二级串联人工湿地处理农村污水的脱氮除磷研究

采用二级串联潜流式人工湿地系统对太湖地区农村生活污水进行了脱氮除磷的试验研究。结果表明，在夏季，当进水容积负荷为400L／d时，人工湿地系统对NH4^＋ -N、TN和TP的去除率分别为83％、80％和83％，相应的污染物削减量分别为4772、5463和524mg／d；在冬季，当进水容积负荷为240L／d时，人工湿地系统对NH4^＋ -N、TN和TP的去除率分别为90％、90％和94％，相应的污染物削减量分别为7751、8893和732mg／d；降低进水容积负荷可延长系统的水力停留时间，有利于保持人工湿地系统的除污效率；二级湿地采用粒径较小的填料有助于维持系统对NH4^＋ -N、TN和TP去除效果的稳定性，该工艺可有效去除太湖流域农村生活污水中的氮、磷污染物。     

两级逆向垂直潜流人工湿地去除营养物的性能研究

针对人工湿地同步脱氮除磷效果不佳及易滋生蚊蝇的问题，提出了两级逆向垂直潜流这一新的运行模式。合成污水经酸化预处理后依次流经两级湿地，当一级湿地的水力负荷为4．8～9．5cm／d、有机负荷为10～27gCOD／（m^2·d）时，其对COD的平均去除率约为70％；两级湿地对COD的总去除率〉90％。NH4^＋ -N主要是由二级湿地去除的，当氨氮负荷为1．32-2．32g／（m^2·d）时，一级湿地对NH4^＋ -N的去除率甚至出现了负值，为-5．6％～9．7％；而在0．93～1．6g／（m^2·d）的负荷下，二级湿地获得了较高的NH4^＋ -N去除率，为94％～100％。二级湿地内发生了明显的硝化／反硝化反应，硝化率和反硝化率分别为0．93～1．53gNH4^＋ -N／（m^2·d）和0．47～0．79g NO3^- -N／（m^2·d）。两级湿地对TN的去除率为38．2％-57％；在一、二级湿地的总磷负荷分别为（0．07～0．16）、（0．07～0．11）g／（m^2·d）的条件下，对TP的总去除率达到了97％以上。     

云南抚仙湖湖滨带复合湿地的脱氮效果分析

马料河是抚仙湖北岸水量较大的入湖河流，其水质较差，为保护抚仙湖的水环境，在湖北岸的湖滨带修建了复合型人工湿地。该湿地分为生物强化沉淀池、水平潜流湿地和表面流湿地3个净化功能区，主要收集马料河集水域内的农田径流污水和澄江县城部分生活污水。监测表明，该复合型人工湿地的脱氮效果比较明显，对污水中硝酸盐氮、氨氮和总氮的平均去除率分别为61．9％、55．9％、40．3％；潜流人工湿地和生物强化沉淀池对氨氮的去除效果不佳，而表面流人工湿地则脱氮效果较好。最后，提出了强化脱氮的一些措施。     

局部充氧提高波形潜流人工湿地除污效能的研究

人工湿地获得氧气的能力被认为是其去除COD和NH4^＋-N的关键限制性因素，为此对传统波形潜流人工湿地采取了3种局部充氧强化措施，即进水预曝气和湿地前、后部充氧。试验结果表明，进水预曝气的效果不明显，而采用前、后部充氧则明显改善了湿地内的溶解氧分布状态，对COD和NH4^＋-N的去除效果非常显著：前部充氧的湿地对其平均去除率分别为62.12％和93．5％，后部充氧的湿地分别为58．09％和96.6％。前部充氧的湿地主要依靠外部充氧快速降解COD和NH4^＋-N，而后部充氧湿地则充分发挥了湿地的生态处理功能，外部充氧主要用于NH4^＋-N的硝化过程，因此从需氧量和能耗的角度考虑，后部充氧更具优势。当局部充氧湿地的水力负荷为0．8m^3／（m^2·d）时，其有机负荷达到了56～112gCOD／（m^2·d），氨氮负荷达到了20-28g／（m^2·d）。     

潜流及复合流人工湿地净化污染河水的效能分析

在新沂河的漫滩上构建了潜流和复合流人工湿地中试系统，并考察了对污染河水的净化效果。一年多的运行结果表明：在进水CODMn和NH4^＋ -N浓度分别为（3．11～117．28）、（1．30～24．71）mg／L时，潜流人工湿地系统对其平均去除率分别为59．9％和85．5％，出水平均浓度分别为14．10、1．05mg／L；复合流人工湿地系统对CODMn和NH4^＋ -N的平均去除率分别为77．8％和86．9％，出水平均浓度分别为7．80、0．95mg／L。两个系统的出水CODMn和NH4^＋ -N浓度都达到了《地表水环境质量标准》（GB 3838-2002）的V类标准，表明两个系统对受污染的新沂河水均有较好的净化效果，可以用于类似污染河水的处理。     

亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化组合工艺脱氮研究

以高氨氮模拟废水为研究对象，对影响亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化组合工艺脱氮效果的几个因素（DO、pH、碱度、有机物浓度、NU4^＋-N／NO2^-—N值）进行了考察，以期获得组合工艺的最佳运行方式。研究结果表明，在亚硝化温度为23～26℃，HRT=1d，进水NH4^＋-N、TN浓度分别为350、420mg／L，ANH4^＋-N／ANO2^--N值为0.8～1.33的条件下，组合工艺对NH4^＋-N、TN的最高去除率分别为99．9％、90．8％，平均去除率分别为96％、76．1％。组合工艺的脱氮效率严重受限于亚硝化系统出水的NH4^＋-N／NO2^--N值及其稳定性。     

锰砂填料人工湿地在钢铁废水回用处理中的应用研究

采用锰砂填料人工湿地深度处理钢铁企业的达标排放废水，并与砾石填料人工湿地的处理效果进行对比。结果表明：锰砂填料人工湿地具有持续而稳定的铁、锰去除效果，对其去除率均在90％以上，当进水总铁和Mn^2＋浓度分别为0．3～1．2mg／L和0．2～1．1mg／L时，相应的出水浓度基本保持在0．05mg／L以下，达到了回用水水质标准。而砾石填料人工湿地会出现铁、锰的累积和解吸现象，没有持续的铁、锰去除能力。同时，锰砂填料人工湿地对COD、TP和NH4^＋ -N的去除效果均好于砾石填料人工湿地。     

"生物絮凝+三级人工湿地"组合工艺处理小城镇高质量浓度生活污水

对“生物絮凝＋三级人工湿地”组合工艺处理小城镇高质量浓度生活污水进行试验,结果表明,该组合工艺系统对COD、NH4^＋-N和PO4^3--P的去除率均达到较高的要求,而且还具有较强的抗冲击负荷能力,在处理较高质量浓度的城镇污水方面有较好的适应性,拓宽了人工湿地的应用范围。     

潜流人工湿地预处理给水厂原水的效能研究

采用潜流人工湿地对给水厂原水进行预处理,以提高进水水质,减轻水厂常规处理工艺的负荷。以松花江水为研究对象,考察了人工湿地对原水中浊度、CODMn、UV254、TN和NH4^＋-N的处理效果。试验结果表明,在进水流量为0．8m^3／d、水力停留时间为1．5d时,该工艺对浊度、CODMn、UV254、TN和NH4^＋-N的平均去除率分别为93．71％、43．19％、17．69％、49．15％和48．92％。潜流人工湿地对原水预处理效率较高,运行稳定,可以有效减轻后续工艺的处理负荷。     

外源微生物强化人工湿地污染物去除研究进展

微生物是人工湿地处理污染物的主要贡献者，通过分析和整理国内外相关文献，总结了脱氮菌、特定污染物降解菌、耐盐菌和低温菌4类功能菌的研究现状，阐述了外源微生物强化技术在人工湿地中的研究进展和应用潜力，并探讨了菌剂直接投加和固定化微生物两种投加方式的研究现状。研究表明，接种外源微生物能够增强人工湿地的脱氮效果，提高人工湿地对特殊污染物的降解能力，并改善人工湿地在极端环境中功能受阻等问题。建议未来重点在高效降解菌的筛选与应用、外源微生物投加方式的优化、外源微生物强化人工湿地净化功能的长期运行效果以及外源菌种引入人工湿地的生态安全等方面开展研究，进一步提高人工湿地对废水中污染物的去除能力，完善微生物强化人工湿地净化功能技术体系。     

潜流式人工湿地消纳城市污水厂尾水微生物特性及机制

为揭示潜流式人工湿地消纳城市污水厂尾水微生物特性及机制,以位于常州市城北污水处理厂内的潜流式人工湿地消纳城市污水厂尾水旁路试验系统中的植物根系、湿地填料及湿地土壤中微生物为研究对象,通过镜检、脲酶、磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)等分析手段对其进行相关研究。结果表明,植物根系、填料中含有团藻等菌胶团和轮虫、变形虫等原生动物,团藻等菌胶团通过自身新陈代谢及光合作用,利用尾水中N、P进行生物代谢,去除低碳源条件下尾水中的N、P等。湿地脲酶平均含量(N)约为22.43mg/g,其活性与TN的去除呈线性相关,活性越高,TN去除率越高。消纳城市污水厂尾水湿地填料中饱和脂肪酸(PLFA)含量为99.30%,不饱和脂肪酸含量仅为0.70%,这与潜流式人工湿地处理城市污水中的PLFA含量有很大差别(分别为76.97%、23.03%)。以脂肪酸生物标记量为指标,显示湿地填料中形成了以好养细菌为优势种群的微生物生态结构。团藻、好氧微生物是低碳源尾水中TN等污染物去除的主要载体微生物。     

Elimination of COD, microorganisms and pharmaceuticals from sewage by trickling through sandy soil below leaking sewers

To simulate the filtration and/or degradation of trickling sewage from leaky sewers through the non-water-saturated underground, sewage was trickled through sand of 0.4-2mm from the Rhine valley in glass columns of 125 cm length. For the same sewage the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal was almost independent of low or high trickling rates. The COD removal efficiency varied, however, from 67% to 79%, for sewage from rain and dry weather periods, respectively. The water content of the moist sand increased from initially 80 ml kg(-1) with increasing sewage trickling rates to 108 ml kg(-1) sand. It remained at 108 ml kg(-1) at higher trickling rates higher than 600 ml d(-1). Analyses of effluent of five consecutive 25-cm soil columns revealed that about 50% of the initial COD were filtrated off on top of the sand or degraded in the uppermost 25 cm at varying trickling rates. Another 6-12% of the COD were removed in the following 25-50 cm of sand, whereas almost no further COD removal was seen in the subsequent two or three 25-cm columns. The COD elimination during trickling of sewage through the segmented column (interrupted random flow) was slightly better than that in the non-segmented column. Total and faecal coliform bacteria decreased faster with increasing trickling depth than that of total aerobic or anaerobic bacteria. After a filter/degradation stretch of 125 cm elimination of all bacteria reached 96.2-99.9%. The sewage contained low concentrations of at least 10 different pharmaceuticals or X-ray media. During trickling of sewage through sand, elimination of these compounds by adsorption onto sand and/or biodegradation varied from a complete removal, e.g. Ibuprofen or Naproxen, to almost no removal for several X-ray contrast media. Some of the medicals were removed as effectively as during conventional sewage treatment.     

人工湿地用于污水深度处理的反应动力学

比较3种不同形式人工湿地(潜流、表面流和组合流)对城市污水厂二级生物处理出水中污染物的去除效果,并采用一级反应动力学模型进行模拟.结果表明,潜流湿地对有机物、总氮、总磷的去除效率高于其它2种湿地,其标准温度下反应动力学常数( KA20)分别为0.29、0.20和0.28 m/d;表流湿地对氨氮的去除效率最高,其KA20值为0.12 m/d.温度变化对3种人工湿地中有机物和总磷去除的影响不明显,对氨氮和总氮的去除有明显影响,尤其对表面流湿地影响最为显著.3种人工湿地对污染物的去除效率均随着水力负荷的增大而显著下降,污染物的面积去除量将随着面积负荷的不断提高逐渐趋于定值,因此人工湿地宜在低负荷工况下运行.     

人工湿地/稳定塘工艺处理农村生活污水

采用人工湿地/稳定塘工艺处理农村生活污水,结果表明,系统对COD、BOD5、SS、TN、NH4 -N、TP和粪大肠杆茵的平均去除率分别达到(75.1%～87.3%)、(75.2%～94.3%)、(90.2%～97.6%)、(50.2%～67.8%)、(65%～75.3%)、(70.6%～85.9%)和98.7%～100%,出水水质达到<污水综合排放标准>(GB 8978-1996)的一级标准.该工艺投资少、处理效果好、操作简单、维护成本低.     

滴滤池-人工湿地组合工艺处理农村生活污水

采用滴滤池-人工湿地组合工艺处理农村生活污水,考察了其除污效果及两工艺对污染物去除的贡献率.中试结果表明,在稳定运行状态下,滴滤池对COD、氨氮、总氮和总磷去除的贡献率分别为74.5%、79.2%、33.8%、47.5%,人工湿地的则分别为25.5%、20.8%、66.2%、52.5%.滴滤池能有效完成对有机物的降解和硝化作用,人工湿地系统则能进一步去除氮、磷等污染物,两者结合可使污水中的各类污染物得到有效去除.     

Fate of synthetic musks in a domestic wastewater treatment plant and in an agricultural field amended with biosolids

Synthetic musks are widely used as fragrance ingredients in personal care products, and they enter domestic wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) through discharges into municipal sewage systems. Samples of aqueous sewage and biosolids collected from the Peterborough Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP), Ontario, Canada were analyzed for 11 synthetic musk compounds using GC/MS. The results showed that 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethyl-cyclopenta[g]-2-benzopyrane (HHCB, 173.1+/-43.4 ng/L) and 7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-tetrahydronaphthalene (AHTN, 41.6+/-15.8 ng/L) were the dominant fragrances in sewage, but other polycyclic musks and nitro musks were present at lower concentrations. The concentrations of HHCB and AHTN in the aqueous phase of the sewage were highly correlated with both BOD5 and TOC. The overall removal efficiency of synthetic musks from the aqueous sewage in the WWTP ranged from 43.3% to 56.9%, but removal occurred mainly by partitioning into the biosolids. Based on a mass balance model, the daily input and output of HHCB and AHTN in the Peterborough WWTP were 47 g and 46 g, respectively. In an agricultural field amended with biosolids from the Peterborough WWTP, HHCB and AHTN were detected in soil immediately after application at mean concentrations of 1.0 and 1.3 mug/kg, respectively, but concentrations declined relatively rapidly over the next 6 weeks, post-application.     

蚯蚓改善垂直潜流人工湿地处理农村污水效能的研究

通过引入赤子爱胜蚓,构建蚯蚓垂直潜流人工湿地,比较了蚯蚓人工湿地与对照人工湿地去除污染物的特性,并分析了投加蚯蚓对改善湿地内微生物量的空间分布及提高湿地防堵塞的效果.结果表明,蚯蚓的引入提高了垂直潜流人工湿地对污染物的去除效果,与对照人工湿地相比,蚯蚓人工湿地对COD、NH_4~+-N、TN、TP的去除率分别提高了15.8%、23.2%、20.6%、16.2%;同时,还增加了人工湿地各层的微生物量.在表层,蚯蚓人工湿地的细菌总数、亚硝酸菌数、硝酸菌数、反硝化菌数分别为对照人工湿地的2.3、2.9、2.0、2.1倍;并且蚯蚓的引入还在一定程度上缓解了垂直潜流人工湿地的堵塞.     

固定化微生物修复石油污染土壤特性试验

利用梯度稀释法分离筛选原油降解混合菌,采用吸附法将混合菌固定在砾石和草炭土上,探讨固定化混合菌对土壤石油烃的去除效果。结果表明:分离得到的混合菌8-2,菌群结构简单,石油烃降解率可达52.1%。与砾石相比,草炭土所固定的微生物数量和活性较高,可达1.3×108 cfu/g和0.24A487。草炭土固定的混合菌8-2,修复含油量为30g/kg的污染土壤30d后,石油烃降解率达28.4%,高于游离降解菌的24.3%。固定化载体草炭土在修复过程中起到了微生物缓释剂的作用。     

花叶芦竹潜流人工湿地处理生活污水的研究

采用花叶芦竹潜流人工湿地处理模拟生活污水,当HRT为5d时,其对生活污水中NH4+-N、TN和TP的去除率分别为93%、88%和98%,空白湿地对生活污水中NH4+-N、TN和TP的去除率则分别为86%、66%和93%;花叶芦竹不同器官的含氮量分布为叶>根>茎,含磷量则为叶>茎>根;植物的吸收作用去除的氮、磷分别占氮、磷总去除量的5%和10%.     

Efficiency of natural systems for removal of bacteria and pathogenic parasites from wastewater

A combined constructed wetland formed by a facultative pond (FP), a surface flow wetland (SF) and a subsurface flow wetland (SSF) was studied from December 2004 until September 2005 in north-western Spain in order to evaluate their efficiency in the removal of pathogenic and indicator microorganisms and to determine their relationships. Microbial removal ranged from 78% for coliphages to over 99% for helminth eggs, depending on the treatment system. The highest removal of indicator bacteria (total coliforms, E. coli, faecal streptococci and Clostridium perfringens) occurred in the stabilization pond, reaching 84%, 96%, 89% and 78%, respectively. However, the greatest removal of protozoan pathogens (Cryptosporidium and Giardia) and coliphages was found in the SSF wetland, 98%, 97% and 94%, respectively. In contrast, the SF wetland was most efficient in the removal of pathogenic parasites when considering superficial removal rates. Seasonal differences in organism removal were not statistically significant during the study period. First-order removal rate constants ranged from 0.0027 to 0.71 m/d depending on the microorganism and type of wetland. Significant correlations were found between pathogenic parasites and faecal indicators in the influent of the treatment system but not in the other sampling points suggesting that such relations varied along the system due to the different survival rates of the microorganisms.