算、支撑结构裂缝处理和支撑结构静爆拆除等;探讨了实际钢筋混凝土圆环支撑基坑案例中位移计算结果与监测数据存在一定差别的原因。希望文中的经验总结能给基坑工作者在深基坑内撑支护结构设计与施工提供一定的参考价值。     

Horizontal bracing to enhance progressive collapse resistance of steel moment frames

In this paper, the effect of horizontal bracing on enhancing the resistance of steel moment frames against progressive collapse is investigated. Previously designed 6 bay by 3 bay 18‐story steel frame prototype building with 6 m bay span (namely, unbraced frame), which was susceptible to progressive collapse, is retrofitted by four types of horizontal bracing systems on the perimeter of the topmost story and analyzed using 3D nonlinear dynamic method. Six different cross‐sections for each bracing system type are considered, and the capacity curves for each model are obtained. Three column removal circumstances, namely, Edge Short Column, First Edge Long Column, and Edge Long Column are considered in this paper. The results imply that horizontal bracing would increase the resistance of moment frames against progressive collapse. However, one of the bracing types in which axial compressive force is created in braces is not appropriate for retrofitting.     

翼缘削弱的型钢混凝土框架抗震性能研究

为了研究翼缘削弱的型钢混凝土框架的抗震性能,对一榀两跨三层型钢混凝土框架模型进行了低周反复荷载试验。框架模型按"强柱弱梁"原则设计,且对节点核心区附近梁端工字形型钢的上、下翼缘采取狗骨式削弱,并适当增加最大削弱部位纵向钢筋的配筋率。通过对框架模型顶层施加低周反复水平荷载,观察了框架模型的破坏过程,测得框架模型的荷载-位移滞回曲线和骨架曲线以及各阶段的荷载和位移值,并分析了框架模型的延性、耗能、强度降低、刚度退化以及破坏机制。试验结果表明:框架模型的承载能力、变形能力和耗能能力高,延性大(延性系数大于7),满足延性框架的抗震要求。进一步分析了翼缘削弱在型钢混凝土框架中的具体作用。分析结果表明:翼缘削弱不仅能将塑性铰从梁端根部转移到翼缘削弱部位,从而降低节点核心区所受的剪力以及梁柱连接焊缝的应力,而且有利于框架形成梁铰耗能机构,从而提高框架的整体耗能能力。翼缘削弱能有效提高型钢混凝土框架的抗震性能,可在型钢混凝土     

钢框架梁柱节点抗震性能研究

利用有限元软件ANSYS对四种节点进行了抗震性能计算分析,结果表明：在反复荷载作用下,构造改进节点抗震性能好,能够满足我国抗震规范的要求,极限状态时,塑性铰外移,避免节点的脆性断裂。     

Analytical expressions for preliminary design of dissipative bracing systems in steel frames

In this paper a direct displacement-based design (DDBD) method for seismic design of steel frames equipped with dissipative braces is proposed. Attention is focused on concentric braced steel frames with pinned beam-to-column joints in which the bracing system (with viscoelastic or elastoplastic dissipative devices) is the main seismic resistant component. The proposed design method uses an equivalent continuous model where flexural deformability and shear deformability are related respectively to columns and diagonals of the bracing system. In this way, analytical expressions of the required flexural and shear stiffness distributions are obtained. These expressions are quite simple and can be conveniently used in preliminary design of dissipative diagonal braces and columns. Examples are shown for steel frames with dissipative braces based on elastomeric dampers (viscoelastic devices) and steel frames with buckling-restrained braces (elastoplastic devices). Results of time history analyses are illustrated and discussed in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed DDBD procedure.     

配置核心钢管的钢筋混凝土柱-钢骨混凝土梁组合框架抗震性能试验研究

进行两榀配置核心钢管的钢筋混凝土柱-钢骨混凝土梁组合框架试件在水平低周往复荷载作用下的试验研究,观察试验过程及破坏形态,研究试件的滞回特性、骨架曲线、刚度退化、耗能能力、残余变形等抗震性能,同时对梁柱端纵筋、钢骨翼缘及钢管在不同加载位移下的应变变化规律进行分析,得到框架结构的出铰顺序。研究结果表明：两榀框架滞回曲线饱满,施加预应力后仍具有较好的耗能能力和延性,表现出良好的抗震性能;框架柱底塑性铰区的钢管环向应变在整个加载过程中呈不均匀变化趋势,截面受压区钢管环向受拉,能够对受压区混凝土提供有效约束;钢骨混凝土梁由于施加预应力的作用,可延缓其裂缝的出现;此外,两榀框架试件均呈现“先梁端后柱底”的出铰顺序,能实现梁铰耗能机制,延迟柱底出铰时刻。     

Experimental study on seismic behavior of steel tube confined reinforced concrete columns subjected to combined compression-bending-torsion

为了研究钢管约束钢筋混凝土柱在轴压-弯曲-扭转耦合荷载下的抗震性能,开展了2个钢管约束钢筋混凝土柱在压-弯-扭耦合荷载下的拟静力试验,得到了弯-扭和压-弯-扭两种荷载工况下的荷载-变形曲线。试验结果表明：钢管约束钢筋混凝土柱在弯-扭荷载下的荷载-变形滞回曲线存在比较明显的“捏拢”效应,但在压-弯-扭荷载下的荷载-变形滞回曲线“捏拢”效应较小,当轴压力为受压承载力的30%时,压-弯-扭荷载下的钢管约束钢筋混凝土柱较弯-扭作用时具有更高的受弯和受扭承载力及良好的耗能能力。     

某多层RC框架和支撑—钢框架抗震性能分析

结合工程实例,采用软件SAP2000对RC框架和支撑—钢框架结构抗震性能进行了抗震性能分析,结果表明:支撑—钢框架侧移刚度要大过RC框架,在罕遇地震作用下出现塑性铰少,优化支撑后的钢框架,地震能量绝大部分被支撑所耗散。     

论述型钢混凝土在实际工程中的应用

介绍了在海口高烈度地区工业主厂房使用型钢混凝土组合结构的实际案例,通过结构分析计算,较为深入地探讨了采用型钢混凝土的原因,以及型钢混凝土结构的力学特点及优势,并针对在具体施工过程中遇到的问题和解决经验进行了详细的阐述。     

钢框架栓焊梁柱连接节点的抗震设计

节点设计是整个钢结构设计的重要环节,提高钢框架梁柱连接节点的抗震性能是整个钢结构抗震设计的重要内容.本文主要介绍了提高钢框架栓焊梁柱连接节点的抗震设计的主要措施,主要方法包括:通过加腋和加盖板对节点进行加强,提高节点承载力;对梁局部削弱,使塑性铰从节点区外移至梁上;改进节点区焊接孔构造形式,缓解局部应力集中;妥善处理弧板和垫板,减少焊缝缺陷.     

钢纤维高性能混凝土框架节点的延性分析

根据试验对钢纤维混凝土框架梁柱节点的延性进行研究,分析了梁柱节点的破坏形态及节点抗剪强度和延性性能,基于试验结果提出了考虑钢纤维、混凝土、箍筋,共同作用的节点承载力计算方法。     

轻型门式刚架结构屋盖纵向水平支撑的作用

通过对桌一轻型门式刚架轻型房屋钢结构工程加固改造案例的分析,阐述了屋面纵向支撑的作用。     

Strength of flexibly connected steel frames

An analytical study of the strength of flexibly-connected steel frames is presented. A computer program which includes the effects of material and geometric nonlinearities of members and connections is developed, and used in a parametric study which indicates that in most cases, increased connection stiffness leads to an increase of frame strength, but in exceptional cases, it may result in a slight loss of strength.