基于热-机耦合有限元法预测构架侧梁焊接变形

准确地数值模拟焊接构架侧梁在其生产过程中产生的焊接变形规律,是有效地控制焊接变形和减少焊后矫形工作的关键。本文基于热-机耦合热弹性有限元方法,采用Marc软件,创建了焊接构架侧梁有限元模型,并采用分段串热源进行焊接热源模拟,得出了侧梁在垂向弯曲、水平弯曲和纵向收缩变形的规律,最后利用合理的实验方法给出侧梁实际变形结果。研究表明:数值模拟计算与实验结果十分吻合,从而证明了此方法对其进行焊接变形预测的有效性。     

离心压缩机风筒法兰焊接坡口优化的数值模拟研究

本项目基于MSC.Marc软件,针对离心压缩机风筒法兰焊接变形问题开展数值模拟研究,根据工件制造实际,建立了可靠的有限元模型建立方法和焊接过程数值模拟方法,并利用经过验证的方法,计算得到对称坡口对焊接变形的改善效果。     

基于ANSYS的平板焊接热-结构耦合场数值模拟

采用ANSYS软件对平板焊接过程进行了数值模拟分析,通过APDL语言编写程序,建立平板对接有限元模型,利用体生热率热源模型和“生死单元”法动态模拟了焊缝金属的熔覆过程,最后对焊接过程的温度-应力耦合场进行了模拟。后处理时,通过选择不同方向上的路径进而得到对应的热结构耦合场中的温度变化曲线和残余应力分布曲线,结果显示与实际焊接过程规律相符,为工程实际中焊接模拟的可靠性分析提供了有益参考。     

SUS310S不锈钢局部真空电子束焊接接头残余应力及变形研究

作为一种新型焊接方法,局部真空电子束焊接常被用于制造厚大的奥氏体不锈钢焊接接头,而该类接头的焊接残余应力和变形问题受到广泛关注。对板厚40 mm的SUS310S不锈钢局部真空电子束焊接的对接接头进行了研究,并利用光学显微镜表征接头的组织形貌,利用显微硬度计测量接头的硬度分布,采用盲孔法装置和三坐标测量仪测量了接头的残余应力与面外变形。同时,基于ABAQUS有限元软件平台,通过编写用户子程序开发了一种复合热源模型来模拟局部真空电子束焊接过程中的热输入。采用所开发的“热-弹-塑性有限元”计算方法,模拟了接头在局部真空电子束焊条件下的残余应力与变形,模拟结果与试验结果吻合良好,验证了所开发的“热-弹-塑性有限元方法”的有效性。同时基于数值模拟结果,还详细讨论了局部真空电子束焊厚板对接接头的残余应力分布与焊接变形特征。     

超声波塑料焊接温度场有限元数值模拟

超声波塑料焊接的温度场是研究其焊接机理的重要方面。但是由于超声波塑料焊接具有时间短、局部焊接区域封闭等特点,使得对焊接温度场的研究很困难。采用有限元的方法,对超声波塑料焊接过程中的温度场进行了数值模拟,并建立了具有高响应频率、实时测量、数据存储功能的先进测量系统。模拟结果和实际测量结果相近,说明有限元模型合理。     

激光深熔焊接热过程数值模拟的研究进展

激光深熔焊接过程涉及极其复杂的物理化学反应,数值模拟是研究激光深熔焊接过程的温度场、焊件应力与变形、熔池、匙孔演变与反冲压力等问题的基础,而热过程处理是激光深熔焊接数值模拟的关键点。总结和分析了体热源模型、复合热源模型和自适应热源模型的发展情况,论述了材料热物理性能参数在数值模拟中的使用情况,讨论了激光深熔焊接数值模拟中一些关键问题如边界条件,并指出了激光深熔焊接热过程数值模拟需要进一步研究的方向。     

熔敷顺序和管壁厚度对异种钢管板接头焊接残余应力与变形的影响

异种钢焊接接头广泛应用于机械、化工、电力和交通等领域的装备制造中,由于异种钢接头的材料不同,焊接过程中产生的残余应力分布十分复杂,但关于异种钢焊接接头残余应力的研究还很不充分。以SYSWELD有限元软件为平台,开发用于模拟异种钢焊接接头残余应力与变形的热-弹-塑性有限元计算方法。基于此方法,以异种钢管-板焊接接头为对象,研究不同熔敷顺序和管壁厚度对接头焊接残余应力与变形的影响。在数值模拟过程中,针对不同类型的材料采用不同的本构模型来模拟材料的力学行为。采用接触式三维坐标测量仪测量焊接接头特征位置的变形量,验证有限元计算方法的有效性。研究结果表明,管板接头的残余应力分布受熔敷顺序的影响十分显著,变形分布形态也在一定程度上受到了熔敷顺序的影响。随着管壁厚度的增加,圆管径向变形量反而减小,周向残余应力的峰值有所增加,同时圆管与焊缝异材界面处的周向残余应力梯度也明显增大。开发的数值模拟方法将是预测异种钢焊接接头残余应力与变形的有力工具,模拟结果将为焊接结构的健全性评价供理论支撑。     

焊接过程数值模拟热源模型的研究进展

焊接数值模拟是当今材料加工领域的一个研究热点,并得到了越来越广泛的应用,本文介绍了焊接过程数值模拟热源加载模式的研究进展。高斯分布函数、半球能量密度分布函数、椭球、双椭球能量密度分布函数常应用在焊接过程数值模拟中,但计算量大,为了简化计算,开始采用分段移动高斯热源模型,高斯串热源,分段移动双椭球模型,在保证精度的情况下,提高了计算效率,应用生死单元技术可以处理复杂焊接模拟的热输入问题。     

不同有限元软件对Q390钢厚板T型接头焊接残余应力和变形预测精度与计算效率的比较

以Q390高强钢厚板多层多道焊T型接头为研究对象,分别基于ABAQUS、MARC和SYSWELD三款不同的有限元软件平台,开发"热-弹-塑性有限元方法"模拟接头的焊接温度场、残余应力与焊接变形。采用理论方法检验三种数值模拟软件在计算焊接温度场时的热量损失情况。结果表明,通过ABAQUS软件进行多层多道焊温度场的计算时,在后续焊道单元的添加和激活过程中,会造成热量的损失,对此提出了相应的解决方案;另外两个软件对焊接温度场的计算不存在热量损失问题。同时,采用试验方法实测接头的焊接残余应力和焊接变形。通过对比数值模拟结果与试验结果可知,三种不同的数值模拟软件对焊接残余应力都有较高的预测精度。对于焊接变形,ABAQUS的预测精度最高,然而计算时间最长;MARC次之,与ABAQUS相比计算效率提高了55%;SYSWELD对多层多道焊焊接变形的预测精度相对较差,但其计算效率最高,与ABAQUS相比效率提高了66%。为充分利用各个软件的优势进行焊接数值模拟的研究提供了较好的借鉴和参考价值。     

激光焊接温度场数值模拟的研究现状

简单介绍了激光焊接技术,通过分析软件建立激光焊接模型进行有限元数值模拟,研究了激光焊接下的温度场分布,讨论了进行激光焊接温度场数值模拟中一些关键问题,并着重讨论了焊接热源的选取问题,同时指出了未来的研究方向。     

Different finite element techniques to predict welding residual stresses in aluminum alloy plates

This study is a 3D thermomechanical finite element (FE) analysis of a single-pass and butt-welded work-hardened aluminum (Al) 5456 plates. It aims to validate the use of FE welding simulations to predict residual stress states in assessing the integrity of welded components. The predicted final residual stresses in the plate from the FE simulations are verified through comparison with experimental measurements. Three techniques are used to simulate the welding process. In the first two approaches, welding deposition is applied by using element birth and interaction techniques. In the third approach, the entire weld zone is simultaneously deposited. Results show a value at approximately the yield strength for longitudinal residual stresses of the welded center of the butt-welded Al alloy plates with a thickness of 2 mm. Considering the application of a comprehensive heat source, along with heat loss modeling and the temperature-dependent properties of the material, the approach without deposition predicts a reasonable distribution of residual stresses. However, the element birth and interaction techniques, compared with the no-deposit technique, provide more accurate results in calculating residual stresses. Furthermore, the element interaction technique, compared with the element birth technique, exhibits higher efficiency and flexibility in modeling the deposition of welded metals as well as less modeling cost.     

高压水射流喷丸降低焊接残余应力有限元分析

焊接不可避免产生残余应力,对结构完整性造成很大影响。提出利用高压水射流喷丸技术降低焊接残余应力,并利用有限元法进行计算模拟。分别开发了模拟焊接的移动双椭球热源子程序及模拟高压水射流喷丸的移动压力载荷子程序,得到了经高压水射流喷丸处理前后焊接残余应力分布的变化规律。计算结果表明,经高压水射流喷丸处理后,焊缝和热影响区存在的焊态残余应力得到降低,在焊缝区已经产生压缩应力。证明高压水射流喷丸具有降低焊接残余应力的效果。     

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF RESIDUAL STRESSES IN TITANIUM ALLOY DURING ELECTRON BEAM LOCAL POST-WELD HEAT TREATMENT

The distributions of temperature and residual stresses in thin plates of BT20 titanium alloy are numerically analyzed by three-dimensional finite element software during electron beam welding and electron beam local post-weld heat treatment (EBLPWHT). Combined with numerical calculating results, the effects of different EBLPWHT mode and parameters, including heat treating position, heating width and heating time, on the distribution of welding residual stresses are analyzed. The results show that, the residual tensile stresses in weld center can be largely decreased when the weld is heat treated at back preface of the plate. The numerical results also indicated that the magnitude of the residual longitudinal stresses of the weld and the zone vicinity of the weld is decreased, and the range of the residual longitudinal stresses is increased along with the increase of heating width and heating time.     

钛合金薄板激光焊接和TIG焊接残余应力数值模拟

基于有限元分析软件ANSYS，以激光焊接和TIG焊接温度场模拟为基础，对钛合金薄板的焊接残余应力进行了数值模拟，并分析了不同焊接工艺参数对激光焊接和TIG焊接残余应力分布的影响。数值模拟中考虑了材料参数的温度相关性，并与小孔释放法测试的焊接残余应力进行比较，结果表明：计算结果和测试结果吻合较好。     

Residual stresses in friction stir welded parts of complex geometry

Residual stresses play a key role on the mechanics underlying the fatigue crack growth propagation of welded joints. Indeed, compressive residual stresses may induce a beneficial enhancement of the fatigue life under loading condition whereas tensile residual stresses may act to increase the stress distribution at crack tip, resulting in a life-threatening condition of the welded structure. In-process distortion and final geometry of welded joints are also affected by residual stresses. In this paper, the longitudinal residual stress distributions in friction stir welding (FSW) joints were investigated for butt and skin–stringer geometries, including lap and T configurations. To measure residual stresses, the cut-compliance and the inverse weight-function methodologies were adapted for skin–stringer FSW geometries via finite element analysis. AA2024-T4 and AA7075-T6 aluminum alloys were used to weld dissimilar skin–stringer joints whereas butt joints were made of AA2024. The effect of most relevant process parameters as well as the cooling during welding process was also investigated for a better understanding of welding residual stresses. Our findings suggest that FSW of complex skin–stringer geometries produces higher residual stresses than those of butt joints, and that the cooling water flux further reduces residual stresses. Changes of process parameters did not affect markedly residual stress distribution.     

Predicting residual stresses and distortion during multisequence welding of large size structures using FEM

A three-dimensional thermomechanical finite element (FE) analysis is carried out to model and predict the influence of welding sequence on the generation of distortions and residual stresses in large size T-joints. To simulate industrial welding conditions, the influence of nine welding sequences on the magnitude of distortion in both the plate and the stiffener was investigated. The addition of new material during welding was simulated using an element “birth and death” technique, while the moving welding arc was considered as a volumetric heat source with a double ellipsoidal distribution. The investigated material is a structural steel used for fabrication of large size structures in the hydroelectric industry. To calibrate the model and validate the simulation results, welding-induced distortion for one sequence was initially modeled and the results were compared with experimental measurements. The optimum welding sequences for the base plate and the reinforcement plate were determined. The results indicated also that the predicted distortions obtained from three-dimensional FE analysis are in reasonable agreement with experimental measurements.     

Three-dimensional finite element analysis for estimation of the weld residual stress in the dissimilar butt weld piping

Numerous dissimilar metal welds are used to connect carbon steel and stainless steel in nuclear power plants. Recently, some cracks have occurred in the dissimilar metal welds, and welding residual stress is considered as a contributing factor to the cracks. In this study, welding residual stresses in dissimilar butt weld piping were evaluated by the 3-dimensional (3-D) finite element method. Welding residual stresses along the circumference of heat affected zones as well as weld regions were obtained through the analysis, which could not be obtainable with 2-dimensional (2-D) analysis. The differences between 2-D analysis and 3-D analysis are presented in this paper.     

基于轮廓法测试焊接件内部残余应力

采用轮廓法测试低碳钢堆焊件和T形焊接结构的内部纵向残余应力。将焊接件沿垂直焊缝平面切割开,精确测试切割面的变形轮廓,然后将测试轮廓进行拟合,并将拟合结果作为有限元模型的边界条件进行弹性计算从而获得内部垂直切割平面的应力分布。比较不同曲面拟合方法拟合得到的切割面轮廓形貌;将轮廓法测试的焊接残余应力结果和热弹塑性三维有限元计算结果进行比较分析。研究结果表明:轮廓法能准确高效测试较厚焊接件内部整个截面上的纵向应力分布;由于线切割和轮廓测量误差造成轮廓法测得的应力在约2 mm厚表层区域的幅值和有限元计算结果相比误差较大,但轮廓法测试结果仍能反映出表层应力的分布趋势和特征;线切割断丝造成切割面的局部轮廓误差,会引起断丝区域测试应力出现突变。     

屈服强度对压痕应变法测量焊接应力中应变增量的影响

压痕应变法测量焊缝残余应力时采用母材的标定系数,常常由于焊缝和母材屈服强度的较大差异而带来严重误差.文中首先针对焊缝应力的计算方法提出改进,然后采用有限元数值模拟,针对直径2.0 mm球形压头和0.2 mm的压入深度,分析距离压痕中心4 mm～6 mm范围内不同屈服强度材料的塑性区变化特征,以及不同屈服强度材料的压痕叠加应变增量和有效应力(外加应力和屈服强度之比)之间的关系,获得一系列有价值的结果,基本解决了压痕应变法测量焊缝残余应力中用母材标定结果计算焊缝应力存在的误差问题.     

Laser welding of Haynes 188 alloy sheet: thermal stress analysis

Laser welding of Haynes 188 alloy sheets is carried out. Temperature and stress fields developed in the welding section are predicted numerically incorporating the finite element algorithm. The microstructural changes in the welding region are examined using the optical and electron scanning microscopes. The microhardness variation across the weld zone is measured and associated with the residual stress formed in this region. It is found that the microhardness follows the residual stress distribution in the weld core. The maximum residual stress is less than the elastic limit of the substrate material.