CO2气体保护焊短路过渡控制技术的研究现状与展望

CO2气体保护焊因成本低、生产率高等特点,广泛应用于制造业。随着制造业节能减排的需求日益增加及汽车轻量化概念的推广,制造业对薄板焊接的要求不断提高,传统的焊接方式已不能满足其要求。CO2短路过渡焊相对于传统的焊接方式(钨极氩弧焊、熔化极氩弧焊、激光焊等),具有高热稳定性、低热输入、低熔深等特点,但其焊接飞溅大、焊缝成形差,从而限制了其广泛应用。CO2短路过渡焊接过程是由燃弧阶段与短路阶段组成的复杂的非线性时变系统,熔滴过渡过程决定了焊接过程的稳定性与焊缝成形的优劣。燃弧阶段熔滴在电磁收缩力、表面张力、等离子流力、金属蒸发反作用力等多种力的共同作用下长大并与熔池接触短路,同时形成稳定液桥。短路阶段,液桥在表面张力、电磁收缩力和粘滞力的作用下形成缩颈并断开。燃弧阶段的熔滴尺寸、振荡特性,短路阶段熔池的振荡特性、峰值电流都对熔滴过渡稳定性有十分重要的影响。针对短路过渡焊飞溅产生机制的研究表明,熔滴、熔池的氧化还原反应、短路前期产生的瞬时短路和短路末期液桥电爆炸是导致焊接过程不稳定及产生飞溅的主要因素。国内外众多焊接研究者针对CO2短路过渡焊熔滴过渡过程及控制技术进行了大量的研究与探索,研究工作主要分为四个方向:焊接材料成分的优化,基于焊接电源输出电信号的熔滴过渡建模及控制,基于视觉传感技术的熔滴过渡控制和基于磁控技术的CO2短路过渡焊接技术。活性焊丝和药性焊丝的推广可有效降低焊接飞溅;波控技术及衍生的CMT技术在使用小电流参数焊接时取得了优异的焊接效果;中、小电流参数条件下,磁控焊接技术可有效解决焊接飞溅和成形差问题。本文从焊丝、电源、外加磁场形式和工艺四个方面综述了国内外CO2气体保护焊短路过渡控制技术的研究现状,首先分析了CO2短路过渡焊焊接飞溅的产生机理,其次介绍了典型的CO2气体保护焊短路过渡控制技术的原理、特点和局限性,分析了不同短路过渡控制技术的特点,最后阐述了目前短路过渡控制技术在研究和应用过程中存在的问题及解决办法,并对该领域下一步发展趋势进行了展望。     

减少短路过渡CO_2焊接飞溅新途径

利用诱导冲脉电流诱导熔滴过渡是减少CO_2短路过渡焊接飞溅的新方法。这个方法不仅明显地减少了金属飞溅,而且也使熔滴过渡规律化,增强了焊接过程的稳定性,改善了焊缝成形。本文详细地讨论和分析了这种熔滴过渡的特点及其减少飞溅的原因。     

两种70kg级实芯焊丝的电弧物理特征分析

采用汉诺威焊接质量分析仪与焊接过程高速摄影,测试分析了在混合气体保护焊条件下,进口与国产两种70 kg级实芯焊丝的电弧物理特性,发现两种实芯焊丝均以短路过渡为主,并从熔滴行为特征、电弧电压和焊接电流波形、短路时间等方面分析了两者之间焊接工艺性的差异。针对两种焊丝所表现出的电弧物理特性及熔滴过渡形态的差异,采用PHI 595SAM扫描俄歇微探针对两种焊丝表面进行成分分析。     

逆变GMAW焊机短路过渡波形控制研究

为了实现对GMAW焊短路过渡过程精确和优化控制,首先研究短路过渡不同阶段的熔滴过渡过程,在充分利用IGBT逆变GMAW焊机优异的动态响应性能的基础上,研究了多种不同的短路过渡波形控制方式,并提出一种短路燃弧状态控制法.当短路发生后,电流先保持在一较低值,然后以斜率可以调节的双折线规律上升.在燃弧阶段,调节控制回路参数,控制燃弧电流的变化速度,保证充足的燃弧能量.实验表明,采用该种控制方式的GMAW电源可以有效的减少焊接飞溅,改善工艺性能.     

双丝单弧气保焊熔滴过渡及焊缝成形

双丝单弧气保焊是一种新型熔化极焊接方法,系统由单电源、单送丝机构和单焊枪组成,双丝共用一个具有两孔的导电嘴,单电源通过导电嘴同时向双丝输出电流形成单个电弧,双丝末端熔滴相互吸引形成共熔滴并稳定过渡到熔池。采用高速摄像、信息同步采集及焊接电源等装备,开发双丝单弧气保焊熔滴过渡试验系统,研究了不同焊接电流参数对熔滴大小、过渡行为及焊缝形貌的影响,并阐明了双丝单弧气保焊熔滴过渡机理。结果表明：随着焊接电流的增大,熔滴过渡形式依次为多脉一滴、一脉一滴、射流过渡和潜弧射流过渡四种模式,过渡频率逐渐增大,熔滴体积逐渐减小。焊缝形貌研究表明,随着焊接电流增大,焊缝熔深逐渐增大,熔宽先增大后减小,当焊接电流为570 A时,焊缝截面成形质量最佳,此时熔敷速度为15.8 kg/h。     

脉冲参数对高强奥氏体焊丝MIG焊接熔滴过渡的影响

采用高速摄像技术和汉诺威弧焊分析仪研究了脉冲频率、基值电流、脉宽比以及脉冲波形对H08Cr18Ni27Mo6奥氏体焊丝MIG焊接熔滴过渡的影响,结果表明,脉冲频率、基值电流与脉宽比对熔滴过渡影响较大,而脉冲波形影响较小,采用较高脉冲频率、较小的脉宽比并结合适当的基值电流能够获得理想的熔滴过渡形式。     

焊接电流对不锈钢焊条熔滴过渡及熔滴中夹杂物的影响

采用水中收集熔滴、光学显微分析、电子扫描能谱分析、计算机图象分析及平板堆焊等试验方法,研究了焊接电流对E308-16不锈钢焊条熔滴中夹杂物的影响.结果表明,焊接电流增大时,焊条的熔滴质量比和熔滴的平均质量减小 ,熔滴的过渡频率增高,熔滴中非金属夹杂物含量增大,焊缝中的气孔率与熔滴中夹杂物含量之间不存在严格的规律性对应关系;熔滴中非金属夹杂物是熔滴区化学反应的产物,属" 内生"性质.     

熔化极脉冲氩弧焊脉冲电流波形对熔滴过渡的影响

本文研究了脉冲电流波形对氩弧焊熔滴过渡的影响。曾采用三角形波、矩形波、带前沿冲刺的矩形波、梯形波和半波正弦波等波形进行试验,研究了脉冲冲量、前沿陡度、脉冲峰值及其所在相位对熔滴过渡的影响。通过工艺试验和对带有同步记录焊接电流波形的高速摄影照片的分析发现:(1)钢焊丝脉冲焊的熔滴过渡不仅与脉冲冲量的大小,而且与脉冲的波形形状尤其是与峰值的大小与相位有关,即用Daggett E. H. 的“等冲量原理”来判断各种波形下的熔滴过渡是不合适的;在相同脉冲冲量下,脉冲前沿较陡、脉冲峰值较大、脉冲时间较短的波形,与脉冲前沿平坦、脉冲峰值较小、脉冲时间较长的波形相比,能保证更稳定的熔滴过渡。(2)铝合金的脉冲熔滴过渡的试验进一步证实了上述结论,同时还发现在脉冲峰值较小,脉冲时间较长的情况下,如果脉冲冲量选择不当,会出现第二滴的慢速飞渡现象;用峰值较大而宽度较小的脉冲可以较方便地避免上述现象。     

CMT焊接技术在钛合金领域的研究现状

介绍了CMT焊接技术在钛合金领域的工作原理及研究现状.与普通TIG/MIG焊相比,CMT焊具有热输入小、无飞溅等突出优点,实现了熔滴到熔池的冷过渡,能够大幅度减小焊接热输入量,进而实现钛合金高精度、高质量焊接.目前CMT焊接技术研究多集中于异种金属的连接,尚未系统开展工业用钛合金CMT焊接机理、工艺和接头组织性能研究.这也成为了未来钛合金焊接技术的发展方向.     

粗丝CO_2气体保护焊熔滴过渡与潜弧机理的研究

本文详细分析了粗丝CO_2气体保护潜弧焊熔滴过渡的特点和潜弧机理。潜弧状态可以分为三种类型:半潜弧(熔滴主要以较大的颗粒形式过渡)、临界潜弧(熔滴主要以较小颗粒的射滴形式过渡)和深潜弧(熔滴以细小射滴与射流混和形式过渡)。大电流、低电压、粗焊丝、反极性和氧化性气氛是形成潜弧过程的必要条件,其中电流是最重要的条件。潜弧后弧柱气氛改变,焊丝端部的弧根由集中形态扩展为覆盖整个端部形态,使得熔滴尺寸变得细小,熔滴过渡形式发生变化。采用临界潜弧区域的焊接规范参数施焊,飞溅小,工艺过程稳定,焊缝成形优良。     

The arc characteristics and metal transfer behaviour of cold metal transfer and its use in joining aluminium to zinc-coated steel

Cold metal transfer (CMT) is a modified metal inert gas welding process based on short-circuiting the transfer process, characterised by low heat input and no-spatter welding. The arc characteristics and its droplet transfer process have been studied by high-speed video photography. The process was used to join aluminium to zinc-coated steel. The results shows that no-spatter welding and low heat input during the welding process can be realized by CMT, and a dissimilar metal joint with good performance can be obtained by the CMT process.     

Role of arc mode in laser-metal active gas arc hybrid welding of mild steel

Arc mode plays an important role in joint characterizations of arc welding, but it has been seldom considered in laser-arc hybrid welding. This paper investigated the role of arc mode on laser-metal active gas (MAG) arc hybrid welding of mild steel. Three arc modes were employed, which were cold metal transfer (CMT), pulsed spray arc and standard short circuiting arc. Microtexture of the joints were observed and measured via electron back scattering diffraction (EBSD) system to reveal the effect of arc mode on microstructure. Mechanical properties of the joints were evaluated by tensile and Charpy V-notch impact tests. It was found that both the stability and mechanical properties of laser-CMT hybrid welding (LCHW) is the best, while those of laser-standard short circuiting arc welding (LSHW) is the worst. OM and EBSD results showed that the fraction of acicular ferrite and high-angle grain boundaries in fusion zone decreases gradually in the sequence of LCHW, laser-pulsed spray arc welding and LSHW, while the mean grain size increases gradually. Finally, the microstructure formation mechanisms and the relationship between microstructure and mechanical properties were summarized by the loss of alloying element and the stirring effect in molten pool.     

Acquisition and pattern recognition of spectrum information of welding metal transfer

With the creation of a pattern recognition system for metal transfer mode, this article has collected five kinds of spectrum signals in gas metal arc welding (MIG, MAG and CO₂) and take them as training samples. These samples have been pretreated by computer, several key characteristic parameters of the spectrum signal have been creatively extracted, and a corresponding recognition function and a minimum-distance-classifier have been constructed. The results show that the pattern recognition of several kinds of metal transfer modes for the metal gas arc welding can be done successfully, and relative important parameters in welding process, such as the frequency of droplet transfer and the approximate diameter of each droplet, can also be obtained.     

超声在电弧焊接中的应用

超声场作为一种高效清洁的物理场在电弧焊接中具有越来越多的应用。在电弧焊接过程中,引入超声,可以有效改善电弧形态、熔滴过渡以及焊缝组织,最终提高焊接接头力学性能。超声在电弧焊接过程中的应用特点主要与超声施加方法有关,不同的超声施加方法具有不同的特点,根据不同的超声施加方法可将超声电弧复合焊接分为不同类型。主要综述了电弧超声技术、超声与电弧同轴复合、超声作用于焊丝以及超声工具头作用于固体母材或者焊缝表面4种技术的各自特点及研究进展,着重分析了不同技术的设备特点及其对组织与力学性能的影响。最后对该方向的研究进展进行了总结,并对其发展前景和主要发展方向进行了展望。     

A Novel Method of Triple-Wire Gas Indirect Arc Welding

This paper proposes a novel triple-wire gas indirect arc welding process. The welding system consists of two power sources and three wires. The effects of the power source mode and the wire configuration on arc stability and behavior are studied. The metal transfer is analyzed and bead-on-plate welding is employed. Results show that two direct current power sources cannot produce a stable process, but the combination of a direct current with a pulsed direct current can produce a stable process. The reason is that the pulsed direct current can boost and stabilize the metal transfer. For the wire configuration, a smaller contact angle between the main wire and the side wire is more desirable. Compared with the traditional gas metal arc welding, this novel process has the advantages of high wire melting rate, low penetration depth, and low dilution rate. Compared with twin-wire gas indirect arc welding, it provides a broader range of applicable currents with sufficient heat input.     

船用高强钢薄板焊接成形研究

探究了不同焊接工艺对3 mm船用高强钢薄板焊接成形质量的影响.结果表明:3 mm对接试板经不同方法焊接后均呈马鞍形变化.焊条电弧焊和手工气保焊焊接的试板变形严重,且两者变形量和残余应力基本相当,药芯焊丝CMT(cold metal transfer)自动焊接试板的焊缝内部存在夹渣缺陷.利用实心焊丝CMT自动焊接试板的焊缝均匀、内部无缺陷,焊缝中心残余应力明显降低,其变形量平均值比焊条电弧焊减小37.8%,且线能量仅为焊条电弧焊的22.4%.焊接试板变形量与其线能量大小的变化趋势一致.     

镁合金冷金属过渡熔池动态行为数值模拟

为研究冷金属过渡焊(CMT)的周期性能量输入及焊丝抽送行为对镁合金熔池动态行为的影响,在FLUENT软件中建立了焊丝-熔滴-熔池多相流数值分析模型。提出一种在流体体积法(VOF)多相流计算域中划分熔滴与熔池区域并判断其接触状态的方法,结合动网格技术实现自动响应的焊丝抽送,在熔池区域加载间歇性的热源、电弧力,采用镁合金CMT堆焊实验所得参数进行数值模拟。结果表明,在CMT能量输入周期的短路阶段,由于焊丝的回抽,熔池被向上提拉并在焊丝端部形成了液桥,内部液态金属在马兰戈尼力的作用下,由边缘流向中间,由下方流向上方,焊丝持续回抽至脱离熔池后,熔池受到液桥断裂的反作用力,液态金属快速向后方流动使熔池形状发生改变,可知焊丝回抽与马兰戈尼力是熔池动态行为的主导作用力,此外,焊缝熔深的模拟结果为0.53 mm,与实际成形焊缝的熔深存在3.47 %的误差,验证了模型的有效性。     

Measurement and calculation of plasma drag force in arc welding based on high-speed photography technology and particle dynamics

To investigate the plasma drag force acting on the droplet in gas metal arc welding (GMAW), we used a high-speed photography system to image the metal transfer process, and proposed a method employing particle dynamics to measure the plasma drag force. Experimental results of the droplet diameter, mass, acceleration, plasma drag force and gravity acting on the droplet are presented. The results indicate that, with the increase of welding current, the droplet diameter, mass and gravity decrease, the droplet acceleration and plasma pressure increase, while the plasma drag force and the gravity acting on the droplet decrease. Moreover, we find that the plasma drag force is 10 and near 100 times the gravity acting on the droplet. The experimental values of plasma drag force and plasma pressure show good agreement with the theoretical value by fluid theory; their order of magnitudes are 10^− 4 N and 10³ Pa, respectively, which demonstrates that it is an effective method to analyze the plasma drag force of welding arc.     

Study on welding process and prosperities of AA5754 Al-alloy welded by double pulsed gas metal arc welding

In this paper, the effect of double pulsed gas metal arc welding (DP-GMAW) on metal droplet transfer, weld pool profile, weld bead geometry and weld joint mechanical properties of Al alloy AA5754 are presented. A high speed camera was utilized to reveal the metal transfer behavior and weld pool profile. A self-developed electrical signal acquire system was adopted to record the current waveform during welding process. The results indicated that the metal transfer, weld pool profile and weld bead geometry in DP-GMAW significantly differ with P-GMAW. The microstructure showed that grain size of the weld bead decreased with increasing of thermal pulse frequency, and the eutectic precipitates Mg₂Si were homogeneously distributed at fusion zone. The mechanical properties of welded joints were improved.