Preventing bovine mastitis by a postmilking teat disinfectant containing acidified sodium chlorite

A split-herd study was performed to determine if an acidified, sodium chlorite teat disinfectant, UDDERgold Platinum Germicidal Barrier Teat Dip (UG Pt, Ecolab Inc., Redmond, WA), was effective in preventing new intramammary infections (IMI) in lactating dairy cows compared with a licensed, iodophor teat disinfectant (Iosan, Novartis Animal Health, Ltd., Whittlesford, UK), and to show that the test product was tolerated equally well by teat skin. The study lasted 114 d and covered all weather conditions. The teats of 176 cows were dipped after each milking in UG Pt and the teats of 172 cows were dipped in Iosan, the positive-control product. Routine milk samples were taken from each quarter of every cow every 4 wk. Additional samples were taken from newly calved cows joining the trial and from cows with clinical signs of mastitis. Milk samples were cultured for the presence of bacteria and the cause of clinical mastitis. Each quarter was eligible for only 1 infection during the trial. The number of clinical cases was identical in each group (n = 13) and the number of subclinical infections was slightly lower in the UG Pt group than in the Iosan group (n = 27 and 31, respectively). These rates of infection suggest that the products did not differ in their ability to prevent a new IMI. At least 203 cows were assessed for skin integrity before the start of the trial and every 28 d throughout. The UG Pt teat dip had no adverse effects on teat condition. The prevalence of hyperkeratosis did not change with time for both groups (0.90 ± 1.08 and 0.95 ± 1.06 at wk 0 vs. 0.65 ± 0.87 and 0.49 ± 0.74 at wk 16 for fore and hind teats, respectively, for UG Pt and 1.02 ± 1.25 and 1.16 ± 1.11 at wk 0 vs. 0.51 ± 0.71 and 0.45 ± 0.65 at wk 16, respectively, for Iosan); no redness of the skin was observed in either group. Application of recommended statistical methods to demonstrate noninferiority was problematic.     

Evaluation of linear dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid teat dip under experimental challenge

Linear dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid at 1.94% was evaluated as a teat dip in two experimental challenge trials. Each trial was 4 wk, and a half udder design was used. In the first trial the product reduced incidence of intramammary infection with Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29740) by 82.5%. Incidence of infection with Streptococcus agalactiae (ATCC 27956) was reduced nonsignificantly 19.5%. Ineffectiveness was attributed to challenge with Streptococcus agalactiae at concentrations higher than previously used. In a second trial of only Streptococcus agalactiae, infections were reduced 56.9%; concentrations of challenge suspensions were those routinely used.     

Determination of teat dip germicidal activity using the excised teat model

Fifteen postmilking teat antiseptics were evaluated in seven trials using the excised teat model. All products were tested against Staphylococcus aureus Newbould 305 and Streptococcus agalactiae Cornell 48. Eight of nine iodophor products provided log reductions greater than 3 against Staph. aureus and Strep. agalactiae. A .045% iodophor product was ineffective. A .5% chlorhexidine product yielded a log reduction of 3.22 against Staph. aureus but only 2.92 against Strep. agalactiae. Two products containing fermented milk emulsified in detergent were tested upon receipt and after 1 yr storage. Fresh product provided log reductions greater than 3 against both pathogens. Storage for 1 yr resulted in minimal loss of germicidal activity. Three products containing 1, .5, and .2% dodecylaminoalkyl glycine provided log reductions greater than 3.5 against Staph. aureus and greater than 4 log reduction against Strep. agalactiae.     

Evaluation of a surfactant mixture C31G as a teat dip by a modified excised teat model

A mixture of amphoteric surfactants with antimicrobial properties, C31G, was evaluated as a teat dip by a modified excised teat model. The model was modified to avoid misinterpretation of results from indigenous bacterial microflora on teats. In three experiments, bacterial numbers recovered from teats dipped in .75, 1.5, and 3.0% solutions of C31G were compared with bacteria recovered from undipped teats (negative controls) and teats dipped with 1.0% iodophor (an effective teat dip). Mean log reductions of teat end concentrations of Staphylococcus, aureus, Streptococcus fecalis, and Escherichia coli were determined in each experiment. Efficacy was greatest for the 3.0% solution of C31G with mean log reductions (Log reduction = Log 10 of controls - Log 10 of dipped teats) 3.53 for Staphylococcus aureus, 2.89 for Streptococcus fecalis, and 3.16 for Escherichia coli. Iodophor (1%) yielded mean log reductions of 3.26 for Staphylococcus aureus, 2.16 for Streptococcus fecalis, and 2.83 for Escherichia coli. For all three organisms, number of viable organisms decreased with increasing concentrations of C31G. The efficacy of C31G should be evaluated in vivo.     

Evaluation of postmilking teat germicides containing Lauricidin, saturated fatty acids, and lactic acid.

The efficacies of postmilking teat germicides containing Lauricidin (glyceryl monolaurate), saturated fatty acids, lactic acid, and lauric acid were determined against new IMI caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae in three controlled infection trials. In trial 1, a germicide was evaluated containing 1% Lauricidin, 5% caprylic and capric acids, 6% lactic acid, and .85% lauric acid. New IMI with Staph. aureus and Strep. agalactiae were reduced 81.3 and 49.6%, respectively. Trial 2 germicide involved an artificially aged sample of the formulation evaluated in trial 1. The germicide was aged at 40 degrees C for 5 mo, which was approximately equal to 2 yr at room temperature (24 degrees C). Reductions in new IMI were 81.2 and 27.5% for Staph. aureus and Strep. agalactiae, respectively. In trial 3, a teat germicide aged at ambient temperature for 33 mo, which was originally formulated to contain 1% Lauricidin, 5% caprylic and capric acids, and 6% lactic acid, was evaluated. Reductions in new IMI were 75.5 and 40.4% for Staph. aureus and Strep. agalactiae, respectively. The formulation evaluated in trial 1 was superior to other formulations in reducing new IMI by the two test organisms.     

Evaluation of a chlorous acid-chlorine dioxide teat dip under experimental and natural exposure conditions

A postmilking teat dip containing chlorous acid-chlorine dioxide was evaluated by experimental challenge and in two herds under natural exposure. The test product had an efficacy of 78.9% against Staphylococcus aureus and 52.5% against Streptococcus agalactiae in the experimental challenge trial. The product was compared with a 1% iodine product in a 15-mo natural exposure study. Post-dipping with chlorous acid-chlorine dioxide reduced incidence of udder infection by major mastitis pathogens 36.1% when data were combined from the two herds. The 1% iodine and the chlorous acid-chlorine dioxide products were not equivalent for major mastitis pathogens; the test product was more effective. Incidence of udder infection by environmental mastitis pathogens was reduced 36.8% in both herds combined. Efficacy of the two teat dips was equivalent for environmental pathogens.     

Evaluation of nine teat dip formulations under experimental challenge to staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus agalactiae

Nine postmilking teat dips were evaluated by an experimental challenge model against either Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, or both. Formulations containing .9 and .6% sodium hypochlorite, 1% sodium dichloro-s-triazene-trione, .55% chlorhexidine gluconate, and .35% povidone iodine reduced incidence of Staphylococcus aureus infections 56.8, 28.3, 75.9, 92.5, and 77.9%. Incidence of infections with Streptococcus agalactiae was reduced 48.1 and 63.2% by 1.7 and 1% sodium dichloro-s-triazene-trione formulations. The 1% chlorhexidine gluconate and .35% povidone iodine products reduced Streptococcus agalactiae infections 71.0 and 67.0%. Three experimental 1% iodophor formulations reduced Streptococcus agalactiae infections 28.9, 44.8, and 50.7%. The experimental challenge model was refined further and provided an efficient method to determine efficacy of postmilking teat dips.     

Effects of a 1.94% sulfonic acid teat dip and a 1% iodophor teat dip on teat canal infections in lactating dairy cows

Sixty-three cows were used in a natural exposure trial for 1 yr to determine the effects of a 1.94% linear dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid and a 1% iodophor teat dip on teat canal and intramammary infections. Overall, total teat canal infections increased 28.9% and total intramammary infections increased 30% in quarters dipped with the linear dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid compared with a 14.3% increase in teat canal infections and a 17.4% decrease in intramammary infections for the iodophor group. Higher frequencies were observed for teat canal and intramammary infections caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis in the linear dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid group. Staphylococcus hyicus was the predominant organism isolated from teat canal and intramammary infections in the iodophor group. No difference was observed between the two teat dips in the persistence of Staphylococcus aureus teat canal infections. A greater number of S. hyicus teat canal infections persisted in the iodophor group, whereas teat canal infections produced by S. epidermidis and Staphylococcus xylosus persisted longer in the sulfonic acid group. Results of this study indicated that use of a linear dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid teat dip for 1 yr was not associated with increased S. aureus teat canal infections and intramammary infections. However, linear dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid appeared to affect the distribution of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from teat canal infections and intramammary infections.     

Germicidal persistence of teat dips by modified excised teat procedure

An excised teat protocol was modified to evaluate persistence of germicidal activity of teat dips over 8 h. Five teat dip formulations, iodophor (1%), chlorhexidine gluconate (.55%), linear dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (1.94%), sodium chlorite-lactic acid in a water base, and sodium chlorite-lactic acid in a gel base were tested against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella oxytoca. Iodophor and chlorhexidine had high germicidal activity throughout 8 h, whereas dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid had little activity. Germicidal activity of both sodium chlorite-lactic acid teat dips was high initially but declined with time. The gel base dip, however, remained more germicidal than the water base dip. Results were similar for either organism for most teat dips. However, chlorhexidine was less effective and the gel base dip more effective against Klebsiella oxytoca than Escherichia coli. Standard errors often appeared higher for Klebsiella oxytoca than for Escherichia coli. These assays may prove useful for laboratory screening of teat dips to determine germicidal persistence over time.     

Efficacy of two acidified chlorite postmilking teat disinfectants with sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid on prevention of contagious mastitis using an experimental challenge protocol

Two acidified sodium chlorite postmilking teat disinfectants were evaluated for efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae by using National Mastitis Council experimental challenge procedures. The effect of these teat dips on teat skin and teat end condition was also determined. Both dips contained 0.32% sodium chlorite, 1.32% lactic, and 2.5% glycerin. Dips differed in the amount of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (0.53 or 0.27%) added as a surfactant. Both dips significantly reduced new intramammary infection (IMI) rates compared with undipped controls. The dip containing 0.53% dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid reduced new IMI by Staph. aureus by 72% and Strep. agalactiae by 75%. The dip containing 0.27% dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid reduced new IMI by Staph. aureus by 100% and by Strep. agalactiae by 88%. Changes in teat skin and teat end condition for treatment and control groups varied in parallel over time. Teats treated with either teat dip had higher mean teat skin and teat end scores than control teats at some weeks. However, teat skin and teat end condition did not tend to change from the start to the completion of the trial. Application of the two new postmilking teat dips was effective in reducing new IMI from contagious mastitis pathogens. (Key words: teat dip, contagious mastitis, chlorous acid)     

Evaluation of linear dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid as a teat dip in a commercial dairy

A postmilking teat dip containing 1.94% linear dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid was evaluated for approximately 6 mo on a commercial dairy farm that milked an average of 75 cows. Sixteen Staphylococcus aureus infections were diagnosed, 12 in the undipped control quarters and 4 in the dipped. Incidence of intramammary infection with Staphylococcus aureus was reduced 68.1%. Seventy-five infections were diagnosed as micrococci, 42 in control and 33 in the dipped group, a 23.6% reduction. A total of 37 Corynebacterium sp. infections were diagnosed, 21 and 16 in control and dipped groups, a 25.8% reduction. Teat skin condition did not change during the study.     

Germicidal activities of representatives of five different teat dip classes against three bovine mycoplasma species using a modified excised teat model

Six representative teat dips from five different teat dip classes were tested for germicidal activity against challenge exposure to Mycoplasma bovis, Mycoplasma californicum, and Mycoplasma bovigenitalium using a modified excised teat model. All teat dip formulations tested were efficacious against all of the Mycoplasma species, providing bacterial logarithmic reductions above 4. The germicides performed best against M. bovigenitalium with an average log reduction (LR) of 6.29. Average LR were 5.41 and 5.70 against M. bovis and M. californicum, respectively. The iodine and chlorhexidine products performed best against M. bovis and M. californicum, respectively, with complete kill of all organisms. The chlorhexidine and the barrier chlorine product also had complete kill of M. bovigenitalium organisms.     

Efficacy evaluation of two new teat dip formulations under experimental challenge

Two new teat dip formulations were evaluated against Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus in half-udder, experimental challenge studies. The first product contained a combination of 1.9% linear dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid - .55% iodophor. Incidence of infection was reduced 52.7 and 70.7% for Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus in dipped quarters compared to undipped controls. The second formulation was a barrier-type product consisting of milk protein solubilized with lauryl sulfate, a surface active detergent and 4.8% glycerin. Rates of infection were reduced 60.3 and 67.9% for Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus.     

Evaluation of powdered 0.5% chlorhexidine acetate-based postmilking teat dip compared with a foamed 1% iodine-based postmilking teat dip under cold weather conditions in northern New York

The objective of this trial was to compare a powdered 0.5% chlorhexidine acetate-based postmilking teat dip with a foamed 1% iodine-based postmilk teat dip during winter on clinical mastitis, subclinical mastitis (somatic cell count ≥200,000 cells/mL), linear score, teat skin condition, teat end score for hyperkeratosis, and risk of developing a new intramammary infection (IMI). Holstein cows (n = 331) housed in freestall and tiestall barns on one farm were blocked by pen, parity, lactation stage, and lactation performance. They were assigned randomly to a powdered chlorhexidine postmilking teat dip (PD; Derma Soft n' Dry, IBA Inc., Millbury, MA) or a foamed iodine-based postmilking teat dip (ID; FS-103, IBA Inc.). Treatments were applied for 6 wk starting January 4, 2016, for 3 milkings per day. Milk samples were collected from each quarter at the beginning and end of the trial and analyzed for aerobic culture and somatic cell count. Cows that had a clinical mastitis event during the trial were quarter sampled for aerobic culture at the time of clinical event. Teat skin condition and teat end score for hyperkeratosis were evaluated at the beginning, middle, and end of the trial based on a 3- and 5-point scale, respectively. No treatment difference was observed for linear score or teat skin condition. Teat end score was greater for ID cows compared with PD cows (2.72 vs. 2.77) at the conclusion of the trial. At the beginning of trial 102 PD quarters and 129 ID quarters had an IMI identified on aerobic culture, 402 PD and 457 ID quarters cultured negative, and 109 PD and 125 ID samples were classified as “no significant growth.” At the conclusion of the trial, 129 PD and 101 ID quarters had an IMI. Use of PD resulted in a greater risk for developing a new IMI, based on bacteriological culture, at the conclusion of the trial as compared with ID (relative risk = 1.51; confidence interval: 1.10–2.07). Additionally, use of PD resulted in a greater risk as compared with ID of coagulase-negative staphylococci (relative risk = 1.5; confidence interval: 1.10–2.25) and Staphylococccus aureus (relative risk = 2.30; confidence interval: 1.04–5.07) to be present at the conclusion of the trial. In conclusion, use of PD led to a lower teat end score, an increase in new IMI, and an increased risk of coagulase-negative staphylococci and Staph. aureus compared with ID after 6 wk of product use.     

乳酸和乳酸钠对红曲霉突变菌株合成代谢色素及橘霉素的影响

主要研究了乳酸和乳酸钠对红曲霉突变菌株代谢合成红曲色素和橘霉素的影响。实验结果表明,添加一定量的乳酸和乳酸钠都有利于红曲色素(包括黄色素和红色素)的合成代谢,有利于黄色素合成代谢的最适乳酸或乳酸钠添加量在0.01～0.05mL/30mL之间,而有利于红色素合成代谢的最适乳酸或乳酸钠添加量在0.05～0.1mL/30mL之间,红曲霉突变菌株利用乳酸或乳酸根作为其生长的底物和红曲色素合成代谢的底物。乳酸或乳酸盐本身对红曲霉突变菌株合成代谢橘霉素没直接的影响,其形成的发酵pH环境直接影响了橘霉素的合成代谢。     

Efficacy of a 0.1% iodine teat dip against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae during experimental challenge

An experimental challenge trial was performed according to the guidelines recommended by the National Mastitis Council (NMC). A 0.1% iodine teat dip (Quartermate with I-Tech) was examined. This product gave an 87.9% reduction of new intramammary infections with Staphylococcus aureus and a 66.5% reduction for Streptococcus agalactiae compared with a negative control. Teat end and teat skin characteristics remained excellent throughout the trial.     

Reduction of mastitis caused by experimental challenge with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae by use of a quaternary ammonium and halogen-mixture teat dip

A teat-dip formulation containing sodium dichloro isocyanuric acid, bronopol, and quaternary ammonium was tested for efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae intramammary infections (IMI) using an experimental challenge model. Sixty-two Jersey cows from the Hill Farm Research Station (Homer, LA) were used in an 8-wk controlled infection trial to evaluate the teat dip. During the afternoon milking, Monday through Friday for 8 wk, all teats of each cow were immersed to a depth of approximately 25 mm in a challenge suspension containing approximately 5 x 10(7) cfu of Staphylococcus aureus and approximately 5 x 10(7) cfu of Streptococcus agalactiae immediately after milking machines were removed. Immediately after challenge, the distal 25 mm of two contralateral teats were dipped with the experimental teat dip; the remaining two teats served as undipped controls. The experimental teat dip reduced the number of new Staph. aureus IMI by 70.9% and reduced the number of new Strep. agalactiae IMI by 60.0%. Teat end and teat skin condition were characterized as normal and without irritation at the completion of the study. The combination of the three germicides in this experimental teat dip is unique and an effective formulation without adverse effects on condition of teat ends or teat skin.     

Evaluation of 1.6% phenol as a premilking and postmilking teat dip in preventing new bovine intramammary infections

We evaluated the effectiveness of a 1.6% phenol-based teat dip using both a teat skin assay and natural exposure field trial. A teat skin assay was conducted to ascertain the concentration of phenol + phenate to be used in the field study. One percent and 0.5% iodine, and 0.5, 1.1, and 1.6% phenol + phenate were compared using Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Logarithmic reductions for S. aureus were 2.2 and 2.8 for 0.5 and 1% iodine, and 1.3, 2.1, and 2.8 for 0.5, 1.1, and 1.6% phenol + phenate, respectively. Logarithmic reductions for E. coli were 3.3 and 3.8 for 0.5 and 1% iodine, and 1.2, 1.9, and 2.6 for 0.5, 1.1, and 1.6% phenol + phenate, respectively. A concentration of 1.6% phenol + phenate was chosen as experimental teat dip, and 0.5% iodine served as control. The field study was conducted at Beltsville (n = 185) and Clarksville (n = 100) dairy herds using a split herd design. Teat dips were used premilking and postmilking for 12 mo. The number of new intramammary infections (IMI) for the Beltsville herd in iodine and phenol + phenate teat dipped cows were: 29 and 35 for major pathogens, and 81 and 72, for minor pathogens. For the Clarksville herd, number of new intramammary infections in iodine and phenol + phenate teat dipped cows was 9 and 10 for major pathogens, and 50 and 60 for minor pathogens. Rates of IMI per quarter day per lactation were not different for either herd or when herd data were combined. The number of clinical mastitis cases per 100 cows per month were similar in both treatments. The incidences of new IMI and clinical mastitis were similar using both dips.     

Efficacy of dodecylaminoalkyl glycine teat dip against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae mastitis

Dodecylaminoalkyl glycine teat dip, diluted to 1.5% active ingredients, was evaluated in a controlled experimental challenge study to determine efficacy for preventing new intramammary infections with Staphylococcus aureus (Newbould 305) and Streptococcus agalactiae (McDonald 44). The dip reduced the incidence of intramammary infection with Staphylococcus aureus by 81.2%. Reduction of Streptococcus agalactiae intramammary infection was 67.5%.     

乳酸发酵海藻酸钠果冻的生产工艺

介绍乳酸发酵海藻酸钠果冻的生产原理、配方及工艺。