稀土元素Ce对H13钢热疲劳性能的影响

对不同Ce含量的H13钢进行1040℃油淬和580℃两次回火处理后进行热疲劳循环试验，采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜及硬度计对不同热疲劳循环次数下试验钢的显微组织、裂纹形貌及硬度进行分析。结果表明，试验钢热疲劳循环后显微组织为回火索氏体，热疲劳裂纹优先在预先处理的缺口尖端处萌生，热疲劳循环过程中出现的氧化凹坑和夹杂物会促使裂纹生成，裂纹不断扩展，宽度增加。稀土Ce对试验钢组织和晶粒尺寸有明显的细化作用，提升试验钢的抗软化能力，抑制热疲劳裂纹的生长，其中最佳稀土Ce含量为0.026%。     

球墨铸铁显微组织对裂纹扩展阻力的影响

在裂纹第一阶段区域的附近进行了裂纹扩展试验，试验在三种不同基体组织的球墨铸铁上进行，基体组织分别为铁素体、牛眼状铁素体和珠光体，抗拉强度分别为380，500和700MPa。铁素体基体球墨铸铁的裂纹扩展速度da／dN随着应力场强度因子△K的下降而连续下降；另一方面，牛眼状铁素体和珠光体基体的球墨铸铁在裂纹扩展速度da／dN-△K图上呈现出不连续下降。将试验结果与根据断裂力学计算出局部裂纹尖端的△K计算结果进行了比较。在从da／dN-△K图上在不连续下降的下段△K的计算结果与假定裂纹尖端拉一压区域有一颗石墨球用断裂力学计算出的结果相当吻合。但是，如果假定在周期性的应力集中区域含有多个始末颗粒，铁素体基体球墨铸铁的计算值小于△Km。可以相信球墨铸铁的疲劳断裂机理受到石墨颗粒间距，裂纹尖端塑性区域和石墨颗粒周围的应力集中的显著影响。     

TC4-DT钛合金疲劳裂纹扩展及裂纹尖端塑性区

研究了TC4-DT钛合金不同组织的疲劳裂纹扩展行为,观察了疲劳裂纹在不同显微组织中的裂纹扩展路径,分析了不同显微组织的裂纹尖端塑性区变形情况,并与理论计算结果进行了对比。结果表明,疲劳裂纹在片层组织中扩展路径曲折,且片层组织的裂纹尖端塑性区较双态组织的大,理论计算的裂纹尖端塑性区的范围较实际测量的范围小得多。     

中碳马氏体钢中铁素体析出对裂纹扩展的影响研究

研究了中碳马氏体钢的组织和力学性能的关系。结果表明,马氏体中有少量铁素体析出,疲劳裂纹会优先沿铁素体扩展,疲劳裂纹的扩展速率下降,而断裂韧性和门槛值略有提高。     

X80管线钢的焊接冷裂纹试验

为了实现焊接时焊缝金属的纯净化与晶粒细化,减小焊缝的裂纹率.通过碳当量计算公式,判断X80管线钢的淬硬倾向;通过小铁研试验计算了在25℃、50 ℃、100 ℃和150 ℃的预热温度下X80管线钢的焊接裂纹率;利用金相方法分析了裂纹的性质和不同预热温度时焊接接头熔合区的金相组织.结果表明:X80管线钢淬硬倾向较小,焊后一般不需要热处理,小铁研试验出现的裂纹为冷裂纹;随着预热温度的升高,裂纹率显著降低;焊接接头熔合区显微组织为粒状贝氏体 板条贝氏体 铁索体,随着预热温度的升高,线能量的降低,晶粒粗化现象得到缓解,粒状贝氏体组织增加,降低了冷裂纹敏感性.     

冲击磨损表层非晶组织的形成机理

HRTEM观察到45钢冲击磨损表面的非晶-纳米晶混合组织由几个纳米的晶粒和非晶组成,而沿着裂纹表面有非晶呈带状分布。热力学计算表明,在冲击载荷下可能存在一种新的非晶形成机理,非晶可由纳米晶粒转化而来,而裂纹表面是非晶形成的优先位置,与观察结果相符,且界面能在非晶转变中起到主要作用。计算结果还表明材料内部也可形成非晶,但阻力较大。而不经由纳米晶直接由高密度位错区形成非晶则非常困难。     

Al67Mn8Ti25合金的解理裂纹

利用Ｓｔｒｏｈ 位错塞积模型解释了Ｌ１２ 结构Ａｌ６７ Ｍｎ８Ｔｉ２５ 合金室温解理裂纹的萌生。计算表明,位错塞积优先在与滑移面成３５ ．３°方向诱发微裂纹, 导致解理断裂。经室温弯曲断口解理面取向的电子背散射衍射（ＥＢＳＤ） 测试结果验证表明,Ｌ１２ 结构Ａｌ６７ Ｍｎ８Ｔｉ２５ 合金室温解理断裂裂纹优先在｛１１０｝ 晶面萌生     

ADB610钢焊接接头疲劳裂纹扩展机理分析

采用焊条电弧焊方法对ADB610钢进行焊接,对焊接接头进行了疲劳裂纹扩展试验和金相试验,从微观机理上分析三区域疲劳裂纹扩展差异。采用两步七点拟合法计算焊缝区、热影响区以及母材区在一系列相同裂纹长度下的对数裂纹扩展速率均值和方差,发现:总体上焊缝区裂纹扩展分散性最大,母材区的最小;焊缝区裂纹扩展最慢,母材区的最快;裂纹扩展末期,三区域裂纹扩展差异不大。对金相组织研究结果表明:焊缝和热影响区的金相组织差异稍大,母材区金相组织差异较小,而且焊缝区晶粒较细,热影响区有网状组织结构,热影响区和母材区晶粒较粗大。这导致疲劳裂纹扩展性能方面焊缝和热影响区的分散性较大,母材区和热影响区裂纹扩展抗力低于焊缝区,母材区的低于热影响区。     

Co-P合金镀层热疲劳裂纹萌生扩展的研究

对钢结硬质合金表面进行Co-P合金化学镀,对镀层进行25～680℃的热疲劳试验,研究了热疲劳裂纹在镀层的萌生与扩展特征。结果表明:热裂纹的出现包括孕育期、萌生期与扩展期;热裂纹优先在镀层表面应力最集中的区域萌生;在热裂纹萌生和扩展的同时伴随着氧化腐蚀,氧化腐蚀缩短裂纹的孕育期,促进裂纹的萌生。     

多晶硅制备关键设备用ENiCrMo-2焊条抗裂性

针对ENiCrMo-2镍基焊条采用焊条电弧焊方法焊接130 mm厚12Cr2Mo1R高强钢，通过拉伸试验、纵向弯曲试验及扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察断口形貌，对熔敷金属的热裂纹敏感性进行探究，获得熔敷金属的裂纹敏感性指数，并利用组织形貌以及晶界析出物解释熔敷金属的抗裂性，通过SEM观察熔敷金属横纵向拉伸试验断口形貌。结果表明，在断口中绝大部分为韧窝，且韧窝大小均匀，未在断口中发现热裂纹；利用体式显微镜统计圆棒拉伸以及纵向弯曲表面裂纹长度，并通过计算得到焊缝金属的热裂纹敏感性分别为2.23×10^-3和6.08×10^-3 mm/mm²；借助JMatPro计算和熔敷金属显微组织表征得出熔敷金属裂纹敏感性较低的原因在于晶界形貌曲折，且在晶界上存在富钼碳化物钉扎晶界。     

CRACKING BEHAVIOR AND MECHANICAL ANALYSIS ON DUPLEX STRUCTURE UNDER CYCLIC LOADING

On the basis of stress-strain analysis under cyclic loading,the mechanism,origin and cyclicnumber of microcraek nucleation of duplex structure materials,saying ferrite plus martensite,have been experimentally studied and calculated.Both results are in fair mutual agreement.The morphology,distribution,size and relative quantities of the constitutional phase,especially strengthening phase,as well as the stress-strain distribution and variation in micro-regionare directly influential in the origin of microcracks in duplex structure materials.     

Dislocation structures in the bands of localised cyclic plastic strain in austenitic 316L and austenitic-ferritic duplex stainless steels

Dislocation structures in bands corresponding to cyclic strain localisation have been studied in two types of stainless steels, single phase austenitic 316L steel and two-phase austenitic-ferritic duplex steel. Dislocation structures are documented in thin foils oriented approximately perpendicular to the active slip plane of individual grains and parallel to the primary Burgers vector. Persistent slip bands, with the structure more or less reminiscent of the well-known ladder structure, were found in austenitic grains of both steels. These bands can be correlated with the distinct surface relief consisting of extrusions, intrusions and shallow surface cracks in austenitic phase. No clear features which can prove the existence of the persistent Lu¨ders bands in austenitic grains were found. The distribution of the wall and labyrinth structure embedded in the matrix structure in ferritic grains, which was proposed to be responsible for the localisation of the cyclic strain, however, does not correspond to the distribution of the distinct surface slip lines on the surface.     

双相不锈钢管液压胀管破裂原因分析

采用宏观观察、金相观察、扫描电子显微分析、能谱分析、电子背散射衍射分析等方法,对换热器制造时,液压胀管工艺导致2205不锈钢管破裂的原因进行了分析研究。结果表明:双相不锈钢管的裂纹源处于钢管外表面单相奥氏体带状组织区域,且该区域内部晶粒粗大并存在局部的成分偏析,于胀管前已存在微裂纹。胀管时由于裂纹尖端应力集中,导致裂纹向管壁内侧扩展,最终贯穿破裂。     

Finite element analysis of stress distribution in thermal barrier coatings

A numerical simulation of crack development within APS TBC systems is presented. The TGO thickening and creep deformation of all system constituents is modelled. Two dimensional periodic unit cell is used to examine the effect of interfacial asperity on stress distribution and subsequent delamination of APS TBC. A study of cyclic loading and of creep of the base material on the stress distribution close to the asperity at the TGO/BC interface is made, revealing a small in?uence influence of both on the stress state in the thermal barrier coating system subjected to temperature loading. Cohesive zone elements at the oxide/ceramic interface model the development of the interfacial micro-crack. The finite element analysis shows that the development of the interfacial crack allows for a micro-crack formation within APS TBC. Subsequent TGO growth results in a tensional zone within the oxide layer. Linking of the micro-cracks at the interface and within TBC through TGO could lead to a coating delamination in the unit cell.     

Low cycle fatigue life: Dependence on test mode

Fatigue hardening and softening in materials result in different lives in low cycle fatigue, depending on the test mode. The problem is discussed based on the cyclic stress-strain relation, and a suitable testing mode is suggested for the design of structural parts, which are subjected to either constant load or constant displacement fatigue.     

双相不锈钢热老化现象的研究进展

双相不锈钢兼具优异的力学性能、耐腐蚀性以及抗辐照能力,是核电站一回路主管道的关键结构材料。然而,在服役环境下长期工作,双相不锈钢中铁素体会发生调幅分解,生成富Fe的α相和富Cr的α′相,即产生热老化脆化现象,从而恶化合金的力学性能。本文综述了双相不锈钢的热老化机制,探索不同因素对合金相分解的影响,进而分析其微观组织及动力学演化规律。此外,利用计算机模拟平台对合金的相分解过程进行预测,可以缩短材料的研发周期和降低成本,对迫切解决双相不锈钢的热老化问题具有重要帮助。     

Fe51Mn30Cr19低活化双相多主元合金中χ相与M23C6碳化物在475 ℃回火过程中的析出行为

通过XRD、SEM、EBSD和TEM等手段研究了低活化双相多主元合金Fe₅₁Mn₃₀Cr₁₉在475 ℃回火过程中χ相与M₂₃C₆的析出行为。结果表明,试验材料在回火过程中χ相与M₂₃C₆碳化物析出行为既有相似性又存在差异性。两种析出相的相似性是χ相与其基体铁素体相和M₂₃C₆与其基体奥氏体相都满足立方-立方位向关系,且析出相与基体晶格常数比值都十分接近3∶1。两种析出相在回火过程中差异性在于χ相首先以点状析出相形式于铁素体内部产生,析出过程不存在元素偏聚,而M₂₃C₆的析出总起始于铁素体/奥氏体界面,然后逐渐向铁素体区域扩展,析出过程存在明显的铬元素偏聚。根据两种析出相晶格结构并与其母相对比,分析了两种析出相的形成机理。通过对低活化双相多主元合金析出特征的分析,能够为析出相的控制与材料性能设计提供重要的参考依据。     

Modeling Deformation in Two-Phase Alloys

There are a number of two-phase alloys which are technologically important. These include α-β titanium alloys and two-phase steels. Modeling of deformation of such alloys, however, is a difficult task for the simple reason that a number of factors have to be considered simultaneously. Whenever a metal consisting of more than one-phase with different stress-strain behavior is subjected to stress, neither the stresses nor the strains are constant. The softer phase deforms more than the harder phase. The actual stress and strain distributions depend on the morphology of phases. Therefore, the simple law of mixtures rule is inadequate to study stress/strain behavior in these two phase materials. The Finite Element Method (FEM), which has been successfully used for stress analysis, appears to be a viable tool for studying stress-strain behavior of two-phase materials. Some of the predictions of FEM were corroborated by experiment. With some improvements in computer programs dealing with FEM, this method can be applied for various problems of stress-strain and fracture behavior in two-phase materials.     

激光熔化沉积300M超高强度钢的显微组织

利用OM和SEM分析了激光熔化沉积快速成形300M钢薄板的显微组织,测试了硬度随沉积高度的变化规律.结果表明:薄板状试样具有细小、均匀的胞状树枝晶组织,其显微组织随沉积高度增加变化显著,底部为贝氏体及马氏体回火组织,中、下部为无碳化物贝氏体 岛状马氏体/奥氏体(M-A)组织,中、上部为马氏体和贝氏体的混合组织;试样宏观硬度沿沉积增高方向呈台阶状变化,3个硬度平台区分别对应于上述3种不同的显微组织.试样显微组织及硬度随沉积高度的变化是由于激光熔化沉积过程中不同沉积高度处的材料经历的快速非稳态热循环历史不同,从而发生不同的固态相变过程所致.     

Experimental investigation of plastic deformation of stainless steel for cyclic loading at low temperature

Cyclic plastic deformation of stainless steel SUS 304 is experimentally investigated at low temperature of liquid nitrogen (77 K) under various cyclic loading conditions Thin walled tubular specimens are subjected to cyclic loading under constant strain ranges. At low temperature, the material shows remarkable hardening by cyclic loading comparing with cyclic loading at room temperature. The hysteresis curves of stress-strain relations by cyclic loading are saturated by increasing the cycle numbers. The saturation tendency depends on loading direction. The saturated stress values are related with cumulative plastic strain of cyclic loading. The prestraining is given at 77 K by axial and torsional loadings, and subsequent cyclic loading under constant strain range is conducted at 77 K. The cyclic stress-strain curves are saturated by increasing cyclic numbers. At small cyclic numbers, cyclic plastic deformation depends on the prestrain direction. The directional effect of pre-strain on cyclic loading becomes small with increasing number of cycles.