下辽河平原南部第三系含水层咸水入侵的调控

目的 为了控制下辽河平原南部第三系地下水区域性开采漏斗和明化镇组成水入侵,保护有限的淡水资源,对该区上第三系含水层地下水进行调控和管理,结束不合理的开发利用.方法 在满足该区域经济和社会发展的需水要求的前提下,从水位与水质两方面进行约束,通过响应矩阵建立研究区上第三系地下水资源管理模型.结果 提出在高升地区明化镇组增加开采量1.28万m3/d,缩减馆陶组大洼、红村和荣兴一带超采区的开采量2.12万m3/d,所缩减量调整到馆陶组的盘东、兴隆台、新立地区开采的优化方案,有效地控制了明化镇组地下水头开采漏斗现象发生.结论 优化方案可有效保护地下水集中开采区淡水资源,控制咸水入侵.并可作为该地区第三系地下水的可持续开发利用和水资源优化配置的技术依据.     

许昌市建安区北部采空区三维地下水流数值模拟

近年来,许昌市建安区北部采空区出现了严重的地面塌陷、地下水水位下降、地裂缝等环境地质问题,严重影响了当地居民的生命财产安全,迫切需要对该地区地下水动态变化特征进行研究。在分析研究区大量工程地质及水文地质资料的基础上,运用Modflow软件,建立了建安区北部采空区地下水三维非稳定流数值模型,模型采用2015—2018年的水位数据进行了参数识别验证与水位拟合。结果显示:2015—2018年的地下水水位变幅较小,平均变幅为0.5 m,研究区东部雷庄地下水水位降落漏斗区与西张地下水水位降落漏斗区水位有0.2～0.5 m的下降,武庄矿区周围区域地下水水位升幅在0.5 m左右。为了掌握研究区在矿井继续抽水(抽水量不变)情况下地下水流场的动态演化过程,对2018年9月—2021年9月期间研究区的地下水流进行了预测。预测结果显示:该时段地下水水位缓慢上升,水位升幅为0.5～1.5 m,研究区地下水的开采与补给趋于均衡。该研究成果对矿区的持续开采及当地地下水的合理利用具有重要意义。     

三江平原建三江地区地下水激发补给再计算

三江平原建三江地区地下水激发补给,虽在地下水资源评价中很少考虑,但已有计算,并且在近10年来开采实际中起到很大作用。为此笔者不仅进行“再分析”,而且进行“再计算”。以实际开采地下水的动态资料,进行地下水平衡计算。计算结果表明,典型农场如创业农场已获得1．8倍原评价水资源的激发补给;全分局现地下平均水位45．67m,已获得激发补给4．99×10^8m^3;若继续发展打井种稻,使平均地下水位降至40．00m时,全分局可获得激发补给13．16×10^8m^3,是原评价资源量的1．2倍,接近原计算激发补给量。可满足近远期发展水田对资源的要求,而地下水还难以消除承压。     

合理开发和保护银川市地下水资源

银川市自20世纪70年代以后，地下水的开采已形成规模，地下水的开采层位也由浅层潜水转向深层承压水．根据地下水动态长期监测资料，银川市地下水由于集中超量开采，造成区域地下水位持续下降，现已形成较大规模的降落漏斗．地下水资源的平衡是一个动态平衡，在总的系统中补给和排泄，任何一项的变化都将引起地下水动态的变化(即水位、水量、水质的变化)，而地下水动态的变化也会引起地表生态环境的变化．上部潜水虽然有储存资源，但由于其不同程度的污染，可饮用水很少；第一承压水由于局部地区受到污染，其补给量主要靠上层潜水的越流补给，可开采资源也是有限的；第二承压水虽埋藏较深，但不宜大量开采．所以，地下水资源的科学管理势在必行．要实现银川市可持续发展，就得合理开发和保护地下水资源．     

城市水源地深层承压水合理开采水位阈值研究

从中国城市水源地长期开采深层承压水存在的各种问题出发,提出了承压水合理开采水位概念及划定方法。以河南省西平县新建水源地为研究区,根据研究区实际条件建立地下水数值模型,通过地下水数值模拟方法确定不同开采情景下地下水位的变化情况,并利用地面沉降经验公式计算出研究区不同开采情景下的年均沉降速率,结合划定的水源地保护区边界,划定研究区城市水源地承压水合理开采水位。结果表明:在开采承压水的同时,为防止承压水开采引发严重的地面沉降,西平县新建水源地地下水平均开采强度应控制在18 200～33 400 m~3/d;以G06观测井为例,正常开采水位为27.58 m,限制开采水位为24.12 m,禁止开采水位为20.34 m,承压水合理开采水位阈值为20.34～27.58 m。     

三江平原地下水位下降分析

近10a来三江平原发展水稻种植,大量开采地下水,地下水位下降,引起各方面关注,出现各种分析;笔者认为应以每年5月(地下水开采后)至翌年4月(来年开采前)为年采补平衡分析水文年,以翌年4月(来年地下水开采前)的瞬时地下水位或埋深,作为每年地下水位变化依据,而进行年或年际变化分析,其他分析方法,值得商榷。以采补平衡水文年及年末水位或埋深分析,三江平原地下水自开采以来(至2001年)平均总下降约4．0m,平均每年下降速率约0．2～0．3m。     

同位素技术判定银川平原地下水补给模式

应用同位素技术研究银川平原地下水特征表明：银川平原地下水具有不同的补给模式：贺兰山洪积扇的单一潜水主要接受大气降水及山前侧向径流补给,受补给源所限,地下水滞留时间较长,更新能力较差;引黄灌区内潜水,主要接受黄河灌溉水的入渗补给,其中青铜峡单一潜水地下水更新能力强于银川以北地区．平原深部承压水为古地质时期补给形成的“古水”,地下水交替缓慢;城市地下水集中开采区,承压水具备新老掺和及现代水的特征,开采层接受上覆含水层的越流补给,承压水地下水流速自开采区边缘向开采中心增快．     

深层地下水^18O与D组成特征与水流场

为了分析不同含水层系统中水流场分布,利用淮北任楼井田及所在的临涣矿区地表水体、地面长期观测孔、井下出水点从上而下分别采集了地表、第四系第四含水层、二叠系煤系砂岩裂隙含水层、石炭系太原组岩溶含水层及奥陶系岩溶含水层30个水样,测试了δD,δ18O与咸化指标总溶解固体TDS.结果表明:临涣矿区四含和太灰地下水表现18O漂移,煤系地下水表现D漂移,奥灰地下水漂移特征不明显;临涣矿区四含与太灰地下水δ18O与TDS呈负相关关系,煤系地下水δD与TDS呈正相关关系.任楼井田煤炭的开采对四含与煤系水的影响较大,四含水由井田西北与东南方向向采区径流,煤系水由井田四周向采区径流;煤炭开采对太灰水影响不大,太灰水在井田范围内由东向西径流.     

陕北现代化煤炭开采区土地沙漠化影响及原因——以大柳塔—活鸡兔矿区为例

为了弄清楚陕北现代化煤炭开采对沙漠与黄土交界处土地沙漠化和地质环境的影响,以神府煤田的大柳塔—活鸡兔矿区为例,采用遥感解译、大比例尺地面调查以及GIS技术,对矿区近20年来煤炭开采区沙漠化土地及地质环境的演化特征进行分析,探讨了土地沙漠化的影响因素。结果表明:近20年来研究区土地沙漠化总体呈好转趋势,1986—1996年是矿区沙漠化好转的主要时期,主要因为该时期煤炭开采规模较小,采空塌陷区增加缓慢;20世纪80年代中期以来,矿区因煤矿采空所形成的塌陷区面积不断扩大,但采空塌陷至少对严重和中度沙漠化土地的影响微弱;1996年以来,随着煤炭开采力度不断加大,采空塌陷区面积呈指数增长,但土地沙漠化仍处于一个相对稳定的时期;煤炭资源开发造成大面积地面塌陷和裂隙、地下水水位下降、泉水流量减少甚至干涸,以及地表径流减少等,会导致区域生物多样性的减少和湿地植被的演替,使生态环境更加脆弱。因此,影响矿区土地沙漠化的主要因素是气候变化和其他人为因素,而不是矿区生态特征和采空塌陷因素。设立重要的生态环境和水资源保护区是保护有限的水资源和生物资源必要手段,也是减轻土地沙漠化的重要途径。     

天然-采动状态下顶板含水层疏降水量预测与评价

以鄂尔多斯市台格庙矿区为例,研究多层含水系统水文地质参数和边界条件特征,运用Visual Modflow软件建立研究区三维地下水数值模型,采用钻孔抽水实验资料及矿区初始流场分布数据完成了模型识别和校正。针对以往疏降水量预测未考虑采动后水文地质条件变化的问题,基于导水裂隙带发育高度与顶板隔水层的侵入关系确定了疏降含水层层位和区域,对矿区7个井田2、3煤层顶板含水层在天然状态和采动状态下的疏降水量进行了预测,结果表明:采动状态下顶板含水层疏降水量明显增大,开采前需要对顶板含水层水位进行疏降,且水位疏降会对当地居民饮用水含水层造成一定的影响。     

河北省煤矿区瓦斯赋存构造控制

通过对河北省7个煤与瓦斯突出矿井、12个高瓦斯矿井、32个低瓦斯矿井煤矿区瓦斯地质特征的研究,提出了河北省瓦斯赋存构造逐级控制理论,华北板块构造控制河北省瓦斯分布,区域构造控制各矿区瓦斯分布,矿井构造控制采区、采面瓦斯.厘定出开平煤田北西翼高突带、下花园八宝山高突带、邯邢煤田鼓山东侧深部高瓦斯带和兴隆-宽城-松树台高瓦斯带4个高瓦斯带.研究表明:河北省内煤矿区高突瓦斯矿井的分布受控于EW向燕山褶皱带和NNE太行山构造带两大构造带,具有分带特征,太行山东麓的瓦斯由于深大断裂和地下水的控制而呈现"西低东高,南小北大"的态势,燕山褶皱带受燕山期NW-SE向水平挤压作用发育有逆冲推覆构造,密集发育的逆断层造成煤层叠瓦式分布有利于瓦斯的保存,80%矿井含煤地层集中在石炭二叠系,石炭二叠系瓦斯突出危险性要比侏罗系煤层大.     

Longwall mining under gateroads and gobs of abandoned small mine

Due to the use of outdated mining technology or room and pillar mining process in small coal mines, the coal recovery ratio is only 10–25%. In many regions of China, the damage area caused by the small coal mines amounted to nearly one hundred square kilometers. Therefore, special mining techniques must be taken to reclaim the wasted resource in disturbed coal areas. This paper focuses on the different mining methods by analyzing the longwall panel layout and abandoned gateroad(AG) distribution in the abandoned area of Cuijiazhai coal mine in northwestern China. On the basis of three-dimensional geological model, FLAC3 D numerical simulation was employed. The abutment pressure distribution was simulated when the panel face passed through the disturbed areas. The proper angle of the inclined face was analyzed when the panel face passed through the abandoned gateroads. The results show that the head end of the face should be 13–20 m ahead of the tail end. The pillars on both sides of abandoned gateroads had not been damaged at the same time, and no large-area stress concentration occured above the main roof.Therefore, the coal reserves of disturbed areas can be successfully recovered by using underground longwall mining.     

高庄矿区地下水流场分析及疏水降压巷选择的可行性研究

随着煤矿开采深度的增加 ,地下水位逐年下降 ,矿区供水问题日渐突出 ,而高庄煤矿深部己四采区处于带压开采状态 .本文结合高庄煤矿水文地质条件 ,从地质构造入手分析了高庄井田地下水运移规律 ,并对高庄矿疏水降压方案作了可行性分析 ,同时也为矿区寻找新的供水源作了初步探讨     

The current perspective of the PA 1957 gas well pillar study and its implications for longwall gas well pillars

Many states rely upon the Pennsylvania 1957 Gas Well Pillar Study to evaluate the coal barrier surrounding gas wells. The study included 77 gas well failure cases that occurred in the Pittsburgh and Freeport coal seams over a 25-year span. At the time, coal was mined using the room-and-pillar mining method with full or partial pillar recovery, and square or rectangle pillars surrounding the gas wells were left to protect the wells. The study provided guidelines for pillar sizes under different overburden depths up to213 m(700 ft). The 1957 study has also been used to determine gas well pillar sizes in longwall mines since longwall mining began in the 1970 s. The original study was developed for room-and-pillar mining and could be applied to gas wells in longwall chain pillars under shallow cover. However, under deep cover, severe deformations in gas wells have occurred in longwall chain pillars. Presently, with a better understanding of coal pillar mechanics, new insight into subsidence movements induced by retreat mining, and advances in numerical modeling, it has become both critically important and feasible to evaluate the adequacy of the 1957 study for longwall gas well pillars. In this paper, the data from the 1957 study is analyzed from a new perspective by considering various factors, including overburden depth, failure location, failure time, pillar safety factor(SF), and floor pressure. The pillar SF and floor pressure are calculated by considering abutment pressure induced by full pillar recovery. A statistical analysis is performed to find correlations between various factors and helps identify the most significant factors for the stability of gas wells influenced by retreat mining. Through analyzing the data from the 1957 study, the guidelines for gas well pillars in the 1957 study are evaluated for their adequacy for roomand-pillar mining and their applicability to longwall mining. Numerical modeling is used to model the stability of gas wells by quantifying the mining-induced stresses in gas well casings. Results of this study indicate that the guidelines in the 1957 study may be appropriate for pillars protecting conventional gas wells in both room-and-pillar mining and longwall mining under overburden depths up to 213 m(700 ft),but may not be sufficient for protective pillars under deep cover. The current evaluation of the 1957 study provides not only insights about potential gas well failures caused by retreat mining but also implications for what critical considerations should be taken into account to protect gas wells in longwall mining.     

煤矿开采诱发的水文地质效应研究

本文研究了煤矿开采诱发的水文地质效应。所谓水文地质效应是指煤矿区地下水系统在开采扰动影响下，其输入、输出、系统结构、内部作用过程和功能以及环境等要素的变化。水文地质效应导致矿井地下水系统的形成，而矿井地下水系统又可以进一步诱发新的水文地质效应，它们组成的反馈环，促使矿井地下水系统在一定的开采方式，强度和规模控制下不断变化。     

我国煤炭矿区环境会计初论

针对目前我国煤矿环境污染日益严重及煤炭资源过度开采的状况,就如何利用环境会计的基本理论对煤矿环境保护与治理的成本和效益进行核算作了初步探讨,提出采用“主表 附表”的模式反映煤炭企业经济活动中产生影响的有关信息,以利更好地保护矿区环境和有效利用煤炭资源.     

Scale of seismic and rock burst hazard in the Silesian companies in Poland

Presently the seismic and rock burst hazard appears still to be important in most of hard coal mines in Poland. Recently, there was a significant increase of seismic activity of the Silesian rock massive, when compared with the previous years. In the period 1999-2008 the hard coal mines experienced 34 rock bursts. The causes of rockburst occurrence are presented based on the analysis of the rockbursts occurring in the Polish hard coal mines. The scale of the rockburst hazard has been characterized with respect to the mining and geological conditions of the existing exploitation. Of the factors influencing the state of rockburst hazard, the most essential one is considered the depth interval ranging from 600 m to 900 m. The basic factors that promote the rockburst occurrence are as follows: seismogenic strata, edges and remnants, goaf, faults, pillars and excessive paneling.     

Numerical simulation of dewatering thick unconsolidated aquifers for safety of underground coal mining

With an increase of mining the upper limits under unconsolidated aquifers, dewatering of the bottom aquifer of the Quaternary system has become a major method to avoid water and sand inrushes. In the 8th District of the Taiping Coal Mine in south-western Shandong province, the bottom aquifer of the Quaternary system is moderate to excellent in water-yielding capacity. The base rock above the coal seam is very thin in the concealed coal field of the Carboniferous and Permian systems. Therefore, a comprehensive dewatering plan from both the ground surface and the panel was proposed to lower the groundwater level in order to ensure mining safety. According to the hydrogeologic conditions of the 8th District, we established a numerical model so that we could simulate the groundwater flow in the dewatering process. We obtained the simulation parameters from previous data using backward modeling, such as the average coefficient of permeability of 12 m/d and the elastic storage coefficient of 0.002. From the same model, we predicted the movement of groundwater and water level variables and obtained the visible effect of the dewatering project. Despite the overburden failure during mining, no water and/or sand inrush occurred because the groundwater level in the bottom aquifer was lowered to a safe water level.     

回采工艺模式选择专家系统的设计与实现

从煤层赋存条件、地质构造、人员素质及工作面外部环节能力等方面叙述了回采工艺模式的选择，建立了多层次的回采工艺模式选择的专家系统（ＣＭＴＰＥＳ），并重点介绍了知识库和推理机设计．本专家系统已用ＴＵＲＢＯＰＲＯ－ＬＯＧ语言初步实现，其不仅可对新建矿井回采工艺的确定提供理论根据，而且可对生产矿井回采工艺的论证提供技术指导     

Upward surface movement above deep coal mines after closure and flooding of underground workings

After the mass closures of entire coal mine districts in Europe at the end of the last century, a new phenomenon of surface movement was observed—an upward movement.Although most surface movement(i.e., subsidence) occurs in the months and years after mining by the longwall method, surface movement still occurs many decades after mining is terminated.After the closure and flooding of underground excavations and surrounding rock, this movement was reversed.This paper focuses on quantifying the upward movement in two neighboring coal mines(Winterslag and Zwartberg, Belgium).The study is based on data from a remote sensing technique: interferometry with synthetic aperture radar(INSAR).The results of the study show that the rate of upward movement in the decade after closure is about 10 mm/year on average.The upward movements are not linked directly to the past exploitation directly underneath a location.The amounts of subsidence at specific locations are linked mainly to their positions relative to an inverse trough shape situated over the entire mined-out areas and their immediate surroundings.Local features, such as geological faults, can have a secondary effect on the local variation of the uplift.The processes of subsidence and uplift are based on completely different mechanisms.Subsidence is initiated by a caving process, while the process of uplift is clearly linked to flooding.