采用数据流模式提高乱序执行密码芯片的安全性

乱序执行是密码芯片设计中一种低冗余、低功耗的抵抗功耗分析攻击的方法.芯片安全性随着操作执行时刻不确定度的增加而提高.基于数据流模式的乱序执行AES加密集成电路采用动态数据流结构、对并发操作串行地随机服务,通过增加顺序无关操作的数量和成批处理令牌提高不确定度.其中采用了新的令牌暂存-匹配-发射结构完成令牌的同步和对随机执行的控制.实验芯片的所有操作均实现了不确定执行,可以抵抗样本数小于15000的相关功耗分析攻击,芯片功耗低于所知的其它抗功耗分析攻击AES芯片.     

一种抗DPA的AES的设计

为了防止智能卡在做加密运算时,旁路信息会通过功耗的变化而泄露,提出了一种抗差分功耗分析攻击的方法.首先研究了AES算法的加密规则,然后采用8位的处理器模拟智能卡,在智能卡上实现了对AES算法中的轮密钥加的差分功耗攻击.为了抵抗轮密钥加的差分功耗攻击,文中在算法级别上提出了一种掩码技术,其核心是用不同的随机量对密码运算过程中明文和密钥进行掩码,实验结果表明,该方法成功地抵抗了差分功耗攻击.     

AES硬件实现的能量分析攻击仿真

首先针对高级加密标准（AES）算法的硬件实现，给出了攻击时刻的汉明能耗模型；然后在行为级进行了基于寄存器数据变化的PA攻击；进一步通过对门级电路的功耗仿真，实现了能耗曲线数据的PA攻击。     

低功耗AES S盒的ASIC设计与实现

S盒是高级加密标准（AES）硬件实现的关键，消耗了AES电路的大部分功耗。提出了一种基于合成域的异步流水线结构，以降低整个S盒的功耗。在电路实现中，电平敏感锁存器被插入数据通道中，以屏蔽动态竞争的传播。一种新的异步握手单元H-element组成的锁存控制器用来控制锁存器的开启和关闭。该S盒电路是一款采用0．25μm CMOS工艺的ASIC，较之合成域S盒电路，版图仿真结果表明，该电路以适宜的面积代价实现了低功耗。该电路可应用在诸如智能卡、无线传感器网络（WSN）节点芯片的嵌入式AES加密引擎中。     

基于选择空间的AES密钥扩展算法

传统AES密钥扩展算法在已知某轮子密钥的情况下容易遭受攻击,为了避免这种情况的发生,通过采用单向性思路,使用轮密钥常驻内存的工作方式以提高数据吞吐率,并提出基于选择空间的AES密钥扩展算法,对原有算法的加密强度进行了改善。通过FPGA仿真实现,实验结果表明,该方法既能保证密钥扩展算法的安全性,亦能充分结合FPGA设计高效并行的特点,提高其运行效率。     

分析泄漏功率攻击采用90ntoCMOS技术能加密器件

在电子商务与电子银行等应用中,安全要求越来越严格。虽然加密技术提供了强健的算法,但这些算法的物理实现一般会通过器件电气运行中的物理现象,泄漏一些信息,攻击者会利用它来探测密钥。这些“旁路”（side-channel）攻击利用加密实现硬件模块所泄漏的信息。该信息可能包含数据与功耗或时序之间的相互关系（参考文献1）。一种广为报道的强大旁路攻击方法是微分功率分析（differential—power analysis）,因为它能让攻击者用现售元件做出的测量设置探测出密钥（参考文献2）。攻击者依据的事实是,标准CMOS逻辑的动态功耗主要依赖于输入数据。例如,考虑一个简化的CMOS反相器模型,它以一只接地电容作为自己的负载。     

基于FPGA加密芯片的DPA实现与防御研究

差分功耗分析是破解AES密码算法最为有效的一种攻击技术,为了防范这种攻击技术本文基于FPGA搭建实验平台实现了对AES加密算法的DPA攻击,在此基础上通过掩码技术对AES加密算法进行优化与改进。通过实验证明改进后的AES算法能有效的防范DPA的攻击。     

一种小面积低功耗串行AES硬件加解密电路

通过分析AES算法的基本原理,对AES算法中的子模块SubBytes和Mixcolumns的硬件电路实现方法进行优化,提出一种新的key硬件电路实现方式,并在key的实现电路中采用低功耗设计.与目前的大多数实现电路相比,该电路可以有效减小芯片面积,降低电路功耗.采用串行AES加密/解密电路结构,经综合仿真后,芯片面积为8 054门,最高工作频率为77.4 MHz,对128位数据加密的速率为225 Mbps,解密速率达到183 Mbps,可满足目前大部分无线传感网络数据交换速率的需求.     

基于低成本FPGA的AES密码算法设计

主要介绍在逻辑资源少的现场可编程门阵列（FPGA）上实现高级数据加密标准（AES）算法设计。首先描述了AES加密算法,并在FPGA上优化实现AES算法,设计结构采用多轮加密共用一个轮运算的顺序结构,加密和解密模块共用密钥扩展模块,减少资源占用,在低时钟频率下保持较高的性能。采用了16位的并行总线通信接口,利用先进先出缓冲器（FIFO）对输入输出数据进行缓存。最后通过仿真和实测表明,在50MHz时钟下加解密速率可达530Mb/s。     

基于ARM安全摄像头设计

针对现有视频监控的信息安全问题,采用ARM Cortex-A8,USB摄像头,AES加密模块,以及可信计算芯片(TPM)设计了视频监控安全模块。用AES对视频采集端采集的视频数据进行加密,通过网络将密文传输到服务端。对于AES密钥的传输安全问题,以可信计算为基础,通过TPM的绑定功能进行非对称加密,采用对称密码和非对称密码配合使用的混合加密方案,实现对称密钥加密数据,非对称密钥加密对称密钥的加密功能。简要介绍了安全视频监控的组成,对AES加密算法和TPM加密做了阐述,最后通过实验验证加密解密。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks