脂肪酸系列辅集剂在废纸中的浮洗脱墨实验

简介了脂肪酸捕集剂的捕集机理，选择了一系列脂肪酸配以TX－10作实验脱墨剂进行了相应了应用试验，结果不饱和脂肪酸捕集油墨性能优于饱和脂肪酸，C18 的脂肪酸优于C12、C16的脂肪酸。     

重金属捕集剂对废水中铅捕集效果研究

研究了几种重金属捕集剂对含铅废水的处理效果，讨论了反应时间、捕集剂加入量、pH值及多种重金属离子共存条件下各种捕集剂对铅处理效果的影响。实验结果表明，在反应时间为20min，捕集剂加入量为理论用量的1．2倍，pH值为2～6时处理效果较好，捕集效率在99％以上，且多种重金属离子共存条件下对捕集效果没有影响，处理后的废水能达到重金属国家排放标准。因此采用该方法优于传统处理方法，有很好的应用前景。     

聚二硫代氨基甲酸盐捕集剂处理含镉废水的研究

合成了一种新型聚二硫代氨基甲酸盐捕集剂,并考察了该捕集剂用于处理模拟含镉废水的实验效果,研究了捕集剂加入量、p H值以及搅拌时间等因素对镉离子捕集效果的影响,并考察了该捕集剂应用到实际电镀废水的捕集效果。结果表明,最佳处理条件为p H值3~9,50 g/L捕集剂的添加量为1.8 m L,搅拌时间为5 min。处理实际电镀废水时,无需调节p H,Cd(II)的去除率可达99.9%以上,剩余Cd(II)的浓度小于0.05 mg/L,成本低廉,处理效果好,满足国家最新电镀污染物排放标准GB 21900—2008的排放要求。     

重金属捕集剂在废水处理中的研究进展

在众多的重金属废水处理方法中,重金属捕集剂法具有反应效率高、污泥沉淀快、含水率低、残渣稳定以及选择性良好等优点,特别是对重金属浓度较低的废水,也有明显效果,因而成为国内外重金属废水处理研究的热点。文章旨在综述DTC类重金属捕集剂的研究与应用进展,简述了捕集剂与重金属作用的基本原理,并阐述了其在废水处理中的应用现状及主要影响因素,总结了重金属捕集剂法处理重金属废水存在的问题,并提出一些重金属捕集剂未来的研究方向。     

淀粉基重金属捕集材料的微观结构及捕集效能

天然淀粉具有低毒、易降解、可循环利用等优点,经多元修饰后,具备捕集重金属的能力。使用季铵型醚化剂,磷酸盐及尿素对淀粉分子进行多元修饰,最终获得了多种电荷分布的淀粉分子修饰产品。通过红外光谱、固体核磁共振、扫描电镜及捕集效能评价等手段研究了淀粉基捕集剂的微观结构、特性及捕集机理。结果表明：淀粉分子成功引入阳离子季铵基团、阴离子磷酸基团及非离子的酰胺基团;比表面积增大,分子量增大,有利于对重金属离子进行捕集;0.06g淀粉基捕集剂对30mg/L混合溶液中铜、铅、镉、镍离子的去除率分别为97.80%、99.83%、99.23%、99.53%,均优于国家排放标准;其捕集吸附过程符合伪二级吸附模型,且由电性中和反应和微孔吸附联合共同控制。     

聚二硫代氨基甲酸盐捕集剂处理含镉废水的研究

合成了一种新型聚二硫代氨基甲酸盐捕集剂,并考察了该捕集剂用于处理模拟含镉废水的实验效果,研究了捕集剂加入量、p H值以及搅拌时间等因素对镉离子捕集效果的影响,并考察了该捕集剂应用到实际电镀废水的捕集效果。结果表明,最佳处理条件为p H值3⁹,50 g/L捕集剂的添加量为1.8 m L,搅拌时间为5 min。处理实际电镀废水时,无需调节p H,Cd(II)的去除率可达99.9%以上,剩余Cd(II)的浓度小于0.05 mg/L,成本低廉,处理效果好,满足国家最新电镀污染物排放标准GB 21900—2008的排放要求。     

重金属捕集剂的合成与应用研究

将两种低分子量多胺物质与二硫化碳通过二步反应制得重金属捕集剂.通过正交实验优化,所合成重金属捕集剂对2 mg·L-1Cu2+和Ni2+废水的去除率分别达到98.35%和95.65%.并讨论了重金属捕集剂投加量、pH值及Cu2+、Ni2+共存条件对捕集剂处理低浓度Cu2+和Ni2+废水的影响.结果表明,重金属捕集剂投加量为0.0621～0.0955 mg·L-1时,处理后的水即可达到国家排放标准;pH值为7～10时,重金属捕集剂处理效果较好;在不同比例的Cu2+、Ni2+共存情况下,重金属捕集剂对两种离子均有较高的去除率,具有进一步研究应用价值.     

重金属捕集剂去除冷轧酸洗废水中铬镍的应用研究

基于传统石灰法处理冷轧酸洗废水,对比研究了重金属捕集剂投加位置、重金属捕集剂联合"石灰+铁盐"深度处理工艺、重金属捕集剂联合高密度污泥深度处理工艺对冷轧酸洗废水中总铬和总镍去除效果的影响。实验结果表明:重金属捕集剂联合高密度污泥处理澄清池出水,当重金属捕集剂、高密度污泥投加质量浓度分别为40、2 500 mg/L时,处理出水满足《钢铁工业水污染物排放标准》(GB 13456—2012)水污染物特别排放限值的要求。     

硫基重金属捕集剂的应用及市场展望

介绍了硫基重金属捕集剂在重金属废水处理工业方面的应用现状和最新进展,并对硫基重金属捕集剂的市场前景进行了展望,提出了未来的发展趋势。     

淀粉基重金属捕集剂的研究进展

与传统水处理药剂相比,改性淀粉作为絮凝剂和重金属捕集剂,具有成本低廉、可生物降解、毒性小、可再生等优点.按照反应类型,阐述了近年来酯化、醚化、接枝、氧化等几类改性淀粉作为重金属捕集剂的研究进展、应用现状及优缺点,同时对淀粉基重金属捕集剂的前景及发展趋势进行了展望.     

Comparison of catabolism rate of fatty acids to carbon dioxide in mice

The catabolism rates of a medium chain fatty acid (octanoic acid), an even‐numbered fatty acid (palmitic acid), and odd‐numbered fatty acids (pentadecanoic acid and heptadecanoic acid) in mice were compared using stable isotope (¹³C) labeled fatty acids and isotope‐ratio MS (IRMS). The catabolism rates of respective fatty acids were evaluated by the ratio of ¹³C and ¹²C in carbon dioxide expired from mice. The results show that the catabolism rate of octanoic acid is three times faster than that of palmitic acid. This result is in agreement with previous knowledge that medium chain fatty acids are easily beta‐oxidized as compared to long chain fatty acids. The catabolism rates of odd‐numbered fatty acids such as pentadecanoic acid and heptadecanoic acid were significantly lower as compared to those of even‐numbered fatty acids such as palmitic acid. This finding supports our previous report that odd‐numbered fatty acids are easily accumulated into body fat. The high accumulation of odd‐numbered fatty acids in body fat would be a direct result of their low beta‐oxidizability. Practical applications: ¹³C‐labeled fatty acids were administered to mice and the rates of ¹³CO₂ formation were compared among medium chain, even‐numbered, and odd‐numbered fatty acids using IRMS. We found that the catabolism rates of odd‐numbered fatty acids such as pentadecanoic acid and heptadecanoic acid were significantly lower in comparison to those of even‐numbered fatty acids such as palmitic acid. These findings could be valuable for the development of the lipid metabolism field.     

Solvent Crystallization of the Fat and Fatty Acids of Schleichera trijuga Seed

The crystallizations of the kusum oil and the mixed fatty acids thereof were studied from several solvents at various temperatures (+10° C to ?60° C). The results indicate in general that in the range of temperatures studied, petroleum ether as a single solvent is comparable in efficiency to methanol and superior to both acetone and ethanol in respect of separation of the saturated and unsaturated components of the fatty acid mixture. The saturated and unsaturated fractions of the oil also are better separated by petroleum ether than acetone. Further, oleic acid essentially free from linoleic acid is obtainable by a preliminary crystallization of the fatty acid mixture from petroleum ether at ca. ?12° C, followed by two additional crystallizations from acetone at ca. ?55° C.     

越南安息香种子脂肪酸的在线甲基化-GC分析研究

建立了分析越南安息香种子油、果实和果壳的脂肪酸组成的在线甲基化-气相色谱法。将微克级的安息香样品与2μL衍生化试剂三甲基氢氧化硫（0.2 mol/L）加入裂解器,在350℃下瞬间反应,由气相色谱在线检测到8种脂肪酸甲酯成分,主要有棕榈酸（ C16∶0）、硬脂酸（ C18∶0）、油酸（ C18∶1）、亚油酸（ C18∶2）和亚麻酸（ C18∶3）,不饱和脂肪酸含量在84.5%以上,其中亚油酸含量最高,达47.29%。5次平行测定的相对标准偏差（ RSD）小于3.81%。并结合相似性分析法比较了4种不同产地的安息香种仁与6种食用油的脂肪酸组成,相似性结果表明不同产地的安息香种仁的脂肪酸组成相似,其脂肪酸组成与食用植物油相近,与玉米油的组成分布最为接近,相似系数在0.987~0.990,且越南安息香种子中人体必需的多不饱和脂肪酸含量（ C18∶2和C18∶3）与大豆油和葵花籽油相近,高于一般植物油,具有较高的营养价值。结果表明该法简便、快速、准确,适合越南安息香种子油脂的测定。     

Comparison of catabolic rates of fatty acids using stable isotope and isotope‐ratio mass spectrometry

The catabolic rates of individual fatty acids in mice were compared using stable isotope (¹³C)‐labeled fatty acids and isotope‐ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). The catabolic rates were evaluated from the ratio of ¹³C and ¹²C in carbon dioxide expired by mice. The results showed that the catabolic rate of octanoic acid is three times faster than that of palmitic acid. This result is consistent with previous reports using radioisotope ¹⁴C showing that medium‐chain fatty acids are more easily beta‐oxidized than long‐chain fatty acids. The catabolic rates of odd‐numbered fatty acids such as pentadecanoic acid and heptadecanoic acid were significantly lower compared to those of even‐numbered fatty acids such as palmitic acid. These findings support previous reports that show odd‐numbered fatty acids easily accumulating in body fat. The high accumulation of odd‐numbered fatty acids in body fat thus directly reflects a low degree of beta‐oxidization. The combination of stable isotope‐labeled compounds and IRMS serves as a powerful tool in lipid analysis.     

Influence of medium-chain triglycerides on lipid metabolism in the rat

Lipid metabolism was studied in rats fed diets containing corn oil, coconut oil, or medium-chain triglyceride (MCT), a glyceride mixture containing fatty acids of 8 and 10 carbons in length. The ingestion of MCT-supplemented, cholesterolfree diets depressed plasma and liver total lipids and cholesterol as compared with corn oil-supplemented diets. In rats fed cholesterol-containing diets, plasma cholesterol levels were not influenced by dietary MCT, but liver cholesterol levels were significantly lower than in animals fed corn oil. In vitro cholesterol synthesis from acetate-1-¹⁴C was lower in liver slices of rats that consumed MCT than in similar preparations from corn oil-fed rats. Studies of fatty acid carboxyl labeling from acetate-1-¹⁴C and the conversion of palmitate-1-¹⁴C to C₁₈ acids by liver slices showed that chain-lengthening activity is greater in the liver tissue of rats fed MCT than in the liver of animals fed corn oil. The hepatic fatty acid desaturation mechanisms, evaluated by measuring the conversion of stearate-2-¹⁴C to oleate, was also enhanced by feeding MCT. Adipose tissue of rats fed MCT converts acetate-1-¹⁴C to fatty acids at a much faster rate than does tissue from animals fed corn oil. Evidence is presented to show that the enhanced incorporation of acetate into fatty acids by the adipose tissue of rats fed MCT represents de novo synthesis of fatty acids and not chain-lengthening activity. Data are also presented on the fatty acid composition of plasma, liver, and adipose tissue lipids of rats fed the different fats under study.     

Specific distribution of fatty acids in the triglycerides of rainbow trout adipose tissue. Influence of temperature

In the trout, the unsaturated fatty acids are preferentially located in the β-position and the saturated fatty acids in the α-position of triglycerides. This fatty acid distribution is retained even with diets containing lard. The fish are, therefore, able to modify completely the fatty acid distribution of dietary triglycerides. There is no retention of the β-monoglyceride structure during the biosynthetic processes. However, the modification of the dietary fatty acid distribution by the trout seems to be more difficult at 18 C than at 10C. Presented in part at the 13th World Congress of the International Society for Fat Research, Marseille, France, 1976.     

Comparison of fatty acid content of imported peanuts

Variability in fatty acid compositions of peanuts imported from six different countries into the United States were studied to determine their effect on processing and storage conditions. The oil content ranged from 44.1 to 50.4%. Major fatty acids, palmitic acid (C16:0), oleic acid (C18:l), and linoleic acid (C18:2) ranged from 8.6 to 12.7, 35.9 to 61.1 and 21.7 to 44.2%, respectively. Oleic and lino-leic acids together comprised ca. 78.0–83.0% of the total fatty acids. Highly significant differences (P<.01) in fatty acid compositions were obtained between samples and between locations (countries of origin). Indicators of stability of the peanut samples as measured by the oleic/linoleic acid ratio (O/L) and iodine value (IV) of the extracted peanut oils showed variable but significant differences (P <.05) between locations. Generally, higher O/L ratios corresponding to lower IV indicate better stability and longer shelf-life of the samples.     

Comparative studies on composition of cardiac phospholipids in rats fed different vegetable oils

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets for 1 or 16 weeks, containing 20% by weight vegetable oils differing widely in their oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid content. No significant changes were observed in the level of the cardiac lipid classes. The fatty acid composition of the 2 major phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, showed a remarkable similarity between diets in the concentration of total saturated, C22 polyunsaturated and arachidonic acids. Monounsaturated acids were incorporated depending on their dietary concentration, but the increases were moderate. Dietary linolenic acid rapidly substituted C22 polyunsaturated fatty acids of the linoleic acid family (n−6) with those from the linolenic acid family (n−3). The results suggest that dietary linolenic acid of less than 15% does not inhibit the conversion of linoleic to arachidonic acid but the subsequent conversion of arachidonic acid to the C22 polyunsaturates was greatly reduced. Significant amounts of dietary monounsaturated fatty acids were incorporated into cardiac cardiolipin accompanied by increases in polyunsaturated fatty acids, apparently to maintain an average of 2 double bonds/molecule. The cardiac sphingomyelins also accumulated monounsaturated fatty acids depending on the dietary concentration. It is quite evident from the results of this study that the incorporation of oleic acid and the substitution of linolenic for linoleic acid-derived C22 polyunsaturated fatty acids into cardiac phospholipids was related to the dietary concentration of these fatty acids and was not peculiar to any specific oil. Even though it is impossible to estimate the effect of such changes in cardiac phospholipids on membrane structure and function, results are discussed which suggest that the resultant membrane in the Sprague-Dawley male rat is more fragile, leading to greater cellular breakdown and focal necrosis. Contribution No. 914 from the Animal Research Institute.     

Origin of the high saturated fatty acid content of rat fecal lipids

The biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids and the preferential absorption of unsaturated fatty acids over long chain saturated fatty acids from the gut have been investigated to find the origin of the high saturated fatty acid content of the facal lipids of rats fed soybean oil. Label from dietary (1-¹⁴C)-linoleic acid was recovered in the saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids of the fecal lipid. However, when (9,10-³H)-stearic acid and (1-¹⁴C)-linoleic acid were fed together, the isotope ratio (³H/¹⁴C) of the fecal lipid was 1.9 times that of the diet. It is concluded that both processes occur.     

正常小鼠和肿瘤小鼠毛发中长链脂肪酸含量测定及比较

以正十七酸为内标 ,氯化氢 甲醇抽提和酯化 ,对正常、肿瘤、抗肿瘤小鼠毛发中长链脂肪酸——豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、棕榈油酸、油酸、硬脂酸和亚油酸进行毛细管柱气相色谱定量分析和比较。结果显示 :肿瘤小鼠或抗肿瘤小鼠毛发中长链脂肪酸含量明显升高 ,不饱和长链脂肪酸比例升高而饱和长链脂肪酸比例下降 ,提示毛发中不饱和长链脂肪酸尤其亚油酸与生物体内肿瘤的发生和存在有密切关系。本实验方法简单 ,所需样品量少 ,实验重现性好 ,回收率达定量分析要求。