沟槽结晶器初生坯壳热力耦合模拟研究

针对钢在板坯连铸结晶器内的凝固过程,建立二维完全热力耦合有限元分析模型.应用Marc软件在计算机上运行求解,模拟在结晶器铜板内壁划分不同间距纵向沟槽时的铸坯形成过程,研究划分沟槽对坯壳形成过程的影响.结果表明:沟槽可改善结晶器铜板与坯壳间传热,有利于坯壳的均匀形成,削弱偏角区应力集中,降低裂纹发生可能性.     

板坯连铸热顶结晶器研究

连铸热顶结晶器对改善结晶器传热状况影响显著。在结晶器热面弯月面处热镀低导热性材料,增加热阻、降低热流密度、提高初生坯壳均匀性,从而改善铸坯表面质量。数值预测每增加1 mm镀层厚度,热面温度提高10~15 K;现场在线热电偶监测数据证实,热顶结晶器能够降低铜板温度5~15 K;热顶结晶器能够降低结晶器进出口水温差(即平均热流密度),促进初生坯壳均匀生长。将热顶结晶器应用到高碳钢连铸生产,显著降低了连铸纵裂发生率。     

大方坯连铸结晶器冷却制度优化研究

在分析攀钢大方坯连铸现行结晶器冷却能力的基础上,优化调整了结晶器冷却制度。结果表明,增大结晶器冷却警度,强化结晶器传热,结晶器出口坯壳厚度由14．5～15．0mm增至19．0～20．5mm;合理匹配结晶器宽窄面水量分配,可以促进结晶器区域凝固坯壳均匀生长,宽面、窄面坯壳厚度一致,有利于减少因初生坯壳厚度偏薄或厚薄不均产生的铸坯表面角部纵裂或凸包缺陷。     

酒钢连铸板坯表面纵裂成因分析及预防措施

连铸板坯表面纵裂起因于结晶器弯月面初生凝固坯壳厚度的不均匀性。针对酒钢4号连铸机的实际生产情况，调查影响板坯表面纵裂的因索，认为连铸板坯纵裂与结晶器冷却强度、钢水成分、夹杂含量、拉坯速度、钢水过热度等诸因素密切相关。通过采取相应的措施，使连铸坯纵裂指数有一定改善。     

特大断面连铸方坯结晶器出口的安全坯壳厚度

 连铸结晶器出口处坯壳的安全坯壳厚度对连铸生产的安全顺行、铸坯产品的质量及结晶器长度的设计都有很重要的影响。以特大断面700mm×700mm连铸方坯为基础,通过建立坯壳的三维计算模型对结晶器出口处坯壳厚度进行研究,应用有限元模型计算了不同厚度坯壳的应力分布情况,通过铸坯表面应力分布与材料屈服极限来判断不同厚度坯壳模型是否处于安全生产状态,确定保证安全生产的坯壳厚度的极限值。研究结果表明,坯壳厚度在26mm时表面应力达到屈服极限,随着坯壳厚度增加,铸坯表面应力减小并逐渐远离屈服极限,考虑坯壳生长的不均匀性,讨论了用来修正安全坯壳厚度的安全系数,对于本模型安全系数适用1.46,修正后坯壳的安全平均厚度38mm。     

酒钢连铸板坯表面纵裂的成因分析及改进措施

连铸板坯表面纵裂起因于结晶器弯月面初生凝固坯壳厚度的不均匀性.针对酒泉钢铁公司4号连铸机的实际生产情况,分析了影响板坯表面纵裂的因素,发现连铸板坯纵裂与结晶器冷却强度、钢水成分、夹杂含量、拉坯速度、钢水过热度等诸因素密切相关.通过采取相应的措施,可使连铸板坯纵裂指数有一定改善.     

15CrMoG钢棒材表面缺陷机理分析和工艺改进

分析得出,棒材表面细小纵裂纹和表面裂口缺陷产生于铸坯加热之前,且与结晶器弯月面保护渣有关。利用Thermo-Calc热力学软件计算15CrMoG钢凝固相变过程,结合亚包晶钢连铸凝固特点综合分析15CrMoG钢棒材表面缺陷的产生原因和产生机理。结果表明:15CrMoG钢在固相线温度附近发生包晶反应L+δ→γ和包晶转变δ→γ,不仅导致初生坯壳生长不均匀,而且加剧P、S元素在凝固前沿的偏析。而初生坯壳不均匀是导致棒材表面缺陷根本原因。棒材表面细小纵裂纹产生于结晶器内坯壳薄弱处,经过二冷和轧制工序在夹杂物和硫偏聚处扩展长大。棒材表面裂口缺陷是初生坯壳不均匀导致结晶器内液面波动大,造成铸坯夹渣所致。通过控制[C]0.16%～0.17%、[S]≤0.005%、保护渣碱度1.2、熔点≥1200℃、粘度≥1.0Pa·s,260 mm×30mm铸坯水量150 m³/h,拉速0.5 m/min等措施,裂纹合格探伤合格率由原45%提高至98%。     

高合金钢热轧带材边部表面缺陷分析

高合金钢带材在热轧过程中,边部表面经常出现缺陷,会显著降低带材的成材率。首先使用金相显微镜及电子探针分别对热轧带材和连铸坯边部表面缺陷进行形貌观察和成分分析。随后,基于结晶器反问题模型和结晶器铜板实测温度,模拟结晶器内高合金钢的传热和凝固行为。结果表明,高合金钢中气体含量过高和连铸坯边部表面缺陷是引发热轧带材边部表面缺陷的主要原因;沿连铸坯宽度方向的传热和凝固是不均匀的,尤其是靠近边部的坯壳厚度和热流降低幅度都较大,边部坯壳较薄,裂纹敏感性强。调整相应的精炼和连铸工艺,有利于改善热轧边部缺陷,改善效果显著。     

结晶器表面开槽技术效果

为了获得没有表面纵向裂纹的板坯,结晶器里的钢水在其凝固的初始阶段就有厚度均匀的凝固壳是很重要的。据报导结晶器弱冷却对坯壳均匀凝固很为奏效,并已提出某种弱冷却结晶器,本文将介绍由日本鹿岛钢厂等单位制作的另一类型弱冷却结晶器,即带有几种表面开槽图样的结晶器,试验取得了良好效果。     

小方坯脱方成因分析与对策

小方坯脱方是方坯连铸常见的质量缺陷，它的形成是钢水在结晶器内不均匀冷却，初生坯壳厚度不均匀造成，同时受其它多种因素综合影响的结果。本文将对影响小方坯脱方的工艺和设备因素进行分析，并提出相应的防止措施。     

A 3D Mathematical Modeling on Meniscus Solidification and Heat Transfer in Continuous Casting Chamfered Mold of Slab

Herein, a 3D mathematical model is established to elucidate the meniscus solidification and heat transfer in the chamfered mold. The fluid flow, heat transfer, the solidification of steel, the oscillation of the mold, and the steel–slag interfacial tension are considered, and the meniscus behavior on different longitudinal sections and cross sections is discussed. Under the influence of the upper roll flow, the height of the steel level increases from submerged entry nozzle to narrow face, which affects the distribution of the oscillation mark on the surface of the shell. With the mold chamfer and two new corners, the thickness of the slag film at the corner 1 with angle of 123.7° is the largest, and the shell thickness is the smallest, which is related to the 3D profile of the meniscus near the corner. The largest heat flux is located at 10–14 mm below the initial level of liquid steel and is below 3.0 MW m⁻². The heat flux at the corner 1 with small obtuse angle is the smallest on the same cross section, indicating that small obtuse angle near the corner resulted in the low heat transfer.     

包晶钢连铸坯表面纵裂与保护渣性能选择

 某钢厂宽厚板250 mm×1 820 mm连铸机使用包晶钢类型MB-59型保护渣生产[w(C)]为0.120%～0.150%钢种时,连铸坯表面出现大量纵向裂纹与皮下裂纹缺陷。通过提高保护渣碱度,降低保护渣黏度,改善铸坯坯壳与结晶器壁之间渣膜传热等技术措施,使铸坯的表面裂纹与皮下裂纹缺陷得到了有效控制。同时,对浇注[w(C)]为0.090%～0.120%钢种时采用MB-59型保护渣连铸坯表面无裂纹的原因进行了探讨分析,认为由于选分结晶,优先凝固的坯壳中碳质量分数低于钢液原始碳质量分数,使优先凝固的坯壳中[w(C)]实际已经小于0.090%,不再属于裂纹敏感性强的包晶钢范围,因此表面质量较好。     

微合金钢连铸坯角部裂纹控制技术研发及应用

微合金钢连铸过程频发铸坯角部裂纹缺陷是钢铁行业的共性技术难题。基于微合金钢铸坯角部裂纹组织结构与析出特征检测，以及铸坯在结晶器与二冷铸流内的凝固热/力学行为演变规律定量化模拟，开发形成了基于新型角部高效传热曲面结晶器和铸坯二冷高温区角部晶粒超细化控冷工艺与装备的微合金钢连铸坯角部裂纹控制技术。研究结果表明，传统板坯连铸工艺下，窄面直线型结晶器无法充分补偿坯壳收缩，致使厚保护渣膜与气隙在坯壳角部集中生成，大幅降低了结晶器中下部坯壳角部传热，引发微合金碳氮化物沿奥氏体晶界析出。传统二冷配水条件下，奥氏体晶界不可避免生成先共析铁素体膜低塑性组织。两者共同作用致使铸坯角部高温塑性不足而引发裂纹。通过开发新型曲面结晶器，坯壳角部于其内高效传热，凝固全程冷却速度大于5℃/s，弥散化了微合金碳氮化物高温析出。同时，基于窄面足辊超强冷新控冷结构，对铸坯角部实施γ→α→γ循环相变，铸坯角部晶粒显著超细化，高塑化控制了铸坯角部裂纹产生。     

Modeling superheat removal during continuous casting of steel slabs

To investigate superheat dissipation in a continuous slab casting machine, mathematical models have been developed to compute fluid flow velocities, temperature distribution within the liquid pool, heat transfer to the inside of the solidifying shell, and its effect on growth of the shell. Three-dimensional (3-D) velocity and heat-transfer predictions compare reasonably with pre-vious experimental measurements and two-dimensional (2-D) calculations. The results indicate that the maximum heat input to the shell occurs near the impingement point on the narrow face and confirm that most of the superheat is dissipated in or just below the mold. Superheat tem-perature and casting speed have the most important and direct influence on heat flux. The effects of other variables, including mold width, nozzle jet angle, and submergence depth, are also investigated. Calculated heat flux profiles are then input to a one-dimensional (1-D) solidifi-cation model to calculate growth of the shell. Shell thickness profiles down the wide and narrow faces are compared with the predictions of conventional heat conduction models and available measurements.     

Mold Simulator Study of Heat Transfer Phenomenon During the Initial Solidification in Continuous Casting Mold

In this paper, mold simulator trials were firstly carried out to study the phenomena of the initial shell solidification of molten steel and the heat transfer across the initial shell to the infiltrated mold/shell slag film and mold. Second, a one-dimensional inverse heat transfer problem for solidification (1DITPS) was built to determine the temperature distribution and the heat transfer behavior through the solidifying shell from the measured shell thickness. Third, the mold wall temperature field was recovered by a 2DIHCP mathematical model from the measured in-mold wall temperatures. Finally, coupled with the measured slag film thickness and the calculations of 1DITPS and 2DIHCP, the thermal resistance and the thickness of liquid slag film in the vicinity of the meniscus were evaluated. The experiment results show that: the total mold/shell thermal resistance, the mold/slag interfacial thermal resistance, the liquid film thermal resistance, and the solid film thermal resistance is 8.0 to 14.9 × 10^?4, 2.7 to 4.8 × 10^?4, 1.5 to 4.6 × 10^?4, and 3.9 to 6.8 × 10^?4 m² K/W, respectively. The percentage of mold/slag interfacial thermal resistance, liquid film thermal resistance, and solid film thermal resistance over the total mold/shell thermal resistance is 27.5 to 34.4, 17.2 to 34.0, and 38.5 to 48.8 pct, respectively. The ratio of radiation heat flux is around 14.1 to 51.9 pct in the liquid slag film.     

IF钢连铸坯凝固钩数学模拟与试验

 根据IF钢连铸坯凝固钩的形成机理,通过建立二维纵向切片传热模型,模拟了凝固钩的演变行为;结合金相试验结果分析了连铸工艺参数对凝固钩深度的影响。结果表明,在初始凝固过程中,凝固钩中经历了形成、熔化及生长等阶段,在数学模拟条件下,当结晶器内由浸入式水口流出的钢液温度为1 555 ℃、拉速为1.3 m/min时,在距离弯月面55.12 mm处,即凝固钩生长达到稳定状态,其深度为2.368 mm。当拉坯速度、结晶器内钢水温度、振动频率增加时,凝固钩深度均减小。凝固钩数学模拟结果符合实际生产。     

薄板坯连铸结晶器内流动传热行为的研究

基于珠钢CSP薄板坯连铸机设备工艺条件和所采用扁平浸入式水口结构,结合铜板测温导出的热流密度分布进行了漏斗形结晶器内钢水流动、自由液面以及传热凝固等冶金现象的综合描述和数值分析.结晶器熔池中以两个上旋涡为主的钢水循环流动局限在漏斗形结晶器内,上旋涡流股冲击和离开熔池液面分别对液面起伏波动有所贡献,弯月面下距窄边100 mm范围内有二次涡形成.除水口下方两侧存在两个具有明显过热的高温区外,熔池中绝大部分钢水的温度在液相线附近保持恒定,铸坯表面温度分布和坯壳发育过程均反映出水口高温射流的影响,铸坯表面最高温区位于熔池液面下方靠近结晶器窄边的地方.     

Analysis of the nonuniform slag film,mold friction,and the new cracking criterion for round billet continuous casting

A method predicting the thickness of solid and liquid slag films is presented to understand the complicated heat transfer from the strand to mold for round billet continuous casting. A mathematical model is also developed to calculate the liquid slag lubrication and solid slag friction on the basis of mechanics of viscous fluids and the contact state between the solidifying shell and mold. And a new criterion, based on the nonuniformity of mold heat transfer around the perimeter is proposed to predict the longitudinal crack. The results show that in the upper mold the distribution of the thickness of liquid slag film is similar with that of the solid one, and both of them are nonuniform around the mold perimeter, so does the mold friction. Increasing the casting speed could advance the time of crack formation for one casting process. By comparison, the sensitive area of the longitudinal crack predicted by the new criterion corresponds to that by a stress-based crack criterion. It may lay the theoretical foundation for the on-line detection of billet quality and the visualization of the continuous casting mold process.     

连铸坯凝固过程热力耦合有限元模拟

 以铸坯和结晶器之间的间隙热阻为纽带,考虑保护渣凝固对接触热阻和渣膜热阻的影响,建立了连铸结晶器与铸坯热力耦合模型并编写了相应的有限元仿真程序。模型预测的坯壳厚度和实验结果吻合良好,两者差值≤2 mm。应用模型分析了大方坯连铸结晶器内的传热过程和坯壳的应力分布。结果表明,随着拉速提高,凝固坯壳厚度减薄,铸坯产生角部裂纹的趋势增加。     

Heat-transfer and solidification model of continuous slab casting: CON1D

A simple, but comprehensive model of heat transfer and solidification of the continuous casting of steel slabs is described, including phenomena in the mold and spray regions. The model includes a one-dimensional (1-D) transient finite-difference calculation of heat conduction within the solidifying steel shell coupled with two-dimensional (2-D) steady-state heat conduction within the mold wall. The model features a detailed treatment of the interfacial gap between the shell and mold, including mass and momentum balances on the solid and liquid interfacial slag layers, and the effect of oscillation marks. The model predicts the shell thickness, temperature distributions in the mold and shell, thickness of the resolidified and liquid powder layers, heat-flux profiles down the wide and narrow faces, mold water temperature rise, ideal taper of the mold walls, and other related phenomena. The important effect of the nonuniform distribution of superheat is incorporated using the results from previous three-dimensional (3-D) turbulent fluid-flow calculations within the liquid pool. The FORTRAN program CONID has a user-friendly interface and executes in less than 1 minute on a personal computer. Calibration of the model with several different experimental measurements on operating slab casters is presented along with several example applications. In particular, the model demonstrates that the increase in heat flux throughout the mold at higher casting speeds is caused by two combined effects: a thinner interfacial gap near the top of the mold and a thinner shell toward the bottom. This modeling tool can be applied to a wide range of practical problems in continuous casters.