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1.
A three-phase model of hydrogen pore formation during the equiaxed dendritic solidification of aluminum-silicon alloys 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A computational model for the prediction of porosity due to dissolved hydrogen in binary aluminum-silicon alloys has been
developed. The model combines the cellular automata technique for the simulation of the growth of the solid phase, the finite-difference
technique for the simulation of diffusion of the dissolved species, and a quasi-equilibrium model for the growth of individual
bubbles. The growth of the solid and gas phases is initiated by a stochastic nucleation model, depending upon the undercooling
(for the solid) or the supersaturation ratio (for the gas). The results agree favorably with experiments. The low supersaturation
values needed to simulate the experimental results are consistent with a nucleation mechanism of gas pockets entrained within
the melt. 相似文献
2.
A basic model of the transport phenomena occurring during solidification of multicomponent mixtures is presented. The model
is based on a two-phase approach, in which each phase is treated separately and interactions between the phases are considered
explicitly. The macroscopic transport equations for each phase are derived using the technique of volumetric averaging. The
basic forms of the constitutive relations are developed. These relations link the macroscopic transport phenomena to microscopic
processes such as microstructure development, interfacial stresses, and interfacial heat and mass transfer. Thermodynamic
relations are presented, and it is shown that nonequilibrium effects can be addressed within the framework of the present
model. Various simplifications of the model are examined, and future modeling needs are discussed. 相似文献
3.
4.
Conclusion Observations of the macroscopic freezing front in water and solutions of water with ammonium chloride reveal anisotropies
identical in nature to those noted in metallic alloys. The variables which govern the anisotropies are similar for both types
of materials, a fact which allows us to confirm our conclusions already stated about metals. The observations made with water
are also direct ones and not inferential as must be the case for metals; we are therefore surer about other effects connected
with this phenomenon of anisotropic growth. For example, cracking of the ice was often observed when the anisotropy occurred
but was absent otherwise; it then appears that cracking in some metals may owe its origins to the effect of interface front
anisotropy. 相似文献
5.
The present article organizes prominent theories about retirement decision making around three different types of thinking about retirement: imagining the possibility of retirement, assessing when it is time to let go of long-held jobs, and putting concrete plans for retirement into action at present. It also highlights important directions for future research on retirement decision making, including perceptions of declining person–environment fit, the role of personality traits, occupational norms regarding retirement, broader criteria for assessing older workers' job performance, couples' joint decision making about retirement, the impact of self-funded and self-guided pension plans on retirement decisions, bridge employment before total withdrawal from the work force, and retirement decisions that are neither entirely forced nor voluntary in nature. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
6.
A multivariate mixed linear model for meta-analysis. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A multivariate mixed-effects approach for meta-analysis is presented. The approach (a) incorporates as outcomes multiple effect sizes per study; (b) allows different studies to have different subsets of effect sizes; and (c) treats each study's effect sizes as random realizations from a population of possible effect sizes. Application is illustrated via reanalysis of data from studies assessing the effects of coaching on verbal and mathematical subtests of the Scholastic Aptitude Test. Covariance components are estimated via restricted maximum likelihood (REML); inferences about regression coefficients and specific study effect sizes are based on their joint conditional distribution given the REML covariance component estimates. The approach can be implemented via now-standard software for unbalanced hierarchical data. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
7.
P Girard TF Blaschke H Kastrissios LB Sheiner 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1998,17(20):2313-2333
Patient compliance (adherence) with prescribed medication is often erratic, while clinical outcomes are causally linked to actual, rather than nominal medication dosage. We propose here a hierarchical Markov model for patient compliance. At the first stage, conditional upon individual random effects and a set of individual-specific nominal daily dose times, we assume that (i) the subject-specific probability of taking zero, one, or more than one dose associated with a given nominal dose time depends on the value of certain covariates, and on the number of doses associated with the immediate previous time, but is independent of any other previous or future dosing events (the Markov hypothesis); and (ii) the set of 'errors' between actual dose times associated with each nominal time is multivariate normally distributed, conditional on covariates and the number of such actual dose times, as in (i). At the second stage, a multivariate normal distribution is assumed for the individual random effects. We fit this model by maximum likelihood to data collected over three months using an electronic system for recording actual dose times in HIV-positive patients assigned to a regimen of zidovudine thrice daily. Beyond its value for describing and quantifying compliance behaviour, as illustrated here, the model may prove useful for explanatory analyses of clinical trials. 相似文献
8.
Ch. -A. Gandin J. -L. Desbiolles M. Rappaz Ph. Thevoz 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》1999,30(12):3153-3165
A three-dimensional (3-D) model for the prediction of dendritic grain structures formed during solidification is presented.
This model is built on the basis of a 3-D cellular automaton (CA) algorithm. The simulation domain is subdivided into a regular
lattice of cubic cells. Using physically based rules for the simulation of nucleation and growth phenomena, a state index
associated with each cell is switched from zero (liquid state) to a positive value (mushy and solid state) as solidification
proceeds. Because these physical phenomena are related to the temperature field, the cell grid is superimposed to a coarser
finite element (FE) mesh used for the solution of the heat flow equation. Two coupling modes between the microscopic CA and
macroscopic FE calculations have been designed. In a so-called “weak” coupling mode, the temperature of each cell is simply
interpolated from the temperature of the FE nodes using a unique solidification path at the macroscopic scale. In a “full”
coupling mode, the enthalpy field is also interpolated from the FE nodes to the CA cells and a fraction of solid increment
is computed for each mushy cell using a truncated Scheil microsegregation model. These fractions of solid increments are then
fed back to the FE nodes in order to update the new temperature field, thus accounting for a more realistic release of the
latent heat (i.e., the solidification path is no longer unique). Special dynamic allocation techniques have been designed in order to minimize
the computation costs and memory size associated with a very large number of cells (typically 107 to 108). The potentiality of the CAFE model is demonstrated through the predictions of typical grain structures formed during the
investment casting and continuous casting processes. 相似文献
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10.
Anne Lise Dons Einar K. Jensen Yngve Langsrud Egil Trømborg Stig Brusethaug 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》1999,30(8):2135-2146
The model predicts the solidification path in the aluminum corner of the AlCuFeMgMnSi phase diagram, with compensation for
solid-state diffusion and particle growth undercoolings. Input is the composition and the rate of cooling. Output is the temperature
vs fraction solid; the solid-state concentration profiles; the type, volume fraction, and size of the intermetallic particles;
and also the temperature-dependent thermal conductivity, density, specific heat, and heat of fusion for use in thermal models. 相似文献
11.
Rijmen Frank; Tuerlinckx Francis; De Boeck Paul; Kuppens Peter 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2003,8(2):185
Mixed models take the dependency between observations based on the same cluster into account by introducing 1 or more random effects. Common item response theory (IRT) models introduce latent person variables to model the dependence between responses of the same participant. Assuming a distribution for the latent variables, these IRT models are formally equivalent with nonlinear mixed models. It is shown how a variety of IRT models can be formulated as particular instances of nonlinear mixed models. The unifying framework offers the advantage that relations between different IRT models become explicit and that it is rather straightforward to see how existing IRT models can be adapted and extended. The approach is illustrated with a self-report study on anger. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
12.
《钢铁冶炼》2013,40(4):265-272
AbstractThe 17th Annual Conference of the Sheffield Metallurgical and Engineering Association (SMEA), held on 17–18 June 2008 at the Endcliffe Conference Centre, University of Sheffield, attracted 120 delegates. The aim of the conference was to explore the effect of hot rolling and forging processes on the quality and performance of steels and high duty alloys. Five technical sessions and 20 presentations explored process developments and their influence on product quality, how the hot working process can be optimised to influence microstructure and properties, and the influence of new technologies. 相似文献
13.
In this work, analytical expressions are derived for the globular eutectic transformation, which occurs during the solidification
of nodular iron. The model incorporates heat and mass balance equations in considering nucleation and growth of nodular eutectic
grains. In particular, an expression is found that relates the volumetric density of nodular eutectic grains to the maximum
degree of undercooling. The proposed expression includes various experimental constants, which are well defined in nodular
iron. Accordingly, good agreement is found to exist between the experimental and predicted data on the density of nodular
eutectic grains and the maximum degree of undercooling. 相似文献
14.
Diffusion-based model for isothermal solidification kinetics during transient liquid-phase sintering
S. F. Corbin 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》2002,33(1):117-124
Results from a diffusion-based model for transient liquid-phase sintering (TLPS) were used to predict the influence that the
solute diffusivity (D), base-metal particle size (a), base-metal grain size (d), alloy partition coefficient (k), and the extent of solute saturation (X
max/X
o) had on the rate of isothermal solidification (where both X
max/X
o and k determine the initial liquid weight fraction in the system W
A
o). The solidification rate increases with an increase in D and a decrease in a, d, X
o, and W
A
o, but decreases with an increase in k. Model predictions are close to, but slightly underestimate, results for the solidification rate measured in a Pb-Sn TLPS
system. 相似文献
15.
基于典型微观凝固单元体内的溶质质量守恒,结合前人的研究工作,建立了一个适合于枝晶凝固方式的二元合金微观偏析半解析模型.本模型同时考虑了反向扩散和粗化对微观偏析的影响,并对枝晶臂间距的粗化直接进行计算,因此更为精确.若只考虑反向扩散的影响,本模型可以简化为BF模型形式;而如果只考虑粗化的影响,本模型可简化为Mortensen模型.本模型完整地统一了以BF模型为代表的反向扩散类模型和以Mortensen模型为代表的粗化模型.利用本模型同样可以对多元合金的微观偏析进行很好预测.以Fe-C-X(Si,Mn,P,S)合金体系为例对本模型的求解过程进行了详细的阐述.本模型可以很好地预测Al-4.9%Cu二元合金的共晶分数以及Fe-C-X(Si,Mn,P,S)多元合金体系的零强度温度和零塑性温度,并与实测值吻合良好. 相似文献
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18.
An analytical model for optimal directional solidification using liquid metal cooling 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In what follows, a model is developed that describes the optimal processing parameters for directional solidification using
liquid metal cooling (LMC). The model considers a sample with a flat geometry and, as a first approximation, can be used to
treat the flat sections of a turbine blade. The model predicts (1) the optimal withdrawal rate of the casting from the hot
zone, (2) the temperature gradient in the liquid at the solidification interface, and (3) the temperature profile along the
length of the casting. The model is then used to perform a sensitivity analysis of the LMC process. Cooling bath temperature,
baffle thickness, shell thickness, and shell thermal conductivity are shown to have a strong influence on system performance. 相似文献
19.
The heat flow model previously developed for a pure metal is extended to the solidification of an alloy over a range of temperatures.
The eq11Ations are then applied to rapid surface melting and solidification of an alloy substrate. The substrate is subjected
to a pulse of stationary high intensity heat flux over a circular region on its bounding surface. The finite difference form
of the heat transfer eq11Ation is written in terMs of dimensionless nodal temperature and enthalpy in an oblate spheroidal coordinate system. A numerical solution technique
is developed for an alloy which precipitates a eutectic at the end of solidification. Generalized solutions are presented
for an Al-4.5 wt pct Cu alloy subjected to a uniform heat flux distribution over the circular region. Dimensionless temperature
distributions, size and location of the “mushy” zone, and average cooling rate during solidification are calculated as a function
of the product of absorbed heat flux,q, the radius of the circular region,a, and time. General trends established show that for a given product ofqa all isotherMs are located at the same dimensionless distance for identical Fourier numbers. The results show that loss of superheat and
shallower temperature gradients during solidification result in significantly larger “mushy” zone sizes than during melting.
Furthermore, for a given set of process parameters, the average cooling rate increases with distance solidified from the bottom
to the top of the melt pool. 相似文献