微细黄铜板料尺寸效应

为研究微细尺度下材料的晶粒尺寸d、厚度t对其力学性能的影响,引入尺寸效应影响因子φ=t/d,在常温下对具有不同晶粒尺寸和板厚的H62黄铜薄板试样进行单向拉伸实验。结果表明,随着φ的减小,流动应力减小,延伸率下降;板料硬化指数n值,随板料厚度的增加而增大,随晶粒尺寸的增大而增大。拉伸试样均为韧窝微孔聚合型断裂,0.5mm和1.0mm厚度试样断口处韧窝多而浅,且为抛物线形,材料韧性好,塑性强;板厚0.1mm和0.2mm的试样断口韧窝深而大,硬化指数n值大,但塑性差。     

C5210磷青铜薄板成形行为的尺度效应（英文）

为研究厚度、晶粒尺寸对C5210磷青铜薄板力学性能和成形性能的影响,通过不同温度退火热处理得到不同晶粒尺寸的试样,然后在常温下对具有不同厚度和晶粒尺寸的试样进行单向拉伸试验。结果表明:当厚度在50~800μm范围内,材料的屈服强度随着厚度的减小而增大,而加工硬化指数和伸长率随着厚度的减小而减小,提出了描述屈服强度随厚度减小而增大关系的修正模型;材料的屈服强度随着晶粒尺寸的增大而减小,但加工硬化指数随着晶粒尺寸的增大而增大,伸长率则随着晶粒尺寸的增大先增大到一个峰值后再减小。通过扫描电镜观察拉伸试样的断口形貌发现所有试样断裂方式均为韧性断裂,并且随着厚度的增大断口韧窝的密集度增大,而晶粒尺寸越大的试样断口韧窝密集度越小。     

AZ91D镁合金薄板的单向拉伸实验研究

使用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机在25～400℃温度范围内对AZ91D镁合金薄板拉伸试样以3种不同的应变速率分别进行了单向拉伸实验,研究了应变速率和温度对AZ91D镁合金薄板主要力学性能的影响,并分析了拉伸试样在不同温度下的断口形貌特征。研究结果表明：材料的流动应力会随着应变速率下降和温度上升而逐渐减小;在25～200℃温度范围内,流动应力下降并不明显,而当温度升高到250～400℃时,流动应力下降比较明显,并且当温度升高到350℃以上,材料出现了明显的稳态流动现象;当温度较高时,流动应力对应变速率的改变很敏感,流动应力随应变速率的降低显著降低;材料在高温时具有较好的塑性,材料的断裂方式为很明显的韧性断裂。     

不锈钢超薄板力学性能的尺度效应

为研究304不锈钢超薄板力学性能与试样尺寸、晶粒尺寸的相关性,应用自制的超薄板专用夹具进行拉伸试验,分析超薄板的厚度、晶粒尺寸对材料力学性能的影响。试验结果表明,随着试样厚度减小,材料的屈服强度先减小而后明显增大。这是因为,当试样厚度大于200μm时,表面层效应起主导作用;当试样厚度小于200μm时,应变梯度效应和表面层钝化膜共同作用。同一厚度下,改变试样的晶粒尺寸结果表明,当厚度尺寸和晶粒尺寸的比值小于2时,板料在厚度方向已没有内部晶粒,位错很容易滑移出自由表面,应力-应变曲线显著降低。     

304不锈钢微成形表层晶粒影响行为研究

在微塑性成形过程中,虽然零件的宏观尺寸达到了毫米或微米级,但其微观组织却没有发生明显的变化,材料的表层晶粒尺寸也就越来越趋近零件的几何尺寸,导致塑性成形规律呈现出与宏观大尺寸零件不同的尺寸效应现象。对四种厚度的304不锈钢薄板试样进行了单向拉伸试验和微弯曲试验,测量了薄板的厚度。结果表明,随着薄板厚度的减小,塑性变形区内表层晶粒的位错滑移变化对力学性能和无量纲弯矩的影响越来越显著,表现出"越薄越强"的尺寸效应现象。引入修正的Hall-Petch公式与修正的Nix-Gao应变梯度模型,使力学性能和无量纲弯矩的预测和试验结果吻合。     

微细C5210磷青铜板料的尺寸效应研究

为研究常温下晶粒尺寸和厚度对C5210磷青铜力学性能的影响,引入尺寸效应影响因子φ=厚度/晶粒尺寸。结果表明,厚度不同时,随着φ从14.7减小到6.3,屈服强度减小了48%,延伸率由25.5%减小到18.2%;晶粒尺寸不同时,随着φ的减小,屈服强度先快速下降,当φ减小到3.5后便缓慢下降,延伸率则先增大再减小,φ为3.5时延伸率达到最大值29.2%。通过扫描电镜观察拉伸试样断口,均为韧性断裂。厚度不同时,随着φ的增大,韧窝数量增多且尺寸增大,材料塑性较好;晶粒尺寸不同时,φ从10.6减小至3.5,断面收缩率增加,韧窝尺寸增大,材料塑性较好。而当φ值继续减小到0.8时,韧窝数量减少,且尺寸变小,材料的塑性变差。     

直径方向上仅有几个晶粒时纯镍丝材的拉伸变形行为（英文）

研究纯镍丝材单向微拉伸塑性变形过程中的流动应力和非均匀变形行为尺寸效应。实验发现,流动应力随晶粒尺寸的增加(或直径方向上晶粒数量的减少)而降低,而非均匀变形程度增加。当直径方向上少于9.3个晶粒时,流动应力随晶粒尺寸增加而快速降低。通过引入晶界尺寸因子构建介观尺度材料本构模型揭示丝材微拉伸流动应力尺寸效应。结果表明,断裂应变和断裂应力随着晶粒尺寸的增加而减小。当试样直径方向上少于14.7个晶粒时,断裂应变和断裂应力快速降低,表明微拉伸过程中的非均匀变形程度随着直径方向上晶粒数量的减小而增加。当试样直径方向上的晶粒数量减少时,断口形貌变得越来越不规则。从材料微观组织分布方面分析了不规则断口形貌的形成机理。     

基于晶体塑性有限元法预测NiTi形状记忆合金的晶粒尺度塑性（英文）

通过二维晶体塑性有限元模拟和相应取向数据分析,研究NiTi形状记忆合金400℃单向压缩变形过程中的晶粒尺度塑性。模拟得到的NiTi形状记忆合金变形试样的应力和应变分布表明,在晶粒尺度上存在各向异性的塑性变形。进一步利用统计存储位错密度和几何必需位错密度研究合金在单轴压缩过程中的显微组织演化。结果表明,统计存储位错用于承载塑性变形,因此其密度值随着塑性应变的增大而增大。几何必需位错在协调晶粒间变形方面起到重要作用,并且与相邻晶粒间的取向差存在关联,即在晶粒间取向差大的位置存在高的几何必需位错密度,而在晶粒间取向差小的位置出现低的几何必需位错密度。     

脉冲电流对SUS304不锈钢拉伸性能的影响

通过SUS304亚稳态奥氏体不锈钢的电塑性拉伸实验,分析了焦耳热效应和纯电塑性效应对SUS304不锈钢拉伸性能的影响。结果表明,脉冲电流可以有效降低材料的流动应力。焦耳热效应使材料的延伸率随电流密度的增大而减小;纯电塑性效应使材料的延伸率增加。当消除焦耳热效应时,电流密度为2.95A·mm-2的试样延伸率达到72.4%,比室温时增加了23.3%。基于拉伸过程中的能量关系推导出电塑性效应系数的求解公式,发现电塑性效应系数与电流密度、应变以及试样尺寸等因素有关,电流密度越大,电塑性效应系数越大。     

基于尺度效应的不锈钢超薄板力学性能及断裂行为研究

以304不锈钢超薄板为研究对象,通过单向拉伸试验得到了不同宽度和厚度试样的真应力-真应变曲线,分析了不同厚度t、不同宽厚比w/t对超薄板屈服强度和伸长率的影响,阐述了该钢的变形机理。由于表面层影响作用,拉伸试样形成了3类断口,并分析了不同宽厚比w/t条件下试样断口的形成过程及断口形状。     

Constitutive model based on dislocation density and ductile fracture of Monel 400 thin sheet under tension

In micro-scaled plastic deformation, material strength and ductile fracture behaviors of thin sheet in tension are quite different from those in macro-scale. In this study, uniaxial tensile tests of Monel 400 thin sheets with different microstructures were carried out to investigate the plastic deformation size effect in micro-scale. The experimental results indicate that the flow stress and fracture strain departure from the traditional empirical formula when there are only fewer grains across the thickness. And the number of dimples on the fracture surface is getting smaller with the decreasing ratio of specimen thickness to grain size. Then, a constitutive model based on dislocation density considering the free surface effect in micro-scale is proposed to reveal the mechanism of the flow stress size effect. In addition, a model is proposed considering the surface roughening inducing the thickness nonuniform and the decrease of micro-voids resulting from the reduction of grain boundary density with the decreasing ratio of specimen thickness to grain size. The interactive effects of the surface roughening and the decrease of micro-voids result in the earlier fracture in micro tension of the specimen with fewer grains across the thickness.     

电沉积法制备的超细晶薄铜板拉伸及表面层效应

利用电沉积方法制备了晶粒大小均匀、致密的细晶薄铜板材料,研究了其在室温单向拉伸试验中由于晶粒大小、厚度变化引起材料强度和塑性的变化,通过表面层效应对产生的尺度效应进行了分析.随晶粒度的增大,材料的塑性和流动应力都发生了降低,这是由于表层晶粒所占份额增加.而且,由于表面层效应,随着试件厚度的减少,材料的流动应力降低.     

Effects of HAZ softening on the strength and elongation of resistance spot-welded joints in high-strength steel sheet in an in-plane tensile test

ABSTRACT

In this study, we investigated the effects of heat-affected zone (HAZ) softening on the strength and elongation of resistance spot-welded joints in high-strength steel sheet in an in-plane tensile test. The fracture in the softened HAZ had a little effect on the maximum stress of the resistance spot-welded specimen; however, the fracture elongation decreased. The nugget diameter and HAZ softened width had little effect on the fracture elongation of the resistance spot-welded specimen. Also, the fracture elongation decreased slightly with the decrease in the sheet thickness. The major factor affecting the fracture elongation was the HAZ hardness ratio (= Softened HAZ/Base metal × 100%). For the resistance spot-welded specimen with a thickness of 1.6 mm, when the HAZ hardness ratio decreased to less than 80%, the fracture position changed from the base metal to the softened HAZ and the fracture elongation decreased sharply. In addition, with a decrease in the hardness ratio, the fracture elongation decreased.     

退火温度对50 mm厚316L电子束焊接头微观组织与力学性能的影响

中国聚变工程实验堆(China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor,CFETR)真空室窗口领圈的组焊采用电子束焊,由于板厚较大,焊后残余应力较大,且焊缝从顶部到底部存在组织不均匀性,需要采用焊后退火处理进一步优化组织性能. 为了探索合适的退火工艺,采用单温区管式炉对50 mm 316L不锈钢电子束焊试样在200 ~ 450 ℃的范围内进行了退火试验,并采用电子背散射衍射(electron backscattered diffraction,EBSD)手段分析了不同退火工艺下接头热影响区及焊缝的晶粒组织. 对不同退火工艺下接头的顶部、中部与底部区域进行了拉伸试验和显微硬度测试. 结果表明,随热处理温度的提高,焊缝及热影响区的位错密度出现下降,由此引起的第3类内应力得到释放;300 ℃热处理后接头不同区域的抗拉强度和断后伸长率都较为优异,且拉伸试样的断口中均未发现大量析出相颗粒; 接头各区域显微硬度在不同退火温度下的变化趋势与抗拉强度的变化趋势近似一致.     

超声振动对TC1钛合金板材成形性能的影响

通过超声振动辅助拉伸试验,研究了超声振动的频率、振幅及间歇振动方式等参数对TC1钛合金板材应力与应变、屈服强度、抗拉强度及延伸率等拉伸性能指标的影响。通过拉伸试件的组织和性能分析,研究了超声振动参数对TC1板材金相组织、断口形貌及维氏硬度的影响。研究结果表明,TC1钛合金板材拉伸过程中叠加一定频率、振幅的超声振动可以明显降低材料的屈服强度和抗拉强度,并且在一定工艺参数条件下还可以较大幅度提高材料的延伸率,而且对其组织和性能影响较小。     

新型高强韧铝锂合金的显微组织和性能

通过室温拉伸试验、热稳定化试验、扫描电镜(SEM)以及透射电镜(TEM)等方法对人工时效状态下新型高强韧铝锂合金厚板室温拉伸性能、热稳定性、断口形貌以及微观组织进行了研究。结果表明,合金进行室温拉伸试验时,厚板T/2厚度位置处的强度和伸长率均高于T/4厚度位置,这是由于板材进行轧制变形时,T/2厚度位置处变形量较大,位错密度更高,后续时效处理时会析出更多的强化相;稳定化时间一定时,随稳定化温度的升高,合金强度先增加,稳定化温度超过175℃后,强度逐渐降低,合金的热稳定性主要取决于稳定化处理后析出相的变化,稳定化温度低于150℃时,T₁相具有较好的耐热性,析出相的尺寸和数量变化较小,稳定化温度进一步升高后,T₁相数量逐渐减少。     

Electroplastic Tensile Behavior of 5A90 Al–Li Alloys

The electroplastic(EP) tensile properties of 5A90 Al–Li alloys compared with thermal tension were investigated.The microstructural variation at different conditions was observed by SEM and TEM.The current density significantly influences the elongation and the flow stress.With increasing current density,wider and deeper dimples on the fracture surfaces and less dislocation density and pile-ups in the EP tension samples were observed compared with roomtemperature and thermal tension,which indicates the plasticity improvement and flow stress reduction.The EP effect(EPE) mainly results from a comprehensive function of Joule heating and pure EPE.Among them,Joule heating effect is perhaps a dominant factor.     

黄铜静态腐蚀脱Zn层引起拉应力的研究

研究了黄铜在静态腐蚀表面疏松层的应力状态,通过测量自由端挠度的变化及用ＳＥＭ技术测量脱Ｚｎ层的厚度,计算了在脱Ｚｎ层和基体界面处生产的拉应力,其稳定值约等于黄铜屈服强度的１／５,在ＳＣＣ过程中这个附加的拉应力将协助外应力促进位错发射和运动,从而ＳＣＣ裂纹形核。     

Correlation between dislocation density and nanomechanical response during nanoindentation

The crucial role of dislocations in the nanomechanical response of high-purity aluminum was studied. The dislocation density in cold-worked aluminum is characterized by means of electron channeling contrast and post-image processing. Further in situ heat treatment inside the chamber of a scanning electron microscope was performed to reduce the dislocation density through controlled heat treatment while continuously observing the structure evolution. The effect of dislocation density on both the pure elastic regime before pop-in as well as elastoplastic deformation after the pop-in were examined. Increasing the dislocation density and tip radius, i.e. the region with maximum shear stress below the tip, resulted in a reduction in the pop-in probability. Since the oxide film does not change with dislocation density, it is therefore clear that pop-ins in aluminum are due to the onset of plasticity by homogeneous dislocation nucleation and not oxide film breakdown. Hertzian contact and the indentation size effect based on geometrically necessary dislocations are used to model the load-displacement curves of nanoindentation and to predict the behavior of the material as a function of the statistically stored and geometrically necessary dislocation density.