黄铁矿生物氧化过程的阶段性

以氧化亚铁硫杆菌为实验菌株，研究了黄铁矿的Fe³⁺氧化和生物氧化过程中溶液铁离子浓度、pH值以及Eh值的变化。结果表明，Fe³⁺由于自身很快会被消耗，因而对黄铁矿的氧化速率较低；而在细菌的作用下，Fe²⁺可以不断被氧化成Fe³⁺，从而使黄铁矿的氧化速率明显加快，因此生物氧化具有更高的效率。基于间接作用机制，结合黄铁矿生物氧化过程中pH值及Eh值的变化规律，提出了黄铁矿生物氧化的阶段性特点，即将氧化亚铁硫杆菌对黄铁矿的氧化过程分为黄铁矿无机氧化、Fe²⁺生物氧化和黄铁矿稳定生物氧化3个阶段。     

耐冷嗜酸硫杆菌的生长特性和固定化培养

为解决氧化亚铁硫杆菌、嗜铁钩端螺旋菌等中温菌在低温和高酸的吸附尾液中作氧化剂时生长繁殖慢、氧化Fe²⁺速率低等问题,以耐冷嗜酸硫杆菌为研究对象,结合新疆某地浸采铀现场生产实际,对该菌的生长特性、耐酸驯化和固定化培养进行了探索。结果表明,该菌的接种量以10%为宜;当初始Fe²⁺浓度为0.3~0.5 g/L时,细菌仍能较快氧化Fe²⁺;在5~25℃条件下,耐冷嗜酸硫杆菌氧化Fe²⁺的速率均高于氧化亚铁硫杆菌,即耐冷嗜酸硫杆菌更适于溶浸液低温环境;耐冷嗜酸硫杆菌耐酸驯化后能在pH=0.31的培养液中保持较好的氧化活性;从生物陶粒表面电镜图片中可以观察出较厚的生物膜,固定化细菌和游离态细菌协同氧化Fe²⁺的速率是游离态细菌单独氧化的3.4倍。     

pH值与温度对氧化亚铁硫杆菌氧化Fe2+影响的研究

采用自行采集的氧化亚铁硫杆菌(T f)应用于地浸矿山代替双氧水作氧化剂氧化吸附尾液中的Fe²⁺, 研究了温度、pH 值对其氧化Fe²⁺的影响。研究结果表明, T f 氧化Fe²⁺最适宜的温度为30 ℃, 当温度低于7 ℃或高于50 ℃时, 氧化亚铁硫杆菌氧化Fe²⁺速度很慢;T f 氧化Fe²⁺最适宜的pH 为2.0～2.5 。     

氯化咪唑铁基离子液体的物化性能及脱硫机理

采用变温拉曼光谱、红外光谱探针及XRD等现代分析技术研究疏水性氯化咪唑铁基离子液体的酸性特征及循环热稳定性,结果表明,氯化咪唑铁基离子液体可以在不超过240 ℃的条件下循环使用;具有Bronsted酸和Lewis酸的共同特点;Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺离子对具有很好的氧化还原可逆性,可以在酸性条件下直接氧化硫化氢脱硫,所得硫磺产物属于单斜晶系;升高温度可以显著提高其硫容和脱硫效率。由此,以氯化咪唑铁基离子液体为酸性脱硫液的非水相湿法氧化脱硫机理是活性成分Fe³⁺氧化硫化氢生成单质硫磺并转化成还原态Fe²⁺,经氧气氧化再生后Fe²⁺回到氧化态Fe³⁺。上述脱硫过程不需添加辅助试剂和调控pH。     

较低温度下细菌浸出黄铜矿工艺影响因素研究

以黄铜矿为研究对象,在温度较低的浸出条件下（15℃）采用正交试验的方法考察了矿石粒度、矿浆浓度、酸度、接种量以及起始Fe²⁺浓度对氧化亚铁硫杆菌（T.f菌）摇瓶浸出黄铜矿浸出过程的影响。试验结果表明：初始Fe²⁺浓度对细菌浸铜工艺影响最为显著;在15℃下的最佳浸出工艺条件为初始Fe²⁺浓度为6g/L,酸度控制在pH=2.0,接种量保持在15%,矿浆浓度为15%,矿石粒度为-200目。     

低电位生物浸出黄铜矿研究

在酸性溶液中,高浓度Fe²⁺离子的存在有助于溶解氧对黄铜矿的氧化浸出。试验驯化培养具有单一硫氧化性的高效浸矿细菌,运用其对单体硫的高效氧化性能,结合Fe²⁺离子对黄铜矿氧化浸出的促进作用,开展黄铜矿低电位生物浸出研究。研究发现硫氧化菌可有效利用黄铜矿氧化溶解的产物--单体硫,将其氧化为硫酸并补充溶液H⁺离子消耗。同时,清除黄铜矿表面氧化溶解产物--单体硫后,有助于离子扩散和黄铜矿的进一步氧化溶解。     

柠檬酸强化烟气脱硫体系中亚硫酸钙的氧化过程

在鼓泡反应器中对有机酸体系中亚硫酸钙氧化过程进行了研究.研究结果表明,柠檬酸会阻碍亚硫酸钙的氧化,Fe³⁺能够催化氧化亚硫酸钙,体系中Fe³⁺浓度为0.075 mmol/L,其氧化速率是无Fe³⁺氧化速率的1.64倍;当pH=6.5时,亚硫酸钙氧化速率达到最大,为3.35×10^-6mol/(L·s),其氧化速率与亚硫酸钙的浓度和空气流量成正比.     

地浸采铀细菌浸出试验研究

对新疆某采区铀矿石进行了细菌浸出试验研究。利用自行设计加工的生物反应器, 采用经过驯化培养后的氧化亚铁硫杆菌(T f)进行试验。室内外2年多的试验证明:生物反应器细菌固定效果好、氧化效率高、结构简单、操作方便、成本低; 细菌经过驯化后, 能适应新疆低温条件和地浸采铀溶液环境条件, 在正常连续细菌氧化工艺中, 地浸采铀溶液成分可作为细菌的营养物质, 不需另外补充; 用细菌作氧化剂不但能达到氧化Fe²⁺的目的, 还能提高浸出液中金属铀浓度和金属铀的浸出率, 且对环境无副作用, 具有较好的应用前景。     

排土场黄铁矿促进黄铜矿浸出研究

为合理利用低品位铜矿石及其废石资源,进行了黄铜矿排土场中黄铁矿促进黄铜矿浸出的反应热力学分析及浸出试验。结果表明,黄铁矿反应所需的溶液电位范围涵盖了Fe²⁺促进黄铜矿浸出的电位范围,无氧条件下黄铁矿促进黄铜矿是可行的;黄铁矿的参与加速降低了Fe³⁺与Fe²⁺浓度之比,促使电位降低,进而促进黄铜矿的浸出;排土场中深部缺氧条件下黄铁矿促进黄铜矿浸出方式以上部浸出液为母液,上部溶液中Fe³⁺、Cu²⁺及Fe ²⁺是黄铁矿促进黄铜矿浸出的前提条件。     

响应曲面法优化蛇纹石负载羟基磷灰石去除矿区地下水氟铁锰研究

为了解决矿区地下水中F^-、Fe²⁺、Mn²⁺严重超标问题,采用湿法化学共沉淀法制备了蛇纹石负载羟基磷灰石(Srp/HAP)复合吸附剂,对地下水中氟、铁和锰进行同步去除研究。通过间歇试验和CCD(中心复合)响应优化试验,探究投加量、反应时间、pH值对F^-、Fe²⁺、Mn²⁺去除效果的影响,建立以F^-、Fe²⁺和Mn²⁺去除率为响应值的二次回归模型。对Srp/HAP进行了吸附再生试验,探究其可重复利用性。结果表明,Srp/HAP处理F-、Fe2+、Mn2+质量浓度分别为5 mg/L、20 mg/L和5 mg/L复合水样的最佳反应条件为：投加量为3.64 g/L,反应时间为120.47 min,p H=6.3,对应F^-、Fe²⁺、Mn²⁺的去除率分别为98.23%、99.9%、99.7%,出水达到《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749...     

臭氧氧化—生化法处理凡口铅锌矿废水及其循环利用

基于凡口铅锌矿选矿废水特性的解析及技改需要,以"初期氧化+预处理+生化处理法"工艺处理选矿废水。通过研究不同O₃浓度、催化氧化时间和不同水力停留时间（HRT）对废水处理效果的影响,考察处理后废水回用对选矿指标的影响,评估该工艺的可行性。结果表明,初期氧化阶段,利用O₃直接或间接氧化废水中残留药剂;协同预处理去除废水中Ca2+和重金属;后续的生化处理进一步提升出水质量。在O₃浓度为60 mg/L,催化氧化时间为20 min,水力停留时间为16.71 h,能够将废水COD浓度降至为34.32 mg/L,去除率为91.9%;HRT和O₃浓度的增加对废水处理效果显著;将处理后废水回用于选矿工艺,与清水的选矿指标接近。该工艺在运行稳定下不仅能够实现选矿废水高效处理和回用,处理成本较低为2.65元/m3,该工艺可为国内类似铅锌选厂废水的处理及回用提供借鉴。      

正压给水的主排水泵启动特性仿真分析研究

峰峰集团某矿排水系统在采用正压给水方式后主排水泵泵效明显提高,为了研究排水系统的启动特性,利用Flowmaster软件建立了离心泵串联系统模型。根据水力机械试验室的设备参数进行了仿真,分析了正压给水条件下主泵定量启动前由单泵和双泵组成的排水系统特性。在此基础上,得到了离心泵瞬时启动转速和功率的特性曲线。结果表明,在正压给水条件下,主泵启动功率的影响基本消除,主泵功率达到稳定值的时间缩短。提高了主排水泵的效率,提高了排水系统的综合效率。     

Passive aerobic treatment of net-alkaline,iron-laden drainage from a flooded underground anthracite mine,Pennsylvania, USA

This report evaluates the results of a continuous 4.5-day laboratory aeration experiment and the first year of passive, aerobic treatment of abandoned mine drainage (AMD) from a typical flooded underground anthracite mine in eastern Pennsylvania, USA. During 1991–2006, the AMD source, locally known as the Otto Discharge, had flows from 20 to 270 L/s (median 92 L/s) and water quality that was consistently suboxic (median 0.9 mg/L O₂) and circumneutral (pH ≈ 6.0; net alkalinity >10) with moderate concentrations of dissolved iron and manganese and low concentrations of dissolved aluminum (medians of 11, 2.2, and <0.2 mg/L, respectively). In 2001, the laboratory aeration experiment demonstrated rapid oxidation of ferrous iron (Fe²⁺) without supplemental alkalinity; the initial Fe²⁺ concentration of 16.4 mg/L decreased to less than 0.5 mg/L within 24 h; pH values increased rapidly from 5.8 to 7.2, ultimately attaining a steady-state value of 7.5. The increased pH coincided with a rapid decrease in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO₂) from an initial value of 10^−1.1 atm to a steady-state value of 10^−3.1 atm. From these results, a staged aerobic treatment system was conceptualized consisting of a 2 m deep pond with innovative aeration and recirculation to promote rapid oxidation of Fe²⁺, two 0.3 m deep wetlands to facilitate iron solids removal, and a supplemental oxic limestone drain for dissolved manganese and trace-metal removal. The system was constructed, but without the aeration mechanism, and began operation in June 2005. During the first 12 months of operation, estimated detention times in the treatment system ranged from 9 to 38 h. However, in contrast with 80–100% removal of Fe²⁺ over similar elapsed times during the laboratory aeration experiment, the treatment system typically removed less than 35% of the influent Fe²⁺. Although concentrations of dissolved CO₂ decreased progressively within the treatment system, the PCO₂ values for treated effluent remained elevated (10^−2.4 to 10^−1.7 atm). The elevated PCO₂ maintained the pH within the system at values less than 7 and hence slowed the rate of Fe²⁺ oxidation compared to the aeration experiment. Kinetic models of Fe²⁺ oxidation that consider effects of pH and dissolved O₂ were incorporated in the geochemical computer program PHREEQC to evaluate the effects of detention time, pH, and other variables on Fe²⁺ oxidation and removal rates. These models and the laboratory aeration experiment indicate that performance of this and other aerobic wetlands for treatment of net-alkaline AMD could be improved by aggressive, continuous aeration in the initial stage to decrease PCO₂, increase pH, and accelerate Fe²⁺ oxidation. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Quantifying Iron Concentration in Local and Synthetic Acid Mine Drainage: A New Technique Using Handheld Field Spectrometers

Pit lakes present a concern for public safety and environmental quality. With continuing advancement of imaging satellites, remote sensing spectroscopy may provide a useful tool for monitoring pit water quality across vast mining districts. Visible to shortwave infrared remote sensing has been widely used to monitor acid mine drainage (AMD) mineralogy at mine sites. However, few studies have examined the spectral signatures of mine-affected waters and open pit water bodies from a remote platform. The motivation for this study was to identify the spectral characteristics of AMD in a controlled laboratory setting in order to better interpret mine water bodies in remote sensing imagery. The spectral response of synthetic and local AMD were measured using a field spectrometer. Solutions with increasing Fe³⁺ and Fe²⁺ concentrations were mixed to mimic the chemical properties of local AMD. Synthetic solutions with known Fe concentrations were compared with local AMD for quantitative assessment. The spectral signatures of Fe³⁺ dominated waters possessed distinct characteristics that may be used for diagnostic identification. Specifically, the region between 0.35 and 0.625 µm was used to approximately quantify Fe³⁺ concentrations. Subtle changes in Fe concentrations in local AMD were identified using a field spectrometer alone. These findings suggest that subtle changes in open pit water quality may also be qualitatively and quantitatively measured by remote sensing spectroscopy.     

The effect of particle size on acid mine drainage generation: Kinetic column tests

The rate of acid mine drainage (AMD) generation is directly proportional to the surface area and so to the particle size distribution of acid-forming minerals exposed to oxidation. Materials in various particle sizes are subject to weathering processes at field condition; however, the particle size dependent oxidation rate has not been investigated for understanding entire geochemical behavior at a mining site. Therefore, a comprehensive research program was aimed to investigate the effect of particle size on pH variation and acid mine drainage generation using kinetic column tests, and then to find convenient methodologies for upscaling laboratory-based results to the field condition. For this purpose, ore samples collected from Murgul Damar open-pit mining were grinded in three different particle size distributions that are coarse (minus 22.5 mm), medium (minus 3.35 mm) and fine (minus 0.625 mm) sizes, 34 columns were designed in different dimensions for kinetic column tests. It was found that the cumulative concentration of the many constituents measured from medium particles (minus 3.35 mm) are higher than coarser samples due to decreasing specific surface area with increasing particle size. Similarly, because of decreasing of hydraulic conductivity with increasing the fine content, the cumulative concentration of constituents measured from medium particles (minus 3.35 mm) are also higher than finer particles (minus 0.625 mm). Based on statistical and analytical analyses of the results of kinetic column tests, the time required to initiate acid formation at field condition varied between 489 and 1002 days depending on particle size distribution. In addition, considering the effect of particle size and the results of related statistical analysis, main oxidation (SO₄²⁻) and neutralization (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Mn²⁺ etc.) products were also successfully upscaled to the field condition.     

The Use of Measured and Calculated Acidity Values to Improve the Quality of Mine Drainage Datasets

Abstract:  The net acidity of a water sample can be measured directly by titration with a standardized base solution or calculated from the measured concentrations of the acidic and basic components. For coal mine drainage, the acidic components are primarily accounted for by free protons and dissolved Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, Al³⁺, and Mn²⁺. The base component is primarily accounted for by bicarbonate. A standard way to calculate the acidity for coal mine drainage is: Acid^calc = 50*(2*Fe²⁺/56 + 3*Fe³⁺/56 + 3*Al/27 + 2*Mn/55 + 1000*10^-pH)—alkalinity, where acidity and alkalinity are measured as mg/L CaCO₃ and the metals are mg/L. Because such methods of estimating acidity are derived by independent laboratory procedures, their comparison can provide a valuable QA/QC for AMD datasets. The relationship between measured and calculated acidities was evaluated for 14 datasets of samples collected from mine drainage discharges, polluted receiving streams, or passive treatment systems, containing a total of 1,484 sample analyses. The datasets were variable in nature, ranging from watersheds where most of the discharges contained alkalinity to ones where all of the discharges were acidic. Good relationships were found to exist between measured and calculated acidities. The average acidity measurement was 239 mg/L CaCO₃ and the average acidity calculation was 226 mg/L CaCO₃. Linear regressions were calculated for individual datasets and for the entire dataset. The linear regression for the entire dataset was: Acid^calc = 0.98 * Acid^meas – 8, r² = 0.98. The good correlation between calculated and measured acidity is the basis for an easy and inexpensive QA/QC for AMD data. Substantial variation between measured and calculated acidities can be used to infer sampling or analytical problems.     

Phosphate coating on pyrite to prevent acid mine drainage

Abstract

Acid mine drainage (AMD) is a serious environmental problem that preoccupies the Canadian Mineral Industry. Considerable amounts of money are spent every year in an effort to prevent or reduce the acid mine drainage phenomenon. AMD occurs when sulfide minerals (ex. pyrite) contained in rock are exposed to air and water and subsequently oxidize to produce low pH water. This acid effluent has the potential to mobilize any heavy metals contained in the rock. Coating the sulfide minerals with iron phosphate is a new promising technology to reduce AMD.Pyrite is treated with a solution containing H₂O₂, KH₂PO₄ and sodium acetate (NaAc). H₂O₂ oxidizes a small part of pyrite producing ferric iron (Fe³⁺) anions. These cations subsequently react with the PO₄ ^3? anions to produce FePO₄ that precipitates on the pyrite surface producing a passive coating. This iron phosphate coating can protect the grains of pyrite from oxidation. This paper presents a series of experiments that confirm that iron phosphate coating can considerably reduce AMD.     

A survey of corrosivity of underground mine waters from indian coal mines

The coal mining industry is facing serious corrosion problems. Millions of litres of water is disposed off from some underground coal mines every day. In this survey, mine water samples from various underground coal mines were collected and analysed in an attempt to correlate the various physicochemical characteristics with their corrosivity. The analyses include determination of the values of pH, alkalinity, acidity, specific conductivity, hardness, total solids, sulphate, chloride, cupric, ferrous and ferric ions. Corrosion rates of steel in minewaters were also measured by weight-loss trial method. The present survey shows that mine waters are nearly neutral, alkaline, midly acidic and highly acidic in nature. The corrosivity of these vary from mildly to extremely corrosive. An evaluation of minewaters corrosivity using Langelier Saturation Index has also been made but no definite relationship has been found between the corrosion rate and Langelier Saturation Index. A classification of the basis of corrosivity of these mine waters is also made. Causes of aggressiveness of Fe³⁺, Cu²⁺, SO₄ ^2?, Cl^? in acid mine waters have also been discussed which conclude that corrosion rates were significantly increased by Fe³⁺ and Cu²⁺ due to their reduction to Fe²⁺ and metallic Cu, respectively. Occurrence of these ions in acid mine waters has also been discussed.     

硫酸盐还原菌处理矿山酸性废水的试验研究

采用上流厌氧反应器连续处理矿山酸性废水,研究了水力停留时间、进水pH值、进水负荷对硫酸根还原效果的影响。获得最佳工艺参数为水力停留时间8 d,COD/SO^2-₄=1.6,进水SO^2-₄浓度2.3 g/L和进水pH=6.0。在温度30 ℃,HRT=8 d、COD/SO^2-₄=1.6,进水SO^2-₄浓度2.3 g/L,进水pH=4.5和废水稀释倍数为3倍的条件下,采用上流厌氧反应器连续成功运行59 d,反应器运行24 d后,硫酸根平均去除率为75.35%,铜离子的去除率达99.98﹪, 铁离子的去除率为88.87%,出水达到工业排放标准。     

Year-Round Performance of a Passive Sulfate-Reducing Bioreactor that Uses Rice Bran as an Organic Carbon Source to Treat Acid Mine Drainage

The development of compact and cost-effective passive treatment systems is of critical importance for acid mine drainage (AMD) remediation in Japan. The purpose of this study was to construct an AMD treatment system comprising a sulfate-reducing bioreactor using rice bran as a carbon source for sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and to demonstrate its stable operation for at least a year in terms of continuous sulfate reduction and metal removal. Our 35 L bioreactor comprised a packed inoculum layer of a mixture of rice husks, limestone, and field soil, which was covered with rice bran. During operation, the AMD input flow rate was adjusted to 11.7 mL/min (hydraulic retention time, HRT; 50 h). Throughout the year, physicochemical analyses of system input and output AMD samples revealed that both pH and oxidation–reduction potential values were consistent with the process of sulfate reduction by SRB, although this reduction was observed to be stronger in summer than in winter. Efficient metal removal was observed, with concentrations at the outlet port of <0.33 mg/L Zn, <0.08 mg/L Cu, and <0.005 mg/L Cd, more than meeting Japan’s national effluent standards. Illumina sequencing of 16S rRNA genes revealed that Desulfatirhabdium butyrativorans-related species, which belong to a lineage within Deltaproteobacteria, were dominant (39–48% of the total SRB population) within the bioreactor.