Toolbox for development and validation of grey-box building models for forecasting and control

As automatic sensing and information and communication technology get cheaper, building monitoring data becomes easier to obtain. The availability of data leads to new opportunities in the context of energy efficiency in buildings. This paper describes the development and validation of a data-driven grey-box modelling toolbox for buildings. The Python toolbox is based on a Modelica library with thermal building and Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning models and the optimization framework in JModelica.org. The toolchain facilitates and automates the different steps in the system identification procedure, like data handling, model selection, parameter estimation and validation. To validate the methodology, different grey-box models are identified for a single-family dwelling with detailed monitoring data from two experiments. Validated models for forecasting and control can be identified. However, in one experiment the model performance is reduced, likely due to a poor information content in the identification data set.     

Development and validation of online models with parameter estimation for a building zone with VAV system

The energy consumption by building heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems has evoked increasing attention to promote energy efficient control and operation of HVAC systems. Application of advanced control and operation strategies requires robust online system models. In this study, online models with parameter estimation for a building zone with a variable air volume system, which is one of the most common HVAC systems, are developed and validated using experimental data. Building zone temperature and zone entering air flow are modeled based on physical rules and only the measurements that are commonly available in a commercial building are used. Various validation experiments were performed using a real-building test facility to examine the prediction accuracies for system outputs. Using the online system models with parameter estimation, the prediction errors for all validation experiments are less than 0.28 °C for temperature outputs, and less than 84.9 m³/h for air flow outputs. The online models can be further used for local and supervisory control, as well as fault detection applications.     

一种新的绿色建筑评估体系权重确定方法

分析了现行的绝大部分绿色建筑评估体系的不足,针对性地提出了一种新的绿色建筑评估体系———权重确定方法,并通过具体工程实例,详细介绍了权重确定方法及评估系统的应用。     

围护结构动态负荷传递函数模型合成的系统辨识法

为求得稳定、低价、高精度的围护结构动态负荷合成传递函数模型，提出了基于系统辨识理论的传递函数模型合成方法，通过对有限个传递函数叠加成的线性系统进行最小二乘法辨识，获得该系统的等价传递函数模型。对6个10阶以上的传递函数进行合成，得到5阶的合成传递函数，并采用阶跃扰量和正弦波扰量检验其稳定性和精度，效果良好。     

BuildingsLife: a building management system

The financial resources available for infrastructure maintenance and rehabilitation are always limited, which creates a need for efficient resources' management and for the ability to predict maintenance actions throughout the infrastructure's service life. In the context of bridges, management systems have been developed and are already implemented around the world. A much larger variety of maintenance problems and a reduced number of buildings per owner mean that building management systems (BdMSs) are still quite rare. Actually, efficient methods for the service life prediction of building materials still need to be developed. This paper discusses the service life prediction methods used in building components based on deterministic, stochastic or engineering methods. The architecture of a recently developed BdMS – BuildingsLife – is presented, where the service life analysis of components is based on an initial statistical analysis of anomalies obtained from the inspection of in-use buildings. This method analyses the corresponding degradation through the use of deterministic and stochastic models.     

系统辨识与建模课程教学探讨

系统辨识与建模是现代控制理论的一个分支,是控制理论与控制专业工程硕士研究生的必修课程,学生通过该课程的学习掌握相关的辨识算法。文章通过对该课程的教学实践进行了研究与探讨,对教学内容、教学方式与教学手段、课程的考核等方面进行了改革,提高了该课程的教学质量。     

Structural dynamic parameter identification of Saige building based on distributed synchronous acquisition method

在大型复杂工程结构上进行现场模态测试时，由于结构规模体量大并存在空间隔断，导致数据采集设备与传感器之间快速布设数据传输线困难。因此，有必要解决不同位置分布式同步采集设备时间精确同步问题，研发易于快速安装的分布式数据采集和无线传输设备。为此，提出基于“北斗”卫星授时的结构振动分布式同步采集算法，集成分布式同步采集硬件与研发数据在线采集和无线传输软件，获取大型复杂工程结构不同空间位置时间同步动态响应，基于随机子空间算法自[JP2]动识别工程结构服役状态下真实的模态参数。在赛格大厦振动事件溯源工作中，该系统成功捕捉到5月20日12:00—13:00[JP]结构共振时第69层与桅杆底部的加速度响应，发现四次共振均以频率2.12 Hz振动主导。基于该系统在环境激励条件下的现场模态测试，识别结构前19阶动力学参数，发现频率2.12 Hz是主体结构弯扭耦合和桅杆面内对称振动模态。基于现场激振测试识别频率2.12 Hz对应的阻尼比，发现阻尼比随着振幅的增加突然减小然后逐步增加，较低的阻尼比是导致赛格大厦发生共振的原因之一。     

基于分布式同步采集的赛格大厦结构动力学参数识别

在大型复杂工程结构上进行现场模态测试时,由于结构规模体量大并存在空间隔断,导致数据采集设备与传感器之间快速布设数据传输线困难。因此,有必要解决不同位置分布式同步采集设备时间精确同步问题,研发易于快速安装的分布式数据采集和无线传输设备。为此,提出基于“北斗”卫星授时的结构振动分布式同步采集算法,集成分布式同步采集硬件与研发数据在线采集和无线传输软件,获取大型复杂工程结构不同空间位置时间同步动态响应,基于随机子空间算法自动识别工程结构服役状态下真实的模态参数。在赛格大厦振动事件溯源工作中,该系统成功捕捉到5月20日12:00—13:00结构共振时第69层与桅杆底部的加速度响应,发现四次共振均以频率2.12 Hz振动主导。基于该系统在环境激励条件下的现场模态测试,识别结构前19阶动力学参数,发现频率2.12 Hz是主体结构弯扭耦合和桅杆面内对称振动模态。基于现场激振测试识别频率2.12 Hz对应的阻尼比,发现阻尼比随着振幅的增加突然减小然后逐步增加,较低的阻尼比是导致赛格大厦发生共振的原因之一。     

城市公共设施及标识系统色彩规划初探

对城市公共设施及标识系统的特点进行了分析,并根据其特点及城市色彩规划和色彩设计的相关原理,尝试性地提出了公共设施及标识系统色彩规划原则,对其色彩规划的方法进行了初步的探讨。     

钢筋混凝土房屋抗震鉴定的评估体系探讨

结合现有钢筋混凝土房屋的抗震特点,分析了房屋建筑的抗震鉴定方法,在此基础上提出了现有钢筋混凝土房屋的抗震鉴定的评估体系,以确保钢筋混凝土房屋结构安全。     

System identification using a standard finite element program

Frequently, experimental results for scale models or for prototypes of structural systems do not produce mode shapes and natural frequencies which concur with analytical results for the same structure. An algorithm for an iterative identification process for improving structural models is described, which relates structural parameters to changes in system response by application of the Bayesian technique of probability and statistics. Revision of the structural parameters is made using expansions of differences between experimental and analytical mode shapes and frequencies. Since the revision is based on modification of partial stiffness and mass matrices of beam, membrane, and shell elements in the element library of a commonly available finite element program, a method is developed to calculate those partial matrices with the matrix generating subprograms of the finite element program itself.     

集散控制理论在工业建筑群火灾自动报警系统设计中的应用

通过将集散控制系统理论应用到工业建筑群火灾自动报警系统的设计中，解决了工业建筑群分期建设，建筑分散、厂房内环境恶劣等难题，提出放弃选用大容量报警控制器，采用组网灵活、扩展方便的小容量控制器，是工业建筑群火灾自动报警系统的发展趋势。     

长沙市某学校中专楼抗震加固设计浅析

结合长沙市某学校中专楼的现状,列出了建筑物存在的结构缺陷与现行抗震规范要求的差距,提出了抗震加固原理及加固技术和方法的应用,对同期同类建筑的鉴定和抗震加固改造利用起到一定的参考借鉴作用。     

Analysis of a simplified calibration procedure for 18 design-phase building energy models

This paper evaluates the accuracy of 18 design-phase building energy models, built according to LEED Canada protocol, and investigates the effectiveness of model calibration steps to improve simulation predictions with respect to measured energy data. These calibration steps, applied in professional practice, included inputting actual weather data, adding unregulated loads, revising plug loads (often with submetered data), and other simple updates. In sum, the design-phase energy models underpredicted the total measured energy consumption by 36%. Following the calibration steps, this error was reduced to a net 7% underprediction. For the monthly energy use intensity (EUI), the coefficient of variation of the root mean square error improved from 45% to 24%. Revising plug loads made the largest impact in these cases. This step increased the EUI by 15% median (32% mean) in the models. This impact far exceeded that of calibrating the weather data, even in a sensitivity test using extreme weather years.     

太原市城市引导标识现状调研与问题

指出城市引导标识是城市形象、文化、特征的综合和浓缩,从太原市标识系统的现状入手,深入分析目前引导标识系统存在的问题,并对该系统的改进提出了自己的意见和建议。     

分布式水泵系统零压差点的确定与节能分析

介绍了分布式水泵系统,以简单异程式热水供暖系统为例,结合水压图分析,讨论了不同的零压差点位置对系统支路设置用户加压泵的影响,计算了不同零压差点位置时的水泵理论输出功率。结果表明,零压差点位置距离热源越近,节能率越高。     

福建省国税局旧办公大楼BA系统分析

本文通过福建省国家税务局旧办公大楼BA系统分析,介绍了BA系统对楼宇机电设备的监控原理及应用价值。     

Structural system identification of cable-stayed bridges with observability techniques

Cable-stayed bridges are highly statically redundant, light and flexible structures. This complexity highlights the role of the structural system identification (SSI) method in the calibration of the actual properties of the simplified models of these structures. This study proposes the first application of observability techniques to SSI of cable-stayed bridges. This method enables to define which subset of actual structural variables should be measured on site to identify mechanical properties, such as Young's modulus, area and inertia, or stiffnesses (EA and EI) of deck, pylon and stay cables. The effects of the inclination and inertia of the stay cables and the existence of pylon and deck cracking in the observability of different cable-stayed bridges are studied. The results obtained are validated by the models of actual cable-stayed bridges.     

Sensor system design for building indoor air protection

Many new biological and chemical sensors have been or are continuously being developed for infrastructure and environmental protection, e.g., for protecting the quality of water and indoor and outdoor air. However, there is a lack of fundamental system-level research leading to the development of sensor networks that both maximize protection and minimize the system cost for indoor air protection. Four key parameters are usually used to evaluate sensor performance: sensor sensitivity, probability of correct detection, false positive rate, and response time. The optimal design of a sensor system is affected by the above sensor performance parameters. This paper describes a preliminary study to: (1) identify simplified simulation and optimization strategies that can be used for sensor system design; (2) examine the relationships between sensor location, sensitivity, and quantity, and (3) use both detection time and total occupant exposure as optimization objective functions for sensor system design. Common building attack scenarios, using a typical chemical and biological warfare (CBW) agent, are simulated for a small commercial building. Genetic algorithm (GA) is then applied to optimize the sensor sensitivity, location, and quantity, thus achieving the best system behavior while also reducing the total system cost. Assuming that each attack scenario has the same probability for occurrence, optimal system designs that account for the simulated possible attack scenarios are obtained.