Factors affecting capsule size and production by lactic acid bacteria used as dairy starter cultures

The effects of sugar substrates on capsule size and production by some capsule-forming nonropy and ropy dairy starter cultures were studied. Test sugars (glucose, lactose, galactose, or sucrose) were used as a sole carbohydrate source and the presence of a capsule and its size were determined by using confocal scanning laser microscopy. Nonropy strains produced maximum capsule size when grown in milk. Strains that did not produce capsules in milk did not produce them in any other growth medium. Specific sugars required for capsule production were strain-dependent. Increasing lactose content of Elliker broth from 0.5 to 5% or adding whey protein or casein digest produced larger capsules. Whey protein concentrate stimulated production of larger capsules than did casamino acids or casitone. Some Streptococcus thermophilus strains produced capsules when grown on galactose only. Nonropy strains of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus produced capsules on lactose, but not on glucose. A ropy strain of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus produced a constant capsule size regardless of the growth medium. The ability of some strains of Streptococcus thermophilus to use galactose in capsule production could reduce browning of mozzarella cheese during baking by removing a source of reducing sugar. Media that do not support capsule production may improve cell harvesting.     

96孔板法筛选抗黑曲霉性乳酸菌及抑菌机理研究

目的:筛选对黑曲霉具有良好拮抗作用的乳酸菌菌株。方法:采用96孔板法进行乳酸菌优良菌株的筛选。研究p H和温度等因素对抗菌特性的影响,利用气相测定菌株DL3无细胞上清液(CFS)中有机酸含量,研究抑菌活性物质;利用扫描电镜分析孢子细胞的完整性,研究抑菌机理。结果:从传统东北酸菜分离的乳酸菌中筛选对黑曲霉具有较强抑制作用的植物乳杆菌DL3,其抑菌率为92.28%。在p H2.5~6.5对黑曲霉具有抑菌活性,并具有良好的热稳定性,121℃处理30 min后抑菌率仅降低5.71%。经气相色谱分析表明菌株DL3 CFS中乳酸、乙酸、丙酸和苯乳酸含量分别为5.743、1.635、0.033、0.085μg/m L,乳酸和乙酸对黑曲霉的抑菌率分别为91.69%和92.04%,丙酸和苯乳酸均无抑菌作用,初步判断菌株DL3的抑菌活性物质为有机酸类。扫描电镜观察表明菌株DL3 CFS破坏了黑曲霉孢子的完整性,导致细胞膜溶解,胞内物质外泄。结论:菌株DL3 CFS中对黑曲霉的抑菌活性主要来自于乙酸和乳酸,可作为米面制品的乳酸菌生物防霉剂的出发菌株。      

复合菌固态发酵猪骨素产谷氨酸发酵条件优化

优化米曲霉-红曲霉复合菌固态发酵猪骨素产谷氨酸的发酵条件以提高谷氨酸产量。通过单因素实验和正交实验,以谷氨酸产量为指标,研究发酵时间、发酵温度、培养基初始p H和培养基含水量对谷氨酸产量的影响并对其进行优化。结果表明,培养基初始p H为6,培养基含水量为30%,发酵温度32℃,发酵5 d谷氨酸产量达到194.2 g/kg,总氨基酸产量达到768.5 g/kg,比优化前分别提高了15.7%和5.5%。      

秦巴山区低温型香菇的硒耐受力及富硒液体培养基优化

考察秦巴山区低温型香菇的硒耐受力,优化其在富硒条件下的培养基配方,拟为富硒香菇的相关产品开发提供参考依据。以秦巴山区规模化栽培的低温型香菇9608#菌株为试材,根据菌丝平均生长速度筛选其耐受Na₂Se O₃的最佳浓度;以菌丝体生物量为主要指标,通过Plackett-Burman实验、最陡爬坡实验、Box-Behnken响应面实验及验证实验,研究香菇9608#菌株最优的富硒液体培养基。结果表明,香菇9608#菌株耐受Na₂Se O₃的最佳浓度为20.00 mg/L,其最佳富硒液体培养基为:马铃薯288.78 g/L、麦麸64.56 g/L、麦芽糖15.00 g/L、酵母膏10.00 g/L、KH2PO40.80 g/L、Mg SO₄·7H₂O 2.00 g/L、Na₂Se O₃20.00 mg/L。以此培养基对实验结果进行验证,菌丝生物量可达66.34 g/L,实测值与拟合值相比,相对误差约为2.05%,说明本研究方法可行、结论可靠。      

Potential applications of dairy whey for the production of lactic acid bacteria cultures

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are applied in the food industry as fermentation agents for a variety of products. Cheese whey (CW) and second cheese whey (SCW) are the two main by-products of cheese production, and can be reused for biotechnological purposes. In this context, this review aims to summarise literature on the use of CW and SCW as culture media for the growth of LAB, as cryoprotectants for freeze-drying and as encapsulating agents for the spray-drying of these microorganisms. CW contains several nutrients that are reported to enhance the growth of LAB. As for SCW, research shows that it has potential to be applied as culture medium, although bacterial growth remains at least one or two log orders lower than CW. Regarding freeze-drying and spray-drying, reports indicate that whey-based cryoprotectants and CW as encapsulating agent offer significant protection from the stressful conditions employed in these processes.     

直投式酸奶发酵剂的商品化生产研究

通过对不同保加利亚乳杆菌与嗜热链球菌菌株的酸化活力、黏度、蛋白水解能力和共生能力等生理学指标的测定,筛选出4对适于发酵生产用的菌株组合,并以菌株Y6+ST1作为进一步研究对象,获得其最佳增殖培养基为番茄汁为2.5%,乳糖为1.0%,酵母膏为0.5%,蛋白胨为1.5%,42℃培养6h后其活菌数达到1.4×109mL-1;Y6+ST1组合的最佳保护剂组成为脱脂奶粉为18.0%,甘油为2.0%,谷氨酸钠为1.0%和吐温-80为0.5%,经冷冻干燥后其活菌数达到3.62×1011g-1。该组合工业化生产的最佳工艺参数是培养温度42.3℃,pH值为6.4,搅拌转速86.8r/min和3%的接种量,1.0%补料(脱脂乳),发酵时间6h;-40℃,15h后,最终冷冻干燥产品活菌数为1011g-1。     

复合菌固态发酵猪骨素产谷氨酸培养基优化

优化米曲霉-红曲霉复合菌固态发酵猪骨素产谷氨酸的固态培养基以提高谷氨酸产量。通过单因素实验和正交实验,以谷氨酸产量为指标,研究培养基中碳源、氮源和表面活性剂对谷氨酸产量的影响并对其进行优化。结果表明,复合菌固态发酵的最佳固态培养基组分为麸皮100 g,猪骨素600 g,硫酸铵15 g,三聚甘油单硬脂酸酯3 g,补水至1000 g。在此条件下,30℃发酵5 d,谷氨酸产量达到167.8 g/kg,总氨基酸产量达到728.6 g/kg。      

Effect of the addition of pulse ingredients to milk on acid production by probiotic and yoghurt starter cultures

Pulses contain carbohydrates, proteins, minerals and vitamins which are essential requirements in the human diet and which could also serve as growth nutrients for probiotic and yogurt starter cultures. In this study, milk supplementation with pulse ingredients is examined as a means to increase the nutritional properties of yogurt and probiotic type beverages. The acid production rate of two yogurt starters (A and B) and two probiotic cultures (Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus acidophilus) was followed in milk supplemented with the following soy and pulse ingredients: pea protein, chickpea flour, lentil flour, pea fibre, soy protein concentrate and soy flour. The pulse ingredients had no negative effect on the acidification trends of the fermented milks. On the contrary, with yogurt culture B, pea fibre, pea protein and lentil flour significantly enhanced the acidification rate. All ingredients used for supplementation improved the acidification rate of probiotic cultures, and the highest effects were obtained with lentil and soy flour. Lentil flour had the lowest pH after 12 h which was significantly lower than the product enriched with the same quantity of skim milk powder. The effect of ingredient supplementation on the microbial composition (ratio of cocci to bacilli) of the yoghurt products was also examined. The ratio of cocci to bacilli was between 1.8 and 2.5 for all supplemented yogurt samples obtained with culture A, and these variations were not judged to be statistically significant (p < 0.05). With yogurt products obtained from culture B, however, there was a higher proportional level of lactobacilli in all supplemented samples, as compared to the milk control; the enhanced growth of the lactobacilli was particularly noted when lentil flour was added to milk.     

Use of starter cultures of dairy origin in the production of Salame nostrano, an Italian dry-cured sausage

The aim of this study was the evaluation of the use of selected lactic acid bacteria (LAB) starter culture of dairy origin in the production of low-acid fermented sausages (Salame nostrano) produced in a small-scale plant in Umbria (Italy), and their effect on microbiological, physico-chemical and sensorial properties of the products. Salame nostrano was obtained with two different technological processes: with and without the addition of selected LAB starter cultures. Microbial counts of safety indicators were lower in salami made with the addition of starter cultures. Pathogens after the first week of ripening were only detected from salami made without the addition of starter cultures. Control salami were rated as paler and harder, whereas those made with the addition of starter cultures as slightly saltier, juicier and in general more acceptable. Selected dairy-origin starter (SDS) cultures did prevent the growth of safety indicators, greatly reduced the rate of isolation of pathogens and increased the acceptability of full-ripened salami.     

发酵剂培养物在现代食品生产中的应用

<正> 在许多发酵食品如酸奶、干酪、香肠、面包、蔬菜及葡萄酒的生产中,乳酸菌的使用是必不可少的,应用也相当广泛。在现代食品工业中,经过筛选进行浓缩、标准化的乳酸菌制剂,即发酵剂培养物的应用正迅速扩大,减轻了食品制造商过去需要通     

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and antioxidant activity of commercial dairy starter cultures

Food Science and Biotechnology - In this study, skim milk fermented with 14 commercial dairy starters were evaluated for their proteolysis ability, angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE)-I, and...     

Use of isolated autochthonous starter cultures in yogurt production

The aim of this study was to produce yogurt from Iranian autochthonous starters. Strains of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus were isolated from autochthonous yogurts. The strains were used as starter for yogurt production. Chemical, microbial and organoleptic characteristics of products were examined. There were significant increases in acidity and acetaldehyde content, and significant decreases in pH and microbial population of samples during cold storage. There was no significant difference in organoleptic characteristics (taste, smell and texture) during cold storage. We conclude that autochthonous starters in production of yogurt can be satisfactorily used and the starters can introduce to national microbial collection.     

功能性乳酸菌发酵剂在食品发酵工业中的应用

功能性乳酸茼发酵剂是具有一种或几种固有功能特性的发酵剂，其在感官、技术、营养或健康方面的各种优势使之在食品发酵工业中的应用潜力巨大：它可用于食品防腐、提高食品安全性，改善食品质构和风味，加速奶酪成熟，可产生功能因子、去除毒副因子从而使食品具有保健功效；某些抗噬菌体发酵剂还可解决乳品工业中的噬菌体污染问题。通过基因工程或菌株筛选可以获得所需的功能性发酵剂．它使人们可以更好地控制发酵过程，为消费者提供新型健康食品，此外还有利于食品企业的多样化生产。     

Selection of starter cultures for the production of ugba,a fermented soup condiment

Ugba is a traditional fermented African oil bean condiment that serves as flavouring in soups or as low-cost protein snack in Nigeria. A total of 56 strains of spore-forming bacteria were isolated from 21 ugba samples purchased from retail markets in southwestern Nigeria. Bacillus subtilis (26 strains) was identified as the dominant microorganism of the fermented samples. The total viable count for the ugba samples obtained from the retail outlets was in the range of 1.4᎒⁷-2.8᎒⁹ cfu/g, while the spore-forming bacteria had a count of 1.8᎒¹⁰ cfu/g. Strains of B. subtilis were selected as potential starter cultures based on their enzymatic activities and ability to produce stickiness. The nine selected strains had a range of scores of proteolytic activity (5.2-7.4 mm), amylolytic activity (4.4-5.6 mm) and stickiness (15.1-17.3 cm). Relative viscosity was in the range of 2.3-5.3 U/ml, while protease activity was from 30.1-51.4 U/ml. However, B. subtilis MM-4:B12 that had the highest scores was chosen as starter culture for the laboratory preparation of ugba, and a viable count of 1.4᎒¹⁰, pH of 8.1 and 46.5% moisture content were obtained at the end of 72 h fermentation period. The fermented product had the peculiar characteristics of the traditionally prepared sample which is usually fermented for about 5 days. There were no significant differences in the protein (17.8-18.1%), fat (40.9-41.2) and titratable acidity (0.11-0.13%) of both starter culture fermented ugba and those obtained from the retail markets. However, organoleptic evaluation scores showed the starter-inoculated samples being rated higher by the consumers with regard to consistency, aroma and taste.     

Characterization of certain bacterial strains for potential use as starter or probiotic cultures in dairy products

The present work was aimed at characterizing 12 strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to obtain improved potential starter or probiotic cultures that could be used for making dairy products from ewe's milk and cow's milk. Eight strains with antimicrobial properties, isolated from ewe's milk and from cheese made from ewe's and/or cow's milk, were studied. They were identified as Enterococcus faecalis (five strains), Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, and Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei (one strain of each species). Additionally, four strains were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection: Lactobacillus casei 393 (isolated from cheese), L. lactis subsp. lactis 11454 (origin nonspecified and a producer of nisin), and two strains isolated from human feces (L. paracasei subsp. paracasei 27092 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus 53103, antibacterial agent producer). All E. faecalis strains showed at least one virulence factor (either hemolysin or gelatinase), which emphasizes the importance of these studies in this species. Both L. lactis strains and most Lactobacillus spp. were good acidifiers in ewe's milk and cow's milk at 30°C. High β-galactosidase activity, as well as aminopeptidase activities that favor the development of desirable flavors in cheese, were detected in all Lactobacillus spp. strains. Furthermore, L. rhamnosus ATCC 53103 showed α-fucosidase activity (thought to help colonization of the intestine) and lack of α-glucosidase activity (a trait considered positive for diabetic and obese humans). This last enzymatic activity was also lacking in L. lactis ATCC 11454. L. mesenteroides was the only strain D(2)-lactic acid producer. The selection of any particular strain for probiotic or dairy cultures should be performed according to the technological and/or functional abilities needed.     

Application of nontraditional meat starter cultures in production of Hungarian salami

Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O111 have been implicated in several outbreaks of food-borne disease linked to smallgoods products. Traditional meat starter cultures, containing a mixture of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and staphylococci, are used to maintain safety and sensory properties of Hungarian salami. The present study investigated if nontraditional meat starter (NTMS) cultures can be used for improving the safety of Hungarian salami. Salami batter was inoculated with List. monocytogenes and E. coli and subsequently fermented with NTMS cultures and a commercially available meat starter. A total of 15 NTMS cultures were tested. The salami was monitored for levels of pathogen, LAB and pH. When used in conjunction with the commercial meat starter, 9 NTMS cultures reduced the E. coli O111 count by more than 2.5 log units, whereas 10 of the NTMS cultures reduced List. monocytogenes by more than 2.5 log units. The commercial meat starter alone reduced E. coli and List. monocytogenes by 1.2 and 1.3 log units, respectively. Some NTMS cultures reduced the pathogen count without affecting pH of the salami batter. All NTMS cultures survived in salami throughout fermentation and maturation. It was concluded that NTMS cultures, including Lactobacillus acidophilus LAFTI L10, L. paracasei LAFTI L26, L. paracasei 5119, Lactobacillus sp. L24 and Bifidobacterium lactis LAFTI B94, may be used to increase the safety of Hungarian salami because these cultures gave strong inhibition of both E. coli O111 and List. monocytogenes.     

Interactions among lactic acid starter and probiotic bacteria used for fermented dairy products

Interactions among lactic acid starter and probiotic bacteria were investigated to establish adequate combinations of strains to manufacture probiotic dairy products. For this aim, a total of 48 strains of Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, and Bifidobacterium spp. (eight of each) were used. The detection of bacterial interactions was carried out using the well-diffusion agar assay, and the interactions found were further characterized by growth kinetics. A variety of interactions was demonstrated. Lb. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus was found to be able to inhibit S. thermophilus strains. Among probiotic cultures, Lb. acidophilus was the sole species that was inhibited by the others (Lb. casei and Bifidobacterium). In general, probiotic bacteria proved to be more inhibitory towards lactic acid bacteria than vice versa since the latter did not exert any effect on the growth of the former, with some exceptions. The study of interactions by growth kinetics allowed the setting of four different kinds of behaviors between species of lactic acid starter and probiotic bacteria (stimulation, delay, complete inhibition of growth, and no effects among them). The possible interactions among the strains selected to manufacture a probiotic fermented dairy product should be taken into account when choosing the best combination/s to optimize their performance in the process and their survival in the products during cold storage.     

Design and implementation of a strategy to reduce bacteriophage infection of dairy starter cultures

Bacteriophages can cause a significant economic loss for the dairy industry which uses lactic starter cultures to produce fermented dairy products including cheeses and yoghurt. Over the past 25 years, a number of different approaches have been explored and implemented to reduce the problems of bacteriophage infection in part through the development of bacteriophage resistant lactic acid starter culture strains. A strategy employing antisense RNA designed against essential bacteriophage replication functions has proven to be a unique system for engineering bacteriophage resistant Lactococcus lactis starter cultures. Resistance to a class of bacteriophages has been achieved, for example, by expression of an antisense RNA targeted against a conserved yet cryptic bacteriophage gene. This approach may prove useful for engineering a set of truly isogenic strains to be used in a starter culture rotation plan.     

Application of lactic acid bacteria starter cultures for decreasing the biogenic amine levels in sauerkraut

Sauerkrauts from shredded white cabbage of six varieties were prepared in six laboratory experiments by initial fermentation at 22 °C for 14 days, then stored at 5-6 °C and analysed after 6 months. Seven biogenic amines were extracted with perchloric acid and determined as N-benzamides by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. Eight common sauerkraut quality parameters were also determined. In three experiments, a commercial strain of Lactobacillus plantarum and a mixed preparation of Microsil containing L. plantarum, Lactobacillus casei, Enterococcus faecium and Pediococcus pentosaceus, were applied at doses of 5᎒⁴, 1᎒⁵ and 5᎒⁵ CFU/g of cabbage. In three further experiments, L. plantarum, Microsil and a commercial strain of Lactobacillus buchneri were applied at doses of 5᎒⁵ and 5᎒⁶ CFU/g. Spontaneously fermented sauerkrauts were prepared as the control variants in all experiments. L. plantarum at doses of at least 5᎒⁵ CFU/g significantly (P<0.05) suppressed formation of putrescine, tyramine and cadaverine, amines occurring at the highest levels. Spermidine contents varied between 10 and 30 mg/kg and were not affected by the starter cultures. Levels of tryptamine, spermine and histamine were very low, often below the detection limits. For practical application, a dose of at least 5᎒⁶ CFU/g of the tested L. plantarum strain seems to be likely. The tested strains of L. buchneri and E. faecium showed tyrosine decarboxylase activity in an in vitro test.