超细RDX/Al混合炸药的制备及性能

以超细RDX为主体炸药,通过添加Al粉,干法工艺制备出超细RDX/Al混合炸药;对制得的样品进行了撞击感度、摩擦感度测试。实验结果表明,相对超细RDX,超细RDX/Al混合炸药的撞击感度和摩擦感度有一定程度的降低。     

纳米LaCoO3对RDX基混合炸药的热分解特性和感度的影响

用DSC和DTA研究了LaCoO3对含AP的RDX基混合炸药热分解特性的影响。结果表明,纳米LaCoO3对含有AP的RDX基爆炸混合物的热分解具有一定的催化作用;纳米LaCoO3使RDX基混合炸药的撞击感度和热感度降低,摩擦感度增大。     

RDX粒度对机械感度的影响

系统研究了RDX粒度对撞击感度和摩擦感度的影响．实验测试的RDX平均粒径为1．5～124μm,并在此粒度范围内分为5个粒度等级。其中撞击感度用特性落高法表示,摩擦感度用特性正压力表示。结果表明：炸药的撞击感度、摩擦感度均随粒度的减小而降低。从理论上分析了炸药粒度变化对机械感度影响的机理。     

钝感纳米RDX的制备与表征

用HLG-50型粉碎机大批量制备了纳米RDX,通过共沸分散体系和普通液体体系分别对RDX浆料进行干燥.用TEM、SEM、IR、Raman spectra、XRD以及ICP-AES对干燥后纳米RDX颗粒的大小、形貌及杂质含量进行了表征,测试了纳米RDX的摩擦、撞击和冲击波感度.结果表明,在共沸分散体系中干燥后的RDX颗粒大多在50 nm以下,呈类球形,而普通液体体系干燥后的RDX颗粒团聚长大明显.与原料相比,纳米RDX的纯度很高,并且其机械感度降低明显,尤其是撞击感度和冲击波感度,分别降低46.3％和44.8％.     

CL-20/RDX共晶炸药的制备与性能测试

为了研究六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷/环三亚甲基三硝胺(CL-20/RDX)共晶炸药的性能,采用喷雾干燥法制备了质量比为1∶1的CL-20/RDX共晶炸药;通过扫描电镜(SEM)观察了共晶炸药的形貌;采用粉末X-射线衍射法与红外光谱法测试了共晶炸药的结构;采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)测试了共晶炸药的热性能;通过感度实验分别测试了共晶炸药的撞击感度与摩擦感度。结果表明,CL-20/RDX共晶呈球形,粒径在1～5μm; CL-20/RDX共晶的衍射图与CL-20和RDX的衍射图均不完全相同,衍射峰有明显的位移;CL-20/RDX共晶炸药的热分解温度为222.8℃,比CL-20低30℃左右,比RDX低20℃左右,说明共晶的生成对其热性能有较大影响;CL-20/RDX共晶炸药的撞击感度为76%,特性落高为26.9cm,摩擦感度为64%,其机械感度较CL-20有大幅降低,表明共晶炸药的感度显著降低,安全性能得到明显提高,进一步说明共晶在含能材料改性和降感方面的优势。     

改变化学基团降低炸药感度的研究

通过分子组成的改变,可使 RDX 和 TNT 的感度下降。人们已合成 RDX 的亚硝基、三亚硝基的衍生物和3-氨基-TNT,并且进行许多感度试验。结果表明,这些衍生物感度明显下降。从爆炸当量的测定看,得知由于分子组成改变所引起的能量释放的变化是很小的。1.引言降低炸药的感度具有很大的实用价值。本文主要研究的是实验室内试验 RDX 及 TNT 的钝感。RDX 是一种很重要的军用炸药。但它的感度比实用的要求稍高,致使装填 B 炸药(RDX与 TNT 的混合物)的炮弹在射击时引起过早爆炸。为此,人们一直在实验室内努力进行 RDX     

硬脂酸包覆超细RDX及其撞击感度

为改善超细RDX的性能,采用硬脂酸(SA)为钝感添加剂,获得了以超细RDX为基的钝感混合炸药.通过测试接触角、计算表面能验证其包覆可行性,SA能够包覆UFRDX.用扫描电镜对包覆后的样品进行表征验证,并测试了SA包覆后的超细RDX的撞击感度.结果表明,其表面形貌得到明显改善,SA可降低其撞击感度,说明钝感剂SA的加入是降低炸药撞击感度的有效方法.     

不同胶粘剂对RDX降感效果的对比研究

为降低RDX(黑索金)炸药的机械感度,分别采用5种惰性胶粘剂[如F2602(氟橡胶)、F2604(氟橡胶)、EPDM3720(三元乙丙橡胶)、PVAc(聚醋酸乙烯酯)和Estane5703(热塑性聚氨酯)等]作为包覆剂,对RDX表面进行包覆处理。研究结果表明:不同胶粘剂均可成功包覆在RDX颗粒表面;包覆RDX的撞击感度随胶粘剂比例增加呈先升后降态势;F2602和F2604包覆RDX的摩擦感度随胶粘剂比例增加而增大,而其他3种胶粘剂的摩擦感度则随之下降。     

纳米HMX/微米RDX复合炸药撞击感度的性能研究

在超声波的环境下制备了不同配比的纳米HMX(奥克托今)/微米RDX(黑索今)复合炸药,并对纯RDX炸药和自制炸药的撞击感度进行了比较。结果发现,在实验配比范围内,纳米HMX/微米RDX复合炸药比纯RDX炸药敏感,且随HMX含量的增加,撞击感度降低。     

DNAN基高致密熔铸炸药装药安全性研究

文章从熔铸炸药的一般性质入手,分析了以球形化RDX/DNAN为基的高致密熔铸炸药装药的可行性与优越性;通过制备一定量的RDX/DNAN和RDX/TNT熔铸炸药药柱,采用GJB炸药试验方法,进行密度和冲击波感度测试。试验结果表明,相同配比下使用球形化RDX的TNT基高致密熔铸炸药相对于使用普通RDX的TNT基高致密熔铸炸药,其密度更高,冲击波感度略有降低。而相同RDX含量下,将载体由TNT改为DNAN,其冲击波感度又降低了超过15%,安全性得到了极大的提升。     

Investigating the Mechanical Properties of RDX Crystals Using Nano‐Indentation

The shock sensitivity of RDX is of major interest for the development of insensitive munitions. Previous research has implied that internal defects that form within RDX crystals have a strong sensitising effect, increasing the probability of shock initiation. During the NATO Reduced sensitivity RDX Round Robin (R⁴) program the number of internal defects within RDX crystals of differing qualities were assessed by optical microscopy and a scoring system. The results suggested that RDX crystals with many internal defects were more sensitive. Studies investigating the mechanical properties of bulk RDX have shown that lots consisting of poorer crystals are weaker. This study investigates the mechanical properties of individual crystals from different RDX lots using nano‐indentation. It is shown that crystals with many internal defects have reduced modulus of elasticity, stiffness and prone to greater deformation under applied load. The results also show a correlation between these parameters and previously reported shock sensitivity data.     

Physicochemical Parameters of Nitramines Influencing Shock Sensitivity

TNO Prins Maurits Laboratory has actively followed and contributed to the research on the development of insensitive munitions (IM). One of the initial research topics at TNO focused on the improvement of the shape of RDX crystals and its relation to the shock sensitivity. The variation of crystal shape has been studied by crystallization from different solvents and/or by post‐treatment of the crystals. The role of the mean particle size on shock sensitivity was also included in these analyses. The decrease in shock sensitivity is even more pronounced when controlling the internal quality of crystals. In the meantime research has shifted to other energetic materials as well – in particular HMX and CL‐20 – in this way revealing step by step the important physicochemical parameters which play a role in determining the shock sensitivity of formulations containing these types of nitramines. Various characterization techniques, to determine the internal and external quality of crystals will be discussed, and their relation to shock sensitivity in PBXs will be shown. Two different grades of I‐RDX have been subjected to different characterization tests. The objective is to gain more understanding about which of the physicochemical parameters enables one to discriminate between a reduced sensitivity RDX and normal RDX.     

Reduced Sensitivity RDX (RS‐RDX) in Pressed Formulations: Respective Effects of Intra‐Granular Pores,Extra‐Granular Pores and Pore Sizes

Reduced sensitivity RDX (RS‐RDX) particles are now available from several manufacturers. But a clear understanding of this reduced sensitivity behavior is not yet available. RS‐RDX particles are usually employed in cast formulations to reduce their shock sensitivity. The use of RS‐RDX in pressed formulations is more recent and does not always give reduced sensitivity formulations.     

Relationship Between RDX Properties and Sensitivity

An interlaboratory comparison of seven lots of commercially available RDX was conducted to determine what properties of the nitramine particles can be used to assess whether the RDX has relatively high or relatively low sensitivity. The materials chosen for the study were selected to give a range of HMX content, manufacturing process and reported shock sensitivity. The results of two different shock sensitivity tests conducted on a PBX made with the RDX lots in the study showed that there are measurable differences in the shock sensitivity of the PBXs, but the impact sensitivity for all of the lots is essentially the same. Impact sensitivity is not a good predictor of shock sensitivity for these types of RDX. Although most RDX that exhibits RS has low HMX content, that characteristic alone is not sufficient to guarantee low sensitivity. A range of additional analytical chemistry tests were conducted on the material; two of these (HPLC and DSC) are discussed within.     

Reduced Sensitivity RDX Obtained From Bachmann RDX

In recent years much interest has been generated in a quality of reduced sensitivity RDX (RS‐RDX), like I‐RDX^® which, when incorporated in cast cure and even pressable plastic bonded explosives (PBX compositions), can confer reduced shock sensitivity as measured through gap test. At crystal level, lot of work has been done to try to determine which property or properties may explain the behaviour of the corresponding cast PBX composition. But up to now, and despite an international inter‐laboratory comparison (Round Robin) of seven lots of RDX from five different manufacturers conducted from 2003 to 2005, even if some techniques lead to interesting results, there is no dedicated specification to apply to RS‐RDX. This quality (I‐RDX^®) has proved to retain its low sensitivity even after ageing, which does not seem to be the case for standard RDX produced by the Bachmann process (when re‐crystallized under I‐RDX conditions in order to obtain RS‐RDX). It has been shown that the higher sensitivity of RDX produced by the Bachmann process, or the evolution of sensitivity after ageing of RS‐RDX produced from Bachmann RDX may be linked to the presence of octogen (HMX) during the crystallization process. In order to check such hypothesis, low HMX content RDX produced by the Bachmann process has been prepared and evaluated in cast PBX composition (PBX N 109). Results of the characterization of such quality of RDX and its evaluation in cast PBX composition as well as ageing behaviour are presented and discussed; there are indications that removal of HMX from Bachmann RDX may lead to RS‐RDX, which retains its RS character even after ageing.     

RDX-CMDB推进剂燃速温度敏感系数的实验研究

为了揭示RDX-CMDB推进剂中各常见组分对其燃速温度敏感系数的影响规律,制备了一系列含RDX、铝粉及燃烧催化剂的CMDB推进剂样品。采用氮气靶线法测得其在2~14MPa下的燃速温度敏感系数(σp)。讨论了RDX含量、铝粉、燃烧催化剂对RDX-CMDB推进剂燃速温度敏感系数的影响。结果表明,提高工作压强、增加RDX含量、添加燃烧催化剂均有助于降低RDX-CMDB推进剂在一定初始条件下的燃速温度敏感系数。配方中引入铝粉后可降低中低压下RDX-CMDB推进剂的燃速温度敏感系数,且燃速温度敏感系数几乎不随压强变化而变化。选用含邻苯二甲酸铅和没食子酸铋锆作燃烧催化剂,均可在2~10MPa下降低RDX-CMDB推进剂的燃速压强指数,同时降低燃速温度敏感系数。     

超细RDX/Ni混合炸药的制备及其撞击感度研究

以超细黑索今(RDX)为原料,在其中加入一定量、一定粒度的Ni粉,通过干混法和湿混法2种方法制备出超细RDX/Ni混合炸药,并对其撞击感度进行测试.通过分析其爆炸概率,进而得到镍粉的含量和粒度对超细黑索今(RDX)撞击感度的影响规律以及制备方式对撞击感度的影响.     

水性聚氨酯包覆黑索今的性能及影响因素研究

以水性聚氨酯(WPU)乳液作为黑索今(RDX)的包覆材料,以撞击感度和热感度作为衡量指标,采用单因素分析法优选出WPU包覆RDX的最佳工艺条件。结果表明:采用单凝聚法包覆RDX,当RDX的粒度为120~300目(铁筛网)、w(WPU)=2.0%(相对于RDX质量而言)和w(阳离子型表面活性剂)=1%(相对于物质总质量而言)时,RDX的包覆效果较好,此时包覆后RDX的撞击感度和热感度降幅较大。     

EAK基熔铸分子间炸药的能量和撞击感度

通过水下爆炸试验研究了RDX和HMX对EAK基熔铸分子间炸药水下能量的影响。结果表明,RDX和HMX对EAK基混合炸药起到明显的增能作用,但对含铝和非含铝体系有不同的作用效果。爆速和撞击感度测定表明,EAK—RDX混合炸药爆轰的理想化程度和稳定性及撞击感度随RDX含量的增加而增加。从能量和撞击感度两个方面综合考虑,RDX的较佳加入量应为20％～30％。