2003年中国部分沿海地区零售海产品中副溶血性弧菌污染状况的主动监测

国家食源性疾病监测网发现，我国近年来副溶血性弧菌中毒呈显上升趋势。为进一步了解零售海产品中副溶血性弧菌(VP)的污染情况，2003年9-12月在我国沿海4个省份(浙江、江苏、广东、福建)进行监测，试样分别从水产品批发市场、零售市场和饭店采集，共采集海产品236份，其中甲壳类69份、贝类116份、鱼类51份。采用Vitek鉴定系统和最可能数(MPN)法进行副溶血性弧菌的定性和定量分析。结果显示，38．6％的海产品检出VP，浙江省试样的VP阳性率最高。甲壳类、贝类和鱼类试样VP阳性率分别为49．3％、37．9％和25.5％；阳性试样几何平均分布浓度依次为171．4、76．9和50．7MPN／100g。监测结果表明，我国零售海产品中副溶血性弧菌的污染率较高，必须持续地进行食品中VP的主动监测和污染控制。     

2018年贝类来源副溶血性弧菌毒力基因及耐药性分析

目的 对2018年从产地和市售贝类样品中分离的140株副溶血性弧菌的毒力基因和耐药性进行分析。方法 采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增法检测毒力基因和耐药基因,采用药敏纸片法测试菌株的耐药性。结果 140株副溶血性弧菌均不含有tdh基因,1株菌含有trh基因;所有菌株对氨苄西林耐药,部分菌株对头孢唑啉、头孢呋辛钠、链霉素、阿米卡星、复方新诺明、四环素和氟苯尼考耐药,所有菌株对头孢吡肟、庆大霉素、亚胺培南、美罗培南、氧氟沙星和强力霉素敏感,6株菌呈现耐受2类及以上抗菌药的多重耐药性;耐链霉素菌株检出耐药基因strA、strB,耐四环素菌株检出耐药基因tetA,耐复方新诺明菌株检出耐药基因sul2,耐氟苯尼考菌株检出耐药基因floR。结论 大多数副溶血性弧菌不含有毒力基因,菌株呈现不同程度的耐药性,少量菌株含有多个耐药基因,表现出多重耐药性,提示应继续加强水产品中副溶血性弧菌的致病性和耐药性监测。     

Incidence and Molecular Typing of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from Tiger Shrimp Culture Environments along the Southwest Coast of India

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is one of the most prevalent food-borne pathogens along the southwest coast of India, where marine foods are frequently consumed. Shrimp (Penaeus monodon) and environmental samples were collected from aquaculture farms located in and around Cochin. Confirmation of the biochemically identified strains with species-specific toxR gene and detection of virulent genes viz., tdh and trh was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The phenotypic markers for the presence of tdh and trh genes were assayed by Kanagawa phenomenon and urease activity, respectively. Protease activity was examined to identify other potential virulence factors. After phenotypic characterization of bacterial strains fingerprinting of genomic DNA was carried by various typing methods, viz., random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence (ERIC), repetitive extragenic palindromic sequence (REP), and ribosomal gene spacer sequence (RS) PCR methods to assess the genetic diversity within the isolates. Eighteen percent of the samples were found positive for the incidence of V. parahaemolyticus by biochemical protocols and toxR (368 bp) targeted PCR. PCR analyses revealed 1% of the samples positive for tdh (269 bp) and trh (500 bp) gene. RAPD analysis revealed clustering of toxigenic strains into a single group. Cluster analysis revealed the conglomeration of isolates into two, five, and seven major groups using RS, ERIC, and REP PCR methods, respectively. RS PCR generated fewer amplified bands compared to REP and ERIC PCR methods, thus giving scope for higher discrimination. Moreover, RS PCR patterns were more discernible visually from other patterns, suggesting RS PCR as a considerably practical method for routine use.     

食品来源副溶血性弧菌毒力基因分布及分子分型研究

分析食品中分离获得的副溶血性弧菌主要毒力基因的分布特征、血清型及分子分型特点,为食源性副溶血性弧菌感染暴发的早期预警和疫情溯源提供实验室数据。提取40株副溶血性弧菌基因组,分别用PCR检测VcrD1、Vp1680、VopP和VcrD2基因,荧光PCR检测tdh、trh和tlh基因。对40株菌株进行血清型分型并采用脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）对其进行分子分型。利用BioNumerics软件对图谱进行聚类分析,建立PFGE分子分型数据库。40株菌株均未检测到tdh、trh、Vop P和VcrD2基因,tlh、VcrD1和Vp1680基因阳性检测率为100%。40株菌株中含有16种血清型,其中9株未分型,主要血清型为O₂∶K₂₈和O₅∶K₁₇,血清型分布呈多样性。40株菌株共获得39个不同的PFGE带型,PFGE呈现遗传多样性,无优势带型。本实验食品环境中分离的副溶血性弧菌未发现毒力因子,副溶血性弧菌血清型呈分散趋势且菌株之间亲缘关系较远。      

舟山市贝类副溶血性弧菌污染状况监测及不同来源菌株的毒力基因分析

目的 监测2009年舟山市海产贝类溶血性弧菌的污染状况,分析贝源分离株和临床分离株的毒力基因分布情况,了解舟山市副溶血性弧菌的流行规律.方法 分春夏秋冬四季对80份舟山市售海产贝类中的副溶血性弧菌进行监测,并对50株贝源分离株和18株部分散发腹泻病例和食物中毒临床分离株进行部分血清分型及tdh,trh,orf8和toxRS/new 4种毒力基因检测.结果 春(85%)、夏(80%)、秋(75%)三季的检出率差异无显著性,冬季检出率(10%)明显低于其它季节(P<0.01).贝源分离株tdh,toxRS/new和orf8基因检测结果均为阴性,只有冬季检出的2株trh阳性.临床分离株中有14株tdh,tozRS/new和orf8基因均为阳性,1株trh阳性,其余3株4种毒力基因均为阴性,说明这18株中有14株(占".78%)属于大流行株,其中13株(占92.86%)为03:K6型,1株为O1:KUT型.结论 春、夏、秋三季海产贝类中副溶血性弧菌的污染率比较高;污染的贝类海产品可能是人感染副溶血性弧菌的主要污染源;一群关系密切,tdh,orf8,toxRS/new均为阳性的03:K6克隆群在舟山成优势流行.     

Putative virulence factors of the Aeromonas spp. isolated from food and environment in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

Thirty randomly selected Aeromonas isolates from food and the environment in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, were characterized for putative virulence determinants, such as production of cytotoxin, cytotonic toxin, and hemolysin and their capacity to adhere to and invade Henle 407 cells in vitro. Seventy percent of the tested isolates were cytotoxin producers, and 80% were hemolytic. Cytotoxin was produced by 6 of 7 A. hydrophila strains, 6 of 13 A. caviae strains, and 6 of 7 A. veronii bv. sobria strains, mostly from food sources. A. schubertii, A. jandaei, and A. trota also produced both cytotoxin and hemolysin. All of the 30 isolates tested adhered to Henle 407 cells, but none were able to invade the cells, as determined with the in vitro assay. However, no significant correlation of the presence of these putative virulence factors was found among these aeromonad food isolates.     

双重DPO-PCR检测副溶血弧菌和霍乱弧菌

根据副溶血弧菌collagenase基因和霍乱弧菌omp W基因,分别设计特异性DPO（dual priming oligonucleotide）引物,建立一种快速检测这两种弧菌的多重DPO-PCR方法,并对其特异性和灵敏度进行了评价。结果显示,设计的DPO引物特异性较强,副溶血弧菌和霍乱弧菌DNA可分别扩增出307 bp与463 bp的特异性条带,检测灵敏度均达0.1 ng/μL。该检测方法对退火温度不敏感。利用该方法对69株疑似弧菌菌株进行鉴定,结果与生理生化鉴定结果一致。该方法特异性强、灵敏度高,适合于对食品、水产品等中副溶血弧菌和霍乱弧菌的进行快速筛检。      

海产品中副溶血性弧菌免疫磁分离和环介导等温扩增快速检测方法的建立

采用纳米免疫磁珠分离副溶血性弧菌,建立副溶血性弧菌环介导等温扩增检测方法。方法 采用副溶血性弧菌单克隆抗体,制备纳米免疫磁珠,特异性吸附副溶血性弧菌,结合环介导等温扩增技术,建立副溶血性弧菌快速检测方法。结果 副溶血性弧菌纳米免疫磁珠在菌体浓度为10³cfu/ml水平时,对副溶血性弧菌的捕获率达到74%。免疫磁分离结合环介导等温扩增技术,在纯培养、无需增菌情况下,检测灵敏度达到140cfu/ml增菌液;通过对134株副溶血性弧菌和74株非目标菌的测试,环介导等温扩增技术具有良好的特异性;食品基质添加试验中,在增菌时间缩短至8h的条件下,其检测限为2cfu/25g样品。结论 副溶血性弧菌免疫纳米磁珠结合环介导等温扩增技术,有效缩短了增菌时间,适用于副溶血性弧菌的快速检测。     

北京市水产品污染与感染病例中副溶血性弧菌血清型和毒力基因型的比较研究

目的对北京市夏季市售水产品污染与感染病例中副溶血性弧菌血清型和毒力基因型进行比较研究,为评估食品安全风险监测的目的与意义提供思路,为北京市水产品副溶血性弧菌污染与临床感染病例的关联性研究提供技术支持。方法对采集的水产品样品和哨点医院腹泻患者粪便样本进行副溶血性弧菌的分离鉴定,采用血清玻片凝集法对分离出的副溶血性弧菌进行血清分型,PCR方法检测菌株的tlh、tdh、trh基因。结果 2014年7~9月共采集水产品样品164份,检出副溶血性弧菌80份,总污染率为48.78%;其中淡水产品污染率为38.78%(19/49),平均菌量浓度为66.63 MPN/g;海水产品污染率为53.04%(61/115),平均菌量浓度为38.14 MPN/g。80株副溶血性弧菌分属于9个血清群,其中O2群28株,占35.00%,O1群11株,占13.75%,O5群10株,占12.50%。80株菌tlh基因均为阳性,只有1株菌携带tdh毒力基因,所有菌株trh毒力基因均为阴性。哨点医院腹泻病人粪便样本中分离鉴定副溶血性弧菌21株,血清型O3∶K6占61.90%(13/21),O4:K8占28.57%(6/21);毒力基因型tdh(+)/trh(-)占95.24%(20/21),tdh(-)/trh(-)占4.76%(1/21)。结论来源于食品样品的副溶血性弧菌绝大部分不具备致病性,而导致消费者腹泻的副溶血性弧菌绝大部分携带致病性毒力基因,表明目前的食品安全风险监测结果不能作为评估副溶血弧菌导致的食源性疾病暴发和散发的依据。     

Comparison of methods for recovering Vibrio cholerae O1 from ice

Alkaline peptone water (1% peptone, 1% NaCl, pH 8.5) and Trypticase soy yeast extract broth (TSYB) supplemented with 2.5% NaCl (pH 8.5) or 1% NaCl (pH 7.5) were evaluated as enrichment broths for the isolation of Vibrio cholerae O1 from ice. Thirty samples of sterile and nonsterile mineral water were inoculated with cell suspensions of this bacterium, quickly frozen, and stored for 3 days at--18 degrees C. After thawing, samples were analyzed by a three-tube most-probable-number technique. Incubation in TSYB with 2.5% NaCl (pH 8.5) for 18 h at 37 degrees C yielded the highest recovery of V. cholerae O1 cells (P < 0.05), a result that might be attributable to the nutrients and to the NaCl concentration of the TSYB, both of which would promote V. cholerae O1 growth and prevent the growth of competitive microbiota.     

Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibilities of Vibrio, salmonella, and Aeromonas isolates from various uncooked seafoods in Thailand

Uncooked seafood samples were collected from open markets and supermarkets in Bangkok, Thailand, and were examined for the presence of Vibrio, Salmonella, and Aeromonas species from January to February 2008. From 120 samples, 272 bacterial isolates were identified through biochemical testing. Of all sea bass, shrimp, oyster, and blood cockle samples (30 of each) that were processed for culture, 114 (95%) samples had at least one detectable isolate of Vibrio, Salmonella, or Aeromonas, leaving only 6 (5%) samples free of them. All oyster sample (100%) had at least one pathogen, followed by sea bass (97%), blood cockles (97%), and shrimp (90%). Overall, 111 (92%) of all samples had detectable Vibrio spp., 32 (27%) had detectable Aeromonas spp., and 25 (21%) had detectable Salmonella enterica. There was no overall difference between positive samples collected from fresh markets versus supermarkets (relative risk, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.89 to 1.05). Resistance to ampicillin among isolated pathogens was relatively high (56%), while resistance to 12 other antibiotics, including azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, was relatively low (0, 0, and 3%, respectively). Study results indicate that uncooked seafood in Bangkok, Thailand, commonly harbors enteric pathogens and that consumption of uncooked seafood should be avoided to reduce foodborne illnesses.     

同时检测海产品中副溶血弧菌和霍乱弧菌的合检方法评价研究

目的建立水产品中副溶血弧菌和霍乱弧菌合检方法,并对合检方法对比进行评价。方法利用副溶血弧菌和霍乱弧菌阳性菌株,制备纯菌液、不同浓度梯度的人工污染样品。通过对30份纯菌液、30份人工污染样品和250份实际样品的检测,将建立的合检方法与行业标准(SN/T 1022-2010进出口食品中霍乱弧菌检验方法和SN/T 0173-2010进出口食品中副溶血性弧菌检验方法)进行比较,对合检方法进行效果评价。结果实验结果表明副溶血弧菌和霍乱弧菌合检方法,与行业标准检测结果完全一致。结论该方法可靠,对实验仪器和操作人员的要求低,具有良好的实用性,适合基础检测实验室。     

非产毒霍乱弧菌基因组流行病学研究进展

非产毒霍乱弧菌指缺乏主要毒力基因ctxAB而不能产生霍乱毒素的霍乱弧菌.部分非产毒霍乱弧菌可以定植人类肠道,引起腹泻等疾病,但由于临床症状相对较轻而容易被忽视.基因组流行病学基于群体基因组学研究方法,结合传统流行病学调查结果,可以对食品和临床来源的非产毒霍乱弧菌进行溯源及传播分析.该学科的发展极大促进了对非产毒霍乱弧菌...     

A collagenase-targeted multiplex PCR assay for identification of Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio cholerae, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus

A multiplex PCR assay using three collagenase-targeted primer pairs for the species-specific detection of Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio cholerae, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus was developed. The results highlight the species specificity of the three primer sets designed. Because of the increasing importance of Vibrio spp. in human foodborne diseases, molecular approaches for routine microbial screening and monitoring of clinical, environmental, and food samples also have become more important. The results of this study indicate that the gene coding for collagenase should be used as an alternative molecular target to discriminate among the three Vibrio species.     

Prevalence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in seafoods and their processing environments as detected by duplex PCR

A duplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedure targeting the genes gyrB and tl was established for specific identification of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from seafoods and processing environments. It could detect as few as 2.5 × 10² colony‐forming units mL^?1 in pure cultures. Direct detection of V. parahaemolyticus was also possible from artificially contaminated shrimp samples if combined with proteinase treatment. The homogeneous colonies on thiosulfate/citrate/bile salts/sucrose agar suspected to be V. parahaemolyticus or closely related species (n = 37) out of 259 samples of seafoods and processing environments were identified using the conventional method and duplex PCR. Both methods identified 17 isolates as V. parahaemolyticus from among the suspected isolates. Only one of the 17 V. parahaemolyticus isolates possessed the thermostable direct haemolysin gene (tdh) fragment as detected by different primer pairs in single PCR. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

海口市市售贝类海产品副溶血性弧菌污染调查及耐药和毒力基因研究

目的了解海口市市售贝类海产品中副溶血性弧菌的污染情况、菌株血清学分型情况以及不同来源菌株的耐药情况,分析海口市市售贝类海产品受副溶血性弧菌污染的特点。方法 2014—2016年,按照GB 4789.7—2013《食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验副溶血性弧菌检验》和《国家食品污染和有害因素风险监测工作手册》对五类海产品(白贝、排海、毛蚶、蛏子、芒果螺)进行副溶血性弧菌分离鉴定和血清学分型,采用实时荧光聚合酶链式反应(PCR)进行毒力基因检测,采用K-B法对分离菌株进行相关耐药分析。结果五类海产品样品共157份,其中65份样品检出副溶血性弧菌,白贝的检出率最高,为63.6%(21/33)。所分离的65株副溶血性弧菌主要血清群为O3和O5,完全分型26株,总体分型率为40.0%,其中以O1∶K25为主要血清型。65株菌对氨苄西林普遍耐药(95.4%,62/65),对头孢噻肟的中介率较高(33.8%,22/65),对8种抗生素产生了5种耐药谱。65株分离菌株神奈川试验结果均为阴性,且均未检出与致病性相关的耐热直接溶血素(TDH)及耐热相关溶血素(TRH)。结论海口市市售贝类副溶血性弧菌污染较重,应加强养殖区域海水水质的监测力度,预防副溶血性弧菌感染。     

Occurrence of the tdh and trh genes in Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from waters and raw shellfish collected in two French coastal areas and from seafood imported into France

The occurrence of the hemolysin genes, tdh and trh, in Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains isolated from environmental samples collected in two French coastal areas, clinical samples, and seafood products imported into France was studied. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with two sets of primers was used to detect the hemolysin genes. Most of the clinical isolates (91%) and 1.5% of the isolates from seafood possessed the hemolysin genes. Three and fifteen percent, respectively, of the two groups of environmental strains carried the hemolysin genes depending on the geographic site. The tdh and trh genes play important roles in virulence. Thus, our results indicate that pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus isolates are present in French coastal areas and in seafood imported into France. Furthermore, they may also be present in French seafood products.     

进口水产品中副溶血性弧菌耐药性和毒力基因的调查

了解宁波口岸进口水产品中副溶血性弧菌的耐药性和毒力基因分布情况。方法 将分离自宁波口岸进口水产品中的129株副溶血性弧菌作为研究对象,利用K-B纸片扩散法测定细菌对15种抗生素的耐药性,使用PCR方法检测副溶血性弧菌的4个毒力基因(tdh、tlh、trh、toxR)。结果 菌株对氨苄西林、羧苄西林、头孢拉定的耐药率分别为90.70%、98.45%和51.17%;对卡那霉素、头孢氨苄、头孢唑啉、头孢呋辛的耐药率分别为1.55%、13.18%、2.33%、20.16%,中敏感率分别为33.33%、52.71%、46.51%、40.31%;其他8种抗生素(四环素、强力霉素、阿米卡星、庆大霉素、头孢哌酮、氧氟沙星、氯霉素、复方新诺明)则比较敏感;毒力基因trh,tdh,tlh和toxR的携带率分别为0%、0.78%、100%和100%。结论 强力霉素、庆大霉素、复方新诺明是治疗由进口水产品引起的副溶血性弧菌感染的首选抗生素;进口水产品中副溶血性弧菌的主要致病毒力基因携带率比较低。     

多重荧光定量PCR法检测海产品中副溶血性弧菌、沙门菌和单增李斯特菌

目的建立检测海产品中副溶血性弧菌、沙门菌和单增李斯特菌的多重荧光定量PCR体系。方法针对副溶血性弧菌tlh基因,沙门菌Ompc基因和单增李斯特菌hly基因设计引物和Taq Man探针,建立多重荧光定量PCR体系,进行特异性与敏感性研究;利用该体系检测海产品中的副溶血性弧菌、沙门菌和单增李斯特菌。结果副溶血性弧菌、沙门菌和单增李斯特菌可得到特异性扩增,而共存于海产品中的其他细菌均未见扩增曲线。敏感性试验显示,该体系对副溶血性弧菌、沙门菌和单增李斯特菌的最低检测限分别为72、40、80 cfu/ml。对舟山采集的150份样品进行检测,检出32份副溶血性弧菌、11份沙门菌、5份单增李斯特菌,与国标法检测结果一致。结论本研究建立的基于Taq Man探针的多重荧光定量PCR检测方法可以特异、灵敏、简单快速地实现对海产品中副溶血性弧菌、沙门菌和单增李斯特菌的检测。