国内饮用水生物稳定性的调查研究

以国内几个大中城市的自来水厂为调查对象,测定了不同水厂各工艺出水中AOC浓度,分析了不同水处理工艺对AOC的去除特性,并对国内饮用水的生物稳定性进行了分析。调查结果表明：1)水源的污染程度对饮用水中AOC浓度有重要影响。原水AOC随着污染程度的增加而增加。2)常规处理工艺对AOC具有一定的去除效果,且去除率随水温的升高而增加。3)活性炭处理对AOC去除率较高,活性炭对AOC的去除包括物理吸附和活性炭上附着的微生物降解两部分。4)水厂工艺出水加氯消毒后,AOC浓度均有较大幅度的增加。因此应该重视开展加氯消毒对管网水质影响的研究,寻求采用科学的消毒方法以控制细菌的生长。5)目前国内大多数饮用水属于生物不稳定饮用水。应在加强水源保护的同时,增加深度处理工艺如活性炭或膜处理来提高饮用水水质。     

臭氧组合工艺去除黄浦江原水中有机物

采用预臭氧化-常规处理-后臭氧化-生物活性炭深度处理工艺对黄浦江原水进行了中试试验,研究结果表明该工艺对去除有机物方面有良好效果,CODMn、UV254、DOC、AOC的总体去除率分别是62.3%、91.8%、63.7%、27%.臭氧氧化不能彻底去除有机物,但通过活性炭的协调作用可将其有效去除.     

UV/O3-BAC与O3-BAC处理二级出水中有机污染物的研究

将光助臭氧氧化-生物活性炭(UV/O3-BAC)新型组合工艺用于处理城市污水厂二级出水中有机污染物.考察了臭氧剂量、氧化反应时间和生物活性炭停留时间对出水水质影响,TOC去除率随着臭氧剂量、氧化反应时间和生物活性炭停留时间增加而增加;其优化工艺参数为:臭氧剂量为3 mg/L,氧化反应和生物活性炭空塔停留时间均为15 min.在优化工艺参数下,UV/O3-BAC工艺对TOC和UV254平均去除率分别达到46%和71%,比O3-BAC工艺(同样工艺参数下)对TOC和UV254平均去除率分别提高35.3%和14.5%;两组合工艺对有机物去除具有协同效应,其中UV/O3-BAC工艺的协同效应比O3-BAC工艺大.UV/O3和O3过程将水中大分子有机物氧化成小分子,增加了出水的可生化性,从而有利于后续BAC对有机污染物的去除.二级出水中主要有机污染物是酚类和酞酸酯等,经氧化处理后,二级出水中芳香烃和含一C=C-有机物消失或浓度减少,同时也生成一些小分子氧化产物,但经BAC处理后,污染物种类和浓度均大为减少.     

饮用水BDOC、AOC处理技术研究进展

围绕饮用水的生物稳定性，分析了常规水处理工艺对BDOC、AOC的影响，提出强化混凝和强化过滤的方法可改善出厂水的生物稳定性。讨论了生物氧化、臭氧氧化、活性炭吸附、臭氧-生物活性炭及膜过滤等工艺对饮用水中BDOC、AOC的去除效果，提出了提高出厂水生物稳定性的措施。     

常规处理与深度处理工艺对南京长江原水中有机物去除效能比较

以长江南京段原水为研究对象,通过常规处理及深度处理工艺(强化过滤工艺和生物活性炭工艺)对长江南京段水源水中有机物的去除效能进行对比研究。结果表明常规工艺对CODMn、UV254、DOC及BDOC的去除率分别为30%、41%、27%及25%。强化常规工艺和生物活性炭工艺各指标的去除率分别为34%和52%、48%和50%、37%和40%及74%和82%。强化过滤工艺及生物活性炭工艺对1,2,4-三氯苯的去除效果明显,能显著提高出水水质。常规工艺对MW大于5 kDa的有机物去除效果明显,强化过滤工艺对MW小于1 kDa的有机物去除率大于25%,生物活性炭工艺对各个分子量区间的去除效果都比较好,特别是对原水中占多数的MW小于1 kDa的有机物去除率大于30%。     

漂浮型固定化微生物去除海洋石油污染物研究

以膨胀石墨、膨胀珍珠岩和竹炭为载体对T4、R4和D3三种石油菌进行吸附固定,研究柴油去除特性以及微生物在载体上的生长特性;用膨胀石墨-海藻酸钙法对三种石油菌进行包埋固定考察不同膨胀石墨掺杂量、交联掺氮方式对柴油去除效果的影响。研究结果表明,吸附固定微生物比悬浮生长微生物的柴油去除率更高,且以生物去除为主,其中膨胀石墨固定化石油菌和膨胀珍珠岩固定化石油菌的柴油去除率近100%。通过扫描电镜观察微生物在载体上的生长状态发现T4分泌有大量的胞外聚合物粘附在载体上,而R4和D3则没有。包埋固定得到的微生物菌剂对柴油的去除率均在80%以上,膨胀石墨掺杂量对T4影响明显,而采用交联掺氮的方式有利于D3对柴油的去除,0.1g膨胀石墨掺杂、交联掺氮处理后制得的D3菌剂对柴油的去除效果最好,达到了94.3%。     

吸附氧化组合工艺去除高盐废水中的有机物:反应条件最优化

研究采用微米活性炭吸附和Fenton氧化组合工艺去除高盐废水中有机物的可行性和效率,同时对各处理单元的反应条件进行优化控制研究。实验结果表明,随着pH降低,活性炭吸附对有机物的吸附效果越好,当活性炭投加量为7 g/L时,TOC去除率为61%,继续增加活性炭投加量不会明显提高TOC去除率。药剂投加方式和反应条件的控制对Fenton氧化的影响很大。在药剂投加总量一致的前提下,分批相比单次投加有机物的去除效率更好,同时维持较高的温度和反应过程中pH可以实现废水中有机物去除效率的最大化。在温度为80℃,维持体系pH为3,过氧化氢投加量为7%(v/v)的条件下(亚铁和过氧化氢摩尔比为0.05),TOC去除率可以达到90%以上,氧化后废水的TOC小于200 mg/L,达到厂界隔膜电解的进水标准。     

臭氧-生物活性炭工艺处理黄浦江微污染原水的中试研究

以黄浦江原水为研究对象,对臭氧-生物活性炭（O3-BAC）组合工艺去除有机污染物的性能、机理进行了中试研究。结果表明,该工艺对各指标的去除率为：CODMn 24%,UV25435%,三卤甲烷前体物31%,AOC 63%,且对各分子量区间的有机物的去除有互补性。O3-BAC组合工艺一方面可以有效去除黄浦江原水中的微量有机污染物、消毒副产物前体物,减少后加氯量,降低消毒副产物生成量,保障饮用水的化学安全性;另一方面能明显降低水中的可同化有机碳（AOC）浓度,提高饮用水的生物稳定性。     

生物活性炭强化过滤工艺影响因素的研究

通过中试模型实验考察了生物活性炭工艺对污染地表水除污染效能的影响因素.结果表明温度降低对生物活性炭去除有机物与氨氮有较大影响,温度低于10℃,生物活性炭对有机物的去除率为20%左右,对氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮的去除率为20%～40%;生物活性炭工艺采用底部曝气与顶部曝气运行方式对有机物和氨氮的去除影响不大,但采用两种曝气运行方式的生物活性炭工艺对有机污染物去除率均稍高于无曝气时生物活性炭的去除率;实验表明空床接触时间低于20 min时,有机物的去除能力明显下降,但其对氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮的去除影响较小.     

常规、中置臭氧活性炭和曝气活性炭工艺处理北江原水对比研究

对比了常规臭氧活性炭、中置臭氧活性炭、曝气活性炭滤池3种不同的工艺对北江顺德水道II～III类水质的净水效果。结果表明,曝气活性炭滤池采用0.2的气水体积比对CODMn的去除效果比常规、中置活性炭的处理效果要好,去除率达45.95%;中置臭氧活性炭工艺对UV254、TOC的去除效果最好,0.5 mg.L-1时去除率分别达66.36%、38.99%;曝气活性炭滤池对于高含量氨氮的去除效果明显优于常规、中置臭氧活性炭滤池,0.4的气水体积比时氨氮去除率达99.43%,出水达到GB 5749-2006要求。     

Treatment of wastewater from acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene (ABS) resin manufacturing by biological activated carbon (BAC)

Background: The wastewater originating from the production of acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene (ABS) resin is a toxic and refractory industrial wastewater. The purpose of this work is to investigate the characteristics of adsorption and biodegradation of biological activated carbon (BAC) for ABS resin wastewater. Results: More than 80% of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC) and organic nitrogen (Org‐N) was removed after the 100th run in BAC with the help of bioregeneration, and the treatment efficiency of BAC was higher than that of adsorption and biodegradation alone. The initial Org‐N was mainly transformed into NH₄⁺‐N, and the transform efficiency reached 65% after the 100th run. After bioregeneration, the COD and TOC removal efficiencies of BAC reactor reached 88.97% and 86.26%, respectively. The BAC had different bioregeneration efficiencies of 94.41, 64.82, 61.05 and 40.04% for 3, 3‐imminodipropiononitrile, 3, 3‐oxydipropiononitrile, α, α‐dimethyl‐benzylalcohol and acetophenone, respectively, which mainly resulted from the different polarity of the compounds. Conclusion: BAC could protect microorganisms from shock loadings of toxic, refractory and complicated ABS resin wastewater. The mechanism of the organic pollutants removal by BAC consisted of three phases including adsorption, bioregeneration and stability. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

组合介质对梅梁湾水源水中有机物的去除工艺特性

本文对利用组合介质富集湖水中的土著微生物去除太湖梅梁湾水源地水体中有机污染物进行了试验研究。中试结果表明：随着介质密度和水力停留时间的增加，对有机物的去除率都有所增大。介质密度为26．8％、水力停留时问为5d时，组合介质对TOC、DOC、AOC、CODMn的去除率分别为38．5％、13．7％、17．2％、39．4％。水流速度增加并未降低对有机物的去除效果，生物降解是去除水源水中有机物的主要途径。通过人工介质富集微生物的方法对太湖梅梁湾水源地水体中有机物有较好的去除效果。     

高锰酸钾预氧化—O3/BAC组合工艺处理长江陈行水库原水

以长江陈行水库原水为研究对象,探讨高锰酸钾预氧化-O3/BAC组合工艺对水中有机物、消毒副产物前驱物的去除效果,并评价该工艺出水生物稳定性。结果表明,生物活性炭出水CODMn均值为0.63 mg.L-1,平均去除率68.9%,UV254均值为0.005 cm-1,平均去除率89.0%;高锰酸钾预氧化-O3/BAC组合工艺可以有效去除水中氯化消毒副产物前驱物,对THMFP和HAAFP的去除率分别为66.2%和84.2%;该工艺出水AOC质量浓度为47μg.L-1,,生物稳性较好。     

生物稳定性及生物稳定水制备工艺研究

生物稳定性是评价饮用水水质的重要指标。饮用水常规处理工艺不能有效去除AOC和BDOC,加氯消毒甚至会使AOC值升高,以太湖、黄浦江和长江为水源的常规处理工艺水厂的出厂水均不能满足生物稳定性的要求。曝气生物滤池和臭氧生物活性炭处理单元可以有效去除AOC和BDOC,曝气生物滤池+混凝气浮+臭氧生物活性炭+砂滤组合工艺出水经过消毒后能够满足生物稳定性的要求。     

Reclamation of textile dyeing wastewater for process use via a highly efficient integration system

In this study the secondary effluent after ODOBEZ system processing from a textile dyeing factory was recycledand reused in a dyeing bath. A pilot-scale combined system of a bio-activated carbon reactor (BAC) and membrane separation module (MS) was constructed and studied in detail. Through the efficacies of adsorption as well as biodegradation in BAC, the quality of secondary effluent can be improved further, and then it can be reclaimed and reused in a dyeing bath by using a membrane separation module to reduce the conductivity of the wastewater. This integrated system not only can decrease the frequencies of back washing and replacement of activated carbon via special bio-augmentation, but also alleviate the damage and fouling of membrane due to the further reductions in chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended solids and color of influent after BAC; this lengthens the lifetime of membranes. In addition to the recycle and reuse fraction of the secondary wastewater in a dyeing bath, the final concentrated retentate after processing in this integrated system meets the stipulated regulations and can be discharged directly with no additional treatments. Once the COD of secondary inflow falls in the range of 100-200 mg/L, the COD of outflow after BAC can be reduced to the range of 50-80 mg/L with a hydraulic residence time of 4 h. In this situation the percentage of water reclamation can reach above 50%, and the final concentrated retentate can be discharged directly. The results of the dyeing tests by using recycling water showed that color deviation indexes, ΔE, were always less than 0.5, which was the criterion for laboratory-scale dyeing tests. After almost a year of operation, a detailed economics assessment was made, and it was found that a total cost 9.14 $NTD was enough to reclaim per cubic meter textile wastewater to a dyeing bath, which included costs in membrane replacement, activated carbon replacement, reagents for membrane washing and power consumption.     

Control of bio-regenerated granular activated carbon by spreadsheet modelling

The optimisation of water purification with biological activated carbon (BAC) is described. Procedures are suggested to control biofilm growth and to use bio-indicators to predict TOC (total organic carbon) and COD (chemical oxygen demand) removal efficiencies. Empty bed contact time (EBCT) was a major physical control parameter. Dissolved oxygen (DO), pH and nutrients of the influent were controlled according to the abundance of bacteria, protozoa and rotifers. Numbers of micro-organisms in BAC beds were determined. Certain genera of ciliated protozoa, representing healthy environmental conditions, were employed as biological indicators for system performance during biological regeneration of exhausted granular activated carbon (GAC). There was a strong positive correlation between the abundance of some protozoa in the liquid phase of the BAC bed and COD concentration in the effluent. Mathematical spreadsheet models were constructed to estimate COD removal efficiency of BAC filters with different loading rates, DO, pH, nutrient requirements and populations of micro-organisms. © 1998 SCI     

臭氧活性炭联合工艺去除微污染水中有机物

采用臭氧活性炭联合工艺(O3+BAC)对以长江为水源的某水厂砂滤水进行深度处理。试验结果表明,该工艺对水中有机物有稳定的去除效果,在臭氧投加量为1mg/L,活性炭空床接触时间为8.6min时,对CODMn,UV254,DOC,THMEP(三氯甲烷生成势)和AOC(可同化有机碳)的平均去除率分别为32%,40%,22%,19%,7%。在DOC较低的情况下,三氯甲烷生成势与UV254有较好的正相关性。     

Effectiveness of AOC removal by advanced water treatment systems: a case study

Recently, the appearance of assimilable organic carbon (AOC) in the water treatment system and effluent of the treatment plant has brought more attention to the environmental engineers. In this study, AOC removal efficiency at the Cheng-Ching Lake water treatment plant (CCLWTP) was evaluated. The main objectives of this study were to: (1) evaluate the treatability of AOC by the advanced treatment system at the CCLWTP, (2) assess the relativity of AOC and the variations of other water quality indicators, (3) evaluate the effects of sodium thiosulfate on AOC analysis, and (4) evaluate the efficiency of biofiltration process using granular activated carbon (GAC) and anthracite as the fillers. Results show that the averaged influent and final effluent AOC concentrations at the CCLWTP were approximately 124 and 30 μg acetate-C/L, respectively. Thus, the treatment plant had an AOC removal efficiency of about 76%, and the AOC concentrations in the final effluent met the criteria established by the CCLWTP (50 μg acetate-C/L). Results indicate that the biofiltration process might contribute to the removal of the trace AOC in the GAC filtration process. Moreover, the removal of AOC had a correlation with the decrease in concentrations of other drinking water indicators. Results from a column test show that GAC was a more appropriate material than anthracite for the AOC removal. Results from this study provide us insight into the mechanisms of AOC removal by advanced water treatment processes. These findings would be helpful in designing a modified water treatment system for AOC removal and water quality improvement.     

Evaluation of a pilot scale dual media biological activated carbon process for drinking water

This study was carried out to optimize a dual media BAC (biological activated carbon) process for DOC removal and DBPs (disinfection by-products) control. Pilot scale tests were coducted at the Tukdo water treatment plant in Seoul, Korea. The dual media BAC process is highly efficient in the removal of DOC and THMFP, and is more capable of sustaining microorganisms than a single layer filter. The bottom layer of the sand filter functioned as a screen for turbidity, microorganisms, and other biological material. Total DOC removal efficiency was 13 to 25%, and the corresponding THMFP (trihalomethane formation potential) removal efficiency was approximately 20 to 33%. Turbidity and DOC leakage continued for 40 min after backwashing in all reactors. Breakthrough occurred from 24-72 hours in each reactor. Ten species of microorganisms were identified in the activated carbon filled in BAC reactors. The predominant species were Clavibactor and Corynebacterium and microbial species were simple at the lower end.