转模挤压成形过程的变形机理研究

针对低塑性合金挤压成形时所需能耗大、材料利用率低等问题,提出了对凹模施加转动的成形新工艺———转模挤压成形技术,并设计了特殊的凹模结构.与芯模转挤压仅适于圆截面制品相比,对凹模施加转动可有效地避免异型截面制品挤出成形时引起的垂直模口部位轴向的＂切断＂等难题.数值模拟及理论分析表明：与普通挤压相比,凹模转挤压成形中塑性区...     

T2紫铜微正挤压件表面形貌与微观组织分析

为便于取出微正挤压零件,设计了具有分瓣式结构的微正挤压凹模,并成功成形出最小挤出杆直径为0.25 mm的微正挤压件.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及金相显微镜对微正挤压件的表面形貌及微观组织进行了观察。结果表明,随着挤出杆尺寸的减小或晶粒尺寸的增大,内外层材料的非均匀塑性变形程度增加;当挤出杆尺寸降低到亚毫米尺度时,微挤压成形件发生了一定弯曲;微正挤压件纵向和横向微观组织的非均匀分布表明,在微正挤压成形过程中材料在纵向和横向上都经历了严重的非均匀塑性变形.材料的非均匀塑性变形程度是随着挤出杆尺寸的减小或晶粒尺寸的增加而不断增加的.     

不锈钢/铝/不锈钢复合板拉深工艺及有限元数值模拟

目的研究各工艺参数对复合板拉深成形工艺的影响,以指导实际生产。方法以不锈钢/铝/不锈钢三层复合板为研究对象,探究了复合板拉深工艺数值模拟的关键技术;结合有限元数值模拟和试验验证,预测了复合板在拉深成形中的缺陷,研究了凹模圆角半径、凸凹模间隙、压边力、拉深速度对最大减薄率的影响规律,并利用正交试验对这4种工艺参数进行了优化。结果有限元模拟中,分层复合板模型比整体模型准确度高。最大减薄率随凹模圆角半径的增大而减小,随着凸凹模间隙的增大而先减小后增大,随拉深速度的增大而增大,随着压边力的增大而增大。各成形工艺参数影响最大减薄率的主次顺序是:凹模圆角半径压边力模具间隙拉深速度。结论有利于减小最大减薄率的工艺参数优化组合为:凹模圆角半径为21 mm,模具间隙为3.2 mm,压边力为50 k N,拉深速度为10 mm/s。     

基于响应面法的大型锥筒件内凸缘缩口成形工艺参数优化

目的 探究大型锥筒件内凸缘缩口成形的最佳工艺参数。方法 首先,根据内凸缘缩口成形的工艺原理,使用三维软件构建内凸缘缩口成形的仿真模型,并用Deform进行仿真成形。在此基础上,以缩口件高度和成形载荷作为内凸缘成形质量的判断依据,基于响应面法得到关于缩口件高度和成形载荷的回归预测模型。分析不同的摩擦因数、挤压速度和凹模锥度对内凸缘成形质量的影响,优化得到最佳的成形工艺参数,最后进行物理试验验证。结果 通过响应面法拟合得到了缩口件高度和成形载荷关于3因素的多元非线性模型,模型通过F检验得出的显著性概率P值均小于0.000 1,失拟项值均大于0.05,且模型预测值与试验模拟值的关系接近直线,充分说明了该数学模型的合理性。当摩擦因数为0.3、挤压速度为3 mm/s、凹模锥度为9°时,毛坯的成形载荷最小,为90 k N,缩口件高度最低,为1 350 mm,与模型预测相比,误差均小于10%。结论 优化后的工艺参数使内凸缘成形质量高、表面光滑无缺陷、成形载荷小,为大型锥筒的内凸缘成形工艺提供了参考。     

基于ABAQUS的铸态耐热合金钢热挤压成形数值模拟研究

目的以大口径厚壁管短流程铸挤成形工艺为背景,通过ABAUOS有限元模拟软件研究铸态T/P91合金钢热挤压过程中的变形情况。方法对软件进行二次开发,采用热力耦合分析,研究不同热挤压条件下挤压过程中应力场、应变场及成形件动态再结晶率的变化,最终得出有利于指导工业生产的热挤压工艺参数。结果模拟结果表明:应力和应变随时间不断增大,增长率在凹模锥角区达到最大值,当材料在挤压力作用下流出挤压筒后,应力不断减小而应变趋于稳定;以成形件流出挤压筒时的径向截面为参考,动态再结晶率分布为中心高两边低,且随着挤压比、初始挤压温度和挤压速度的增大,成形件整体动态再结晶率差别降低;挤压速度越大,成形件应力分布越不均匀。结论铸态T/P91合金钢热挤压最优工艺参数为:初始挤压温度为1150~1200℃,挤压比为9,挤压速度为25 mm/s。     

12 vol%SiCP/2024A1基复合材料热挤压过程有限元模拟与分析

基于MSC.Mare软件平台,建立了含SiCP体积分数为12%的SiCP/2024A1复合材料热挤压轴对称刚-塑性热力耦合有限元分析模型.利用该模型对复合材料的热挤压过程进行模拟,分析了热挤压过程中的载荷一行程曲线和材料流动状态,讨论了模具温度及挤压速度对挤压载荷的影响.模拟结果表明,该坯料在挤压比为30:1、挤压温度为400～450℃、挤压速度为0.1～1.0 mm/s、挤压载荷为4.0×106～5.0×106N之间能够顺利挤出表面无缺陷的复合材料棒材.最后通过在700 t水压机上采用相同工艺挤出高质量的复合材料棒材验证该工艺的可行性.     

ZK60镁合金型材挤压过程有限元数值模拟

本文运用DEFORM-3D平台对ZK60变形镁合金型材挤压过程进行了数值模拟.分析了变形温度(T=300℃/350℃)、变形速度(V=2、5mm/s)对合金等效应变、等效应力、温度场以及变形载荷的影响规律.结果表明:温度对等效应力影响显著,变形温度从300℃升高到350℃,合金最大等效应力从75MPa降低到55MPa;变形速度对温升影响显著,挤压速度由2mm/s升高到5mm/s,合金最大温升由81℃升高到118℃.确定了ZK60合金在挤压比为25时,适宜的挤压温度为350℃,挤压速度应在5mm/s以下.     

DP800 双相高强钢折弯及回弹研究

目的针对高强度钢板成形过程中的回弹问题,研究工艺参数对回弹的影响规律,优选工艺参数组合,以获得回弹较小的V形件。方法采用dynaform软件对V形件进行成形及回弹的数值模拟,以摩擦因数、模具间隙、冲压速度、凹模圆角半径等工艺参数为自变量,以回弹前后水平距离差最大值为因变量,设计了四因素三水平的正交试验方案,研究多个工艺参数对回弹影响的规律。结果实验结果表明,V形件回弹值大小随着摩擦因数的增大呈现减小趋势;随着模具间隙、凹模圆角半径的增大,回弹值呈现增大的趋势;而冲压速度对V形件回弹的影响较小,且工艺参数影响V形件回弹大小的主次顺序为模具间隙、摩擦因数、凹模圆角半径、冲压速度。结论优选工艺参数组合为:摩擦因数为0.2、模具间隙为2.6 mm、冲压速度为1200 mm/s、凹模圆角半径为12 mm,此时回弹水平距离差最大值为0.566 mm,最大减薄率为1.40%;实际生产可以忽略冲压速度对回弹的影响,仿真结果对实际生产具有指导意义。     

AZ31镁合金不同挤压速度下的组织演变及力学性能研究

目的 针对AZ31镁合金材料在挤压成形过程中变形较为困难的问题,研究AZ31镁合金在不同挤压速度下的微观组织和力学性能演化规律。方法 采用DEFORM–2D软件对0.5、3、12、20 mm/s这4种挤压速度下材料挤压变形过程中的材料流动趋势、应变场、应力场和温度场等进行数值模拟和分析。结果 AZ31镁合金材料的挤压温度场随着挤压速度的增加显著升高,不同速度挤压后坯料的温度模拟值与实验结果实测值的变化趋势吻合。随着挤压速度的增大,材料的晶粒尺寸先增大后减小,0.5、3、12、20 mm/s这4种速度挤压后的晶粒尺寸分别为1.0、0.9、1.4、1.1 μm,变形材料的加工硬化率呈现出先增大后减小的趋势。在0.5 mm/s的挤压速度下,材料内部的微观组织均匀性较差,然而强度较高,抗拉强度约为416 MPa;在挤压速度为12 mm/s时,合金的晶粒组织最均匀,同时其综合力学性能较好,屈服强度为220 MPa,伸长率为17.3%,其加工硬化率也达到最大,为0.184。结论 通过DEFORM数值模拟能够为镁合金挤压变形提供指导。对于镁合金挤压变形,采用较低的挤压速度(约0.5 mm/s)对AZ31镁合金进行挤压变形,能够获得强度较高、伸长率相对偏低的挤压棒材,采用较高的挤压速度(约12 mm/s),则更有利于获得综合性能优良的镁合金挤压棒材。     

反向挤压7075/SiCp复合材料中SiC颗粒 断裂失效的数值模拟研究

应用Deform-2D有限元软件,在挤压温度为300~450 ℃,挤压比为4~64,挤压速度为2~30 mm/s时,对喷射沉积7075/SiCp复合材料反向挤压过程中,SiC颗粒的转动与断裂失效进行了数值模拟。研究结果表明：在反向挤压过程中,SiC颗粒的转动是由基体合金的不均匀流动造成的;离中心轴线越远,流动不均匀性及SiC颗粒的转动倾向越大;基体的流动不均匀程度随挤压速度的增大和挤压比的升高而增大。在反向挤压过程中,SiC颗粒随基体运动不协调时,在较大应力作用下易发生断裂失效,且坯料外侧断裂失效分数大;当挤压比为4~25,挤压温度为400~450 ℃时,SiC颗粒断裂失效分数较小。当挤压比为16时,不同挤压温度下合理的挤压速度范围应控制在t=400 ℃、v<30 mm/s,t=425 ℃、v<20 mm/s,t=450 ℃、v<5 mm/s。     

Exit morphology and mechanical property of FDM printed PLA: influence of hot melt extrusion process

In order to study the hot melt extrusion process in fused deposition modeling (FDM), this study mainly explores the effects of printing temperature, heated block length, feeding speed on the exit morphology and mechanical properties of FDM printed Polylactic acid (PLA) samples. High-speed camera is used to capture the exit morphology of molten PLA just extruded to the nozzle. According to exit morphology, the outlet states of extruded molten material can be divided into four categories, namely, bubbled state, coherent state, expanding state, and unstable state. Tensile test results show that printing temperature, heated block length and printing speed have significant influence on tensile properties and fracture mode of FDM printed samples. When the heated block length is 15 mm and 30 mm, there is a ductile-brittle transition in fracture mode with the increase of printing speed. The printing process window under different heated block lengths and printing temperatures has been figured out and the distribution of printing process window under different printing speeds has been discussed. There is a maximum printing process window under the heated block length of 30 mm. This finding provides a frame work for performance prediction of FDM printed parts and theoretical guidance for expanding the scope of printing process window. The full text can be downloaded at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40436-022-00405-1     

大型复杂薄壁铝合金空心型材挤压成形工艺

目的 解决大型复杂薄壁铝合金空心型材挤压过程中材料流速均匀性控制难,以及模具局部应力集中导致模具寿命低、挤压型材尺寸稳定性差的问题。方法 采用有限元模拟方法对此类典型型材挤压过程进行仿真分析,根据仿真结果中型材出口材料流速分布情况,通过调控不同部位材料流入量及材料流动阻力,并以型材出口流速差和流速均方差（SDV）作为衡量挤压过程中材料流速均匀性的指标,逐步迭代优化模具结构以提高材料流动均匀性;根据仿真结果中挤压模具应力分布情况,以模具最高应力作为衡量模具强度的指标,逐步迭代优化模具结构以减小模具应力。结果 通过迭代仿真依次优化模具工作带长度、分流孔尺寸、阻流块高度等参数,最终型材出口流速差由25.07 mm/s降至2.72 mm/s,流速均方差由9.84 mm/s降至0.72 mm/s;通过迭代仿真优化焊合角度,最终模具最高应力由945 MPa降至863 MPa。采用基于有限元仿真优化结构的挤压模具成功制备了合格的铝合金型材样件,挤压试验结果与数值模拟结果吻合。结论 通过优化模具工作带长度、分流孔尺寸及阻流块高度,调控不同部位材料流入量及材料流动阻力,能够有效解决大型复杂薄壁铝合金空心...     

Strength and ductility of novel Mg-8Sn-1Al-1Zn alloys extruded at different speeds

A novel Mg-8Sn-1Al-1Zn alloy developed for high-speed extrusion was successfully extruded at speeds in a range of 2-10 m/min at a temperature of 250 °C. The effect of extrusion speed on the microstructure and tensile properties of the extruded alloys was investigated. Grain size, recrystallization fraction and texture were found to be greatly affected by the extrusion speed, resulting in tensile properties showing lower strength and ductility as the extrusion speed increased. The strength and ductility of the extruded alloys are also discussed in terms of the formation of double twins during the tensile test.     

Extrusion of EN AW-2014 alloy in semisolid state

Abstract

The potential of forming EN AW-2014 alloy in semisolid state was investigated. The EN AW-2014 slugs were partially melted at 610°C, to a liquid fraction of ～15%, before they were extruded into a solid bar with a diameter of 16 mm. The ram speed used in this process was much lower than that employed in thixoforging of the same alloy to maximise heat removal from the slug and to fully solidify the liquid fraction by the time the extruded bar exits the die. The high solid fraction employed was also of help in this regard. Forming during extrusion under these conditions took place largely via rotation of the α-Al globules over one another, producing a remarkable microstructure of predominantly uniform globular α-Al grains. The forming load was at least an order of magnitude smaller with respect to that measured during hot extrusion of the same alloy, underlining the benefits of extruding the hard to form 2XXX alloys in semisolid state. Having been largely drained of its liquid, the final part of the preheated slug, however, failed to enjoy extrusion under such favourable conditions. The large extrusion deformation and temperatures well above the liquidus point have led to dynamic recrystallisation, which is responsible for the equiaxed, instead of fibrous, grain structure in this region.     

挤压温度对Mg-5.3Gd-2.6Y-1.1Nd-0.3Zr合金的力学性能和耐生物腐蚀性能的影响

在不同温度下对均匀化处理后的Mg-5.3Gd-2.6Y-1.1Nd-0.3Zr(质量分数/%)镁合金进行挤压。利用光学显微镜和拉伸实验对比研究固溶态铸锭、不同挤压温度合金的显微组织和力学性能,采用析氢法、失重法和极化曲线实验综合测试合金在Hank’s人体模拟液中的耐生物腐蚀性能,利用扫描电子显微镜观察腐蚀后合金的表面腐蚀形貌。结果表明:随着挤压温度的降低,合金的晶粒不断细化,强度及塑性不断提高,其中390℃温度下挤压得到的合金屈服强度达到223.4MPa,较固溶态铸锭(139.8MPa)提升约60%,且挤压后的合金在Hank’s体液中具有更高的耐腐蚀性,随着挤压温度的降低,合金的耐蚀性先升高后降低,450℃挤压的棒材耐生物腐蚀性能最优,腐蚀速率为0.74mm/a。     

Effects of extrusion ratio on the ratcheting behavior of extruded AZ31B magnesium alloy under asymmetrical uniaxial cyclic loading

Magnesium alloys are increasingly used in the automotive and aerospace industries for weight reduction and fuel savings. The ratcheting behavior of these alloys is therefore an important consideration. The objective of this investigation was to study the effects of extrusion ratio on the ratcheting behavior of extruded AZ31B magnesium alloy. The experiments have shown that the extruded AZ31B Mg alloy presented the following characteristic behavior with increasing number of loading cycles: first an apparent cyclic softening was observed, then a cyclic hardening occurred, and finally a stable state was reached. This generic behavior can be explained by the fact that the variation trend of the maximum strain with the number of cycles differs from that of the minimum strain. The extrusion ratio did not influence the cyclic softening/hardening behavior or the final ratcheting strain variation trend of the extruded AZ31B Mg alloy with the mean stress and the peak stress. However, the extrusion ratio influenced the final ratcheting strain variation trend of the extruded AZ31B Mg alloy with the stress amplitude. Increasing the extrusion ratio also reduced the ratcheting strain and the effects of the load history on the ratcheting behavior of the extruded AZ31B Mg alloy.     

Improving Short-Circuit Current Capacity, Resistance, and Breaking Load of OPGW Constructions by Modifying Aluminium Alloy With AlB2

This article presents a method that can be applied to molten AA-6101 alloy to improve electrical properties of the aluminium part of the optical ground wire (OPGW) used in overhead transmission lines to protect phase conductors from lightning strike and to transmit signals and data. AA-6101 alloy in casting of the log as 6 m length and 178 mm diameter for extrusion has been inoculated by AlB₂ to decrease detrimental effects of Cr, Ti, V, and Zr on the conductivity of the material. After inoculation, improved billets were extruded as 9.5 mm diameter feedstock. Required wires drawn from the feedstock according to the construction types of OPGW to be tested were exposed to aging at 175°C, 6 h (T-8). Upon completion of the back-twist and performing-type stranding process, resistance, and short-circuit current capacity and breaking load of the OPGW 88/44 constructions with other metal combinations have been examined and tested to show improvement. Results are summarized in tables and graphically.     

EFFECT OF EXTRUSION PARAMETERS ON STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF 2124 ALUMINUM ALLOY MATRIX COMPOSITES

Discontinuously reinforced aluminum matrix composites (DRA) have been attracting attention because of their amenability to undergo deformation processing by conventional metalworking techniques. Extrusion is used in processing of DRA composites for consolidation, redistribution of reinforcements, and shape forming. The important parameters that control the extrusion process are temperature and strain rate, which is a function of several equipment/extrusion parameters. Vacuum hot-pressed (VHP) 2124 Al/30 SiC_p composite billets were extruded at different ram speeds (1, 10, 100 mm sec^-1) and using different extrusion ratios (4:1, 10:1, and 20:1). The extruded samples were studied for their integrity, microstructure, and mechanical properties. The integrity of the extruded composite rod was very good at minimum extrusion speed of 1 mm sec^-1, whereas 100 mm sec^-1 extrusion speed resulted in extensive fir tree cracking. Extrusion of VHP billets, with necklace structure, resulted in elongated alternate stringers of matrix and SiC_p in the extrusion direction. Matrix stringer width and aspect ratio were found to vary with extrusion ratio. Because of the microstructural refinement, both the strength and ductility of the metal matrix composites (MMCs) were improved. Microhardness of the matrix stringers was found to be a function (power relation) of their width, irrespective of the location and extrusion ratio.     

Effect of Temperature and Ram Speed on Isothermal Extrusion for Large-size Tube with Piece-wing

Heat energy change during the extrusion of 7075 aluminium alloy large-size tube with piece-wing in a container was analyzed. Extrusion load vs ram displacement diagrams and exit temperature vs ram displacement diagrams at various speeds were obtained by 3D FEM simulation. Results show that the exit temperature becomes higher as the ram speed and displacement increase. For large-size tube with piece-wing, there is certainly a curve of ram speed decreasing with increasing ram displacement, which enables isothermal extrusion to be achieved. Therefore, an attempt was made to divide the working stroke into five different zones. Each of them has a preset speed that decreases from the ram displacement beginning to the ending. And then, new exit temperature vs ram displacement diagram was obtained by 3D FEM simulation for the five different speeds. It is shown that the variation of exit temperature is very small. Through the above research, a basic method for realizing isothermal extrusion of 7075 large-size tube with piece-wing was obtained, that is, the working stroke was divided into several different zones with a decreasing speed during extrusion, each zones' speed was real-time adjusted on the feedback signal of exit temperature by proportional hydraulic valve through closed-loop control. The engineering experiment verification was carried out on 100 MN aluminium extrusion press with oil-driven double action. The experimental results of the exit temperature agrees with the simulation ones. The achievements of this study may serve as a significant guide to the practice of the relevant processes, particularly for isothermal extrusion. The verified method has been used in the design and manufacture of 125 MN aluminium extrusion press with oil-driven double action.