基于0.18μm CMOS工艺的高速1 024点FFT芯片设计研究

基于TSMC0.18μm CMOS工艺标准单元库,设计了高速1024点FFT处理器。数据采用IEEE754标准单精度浮点格式,实现高精度数据处理;在设计中通过使用改进的按时间抽取的基二算法,降低了寻址的复杂度;采用流水线技术设计了蝶形运算单元,提高了系统的工作频率;利用三角函数关系,提出了新的旋转因子存储方案,相比于传统设计,可以使ROM规模降低75%。逻辑综合和版图综合后的报告显示,该处理器的工作频率可以达到167MHz,完成一次1024点FFT运算仅需37.7μs,FFT处理单元核心面积为1.4mm2.     

基于CORDIC算法的高速可配置FFT的FPGA实现

论述了一种用于星载合成孔径雷达(SAR)星上数据实时自主处理系统中的高性能FFT的FPGA实现.采用CORDIC算法实现复数乘法,降低了系统的复杂性,提高了运算速度,并提出一种新型便捷的旋转因子产生方法,无需额外的ROM资源.采用块浮点的数据类型,有效避免了大点数FFT的溢出问题.运算点数可配置,能够实现64～32k点,实部、虚部均为16bit数据的FFT运算.整体设计采用16点并行流水结构,提出了适用于16通道并行读写的无冲突地址产生方法.最高工作频率可达118.89MHz,100MHz频率下,1024点FFT的计算时间仅为4.48μs,完全满足高速实时的运算要求.     

基于FPGA的64点FFT处理器设计

采取基-4按频率抽取FFT算法,设计一种可在FPGA上实现的64点、32位长、定点复数FFT处理器.基-4堞形运算单元中采用六级流水线设计,并行处理4路输入/输出数据,能极大地提高FFT的处理速度.该设计采用VHDL描述的多个功能模块,经ModelSim对系统进行逻辑综合与时序仿真.实验证明,利用FPGA实现64点FFT,运算速度快,完全可以处理高速实时信号.     

基于CORDIC旋转器的基-3 FFT算法高效设计

设计出一种可以用于FPGA高效实现的基-3 FFT算法,采用改进的三端前馈延迟转换器结构,优化了延迟和运算过程。针对蝶形运算中复数乘法器占据大量内存的问题,引入了CORDIC旋转器实现输入与旋转因子相乘的运算,可以降低乘法运算的复杂度,该CORDIC旋转器采用改进的高基CORDIC算法,解决了传统的CORDIC算法迭代次数多、延迟大的问题,从而达到高吞吐率要求。该基-3 FFT算法以寻址变序、流水处理的方式,可以满足最高运行频率为404 MHz的FFT处理要求。与基于传统复数乘法器的基-3 FFT算法相比,基于CORDIC旋转器的基-3 FFT算法使功耗平均减少了22%,使总延迟平均减少了29%。     

FFT复数处理器设计与FPGA验证

本文介绍了一种基于现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)的快速傅里叶变换(FFT)复数处理器设计,可进行1024点复数计算。采用按时间抽取的基-4算法和基于RAM的蝶形结构。同时对最后一级旋转因子进行了优化,减少了存储器的资源占用。使用流水线的处理结构,控制器简单。最后定点matlab建模与Synopsys的仿真器VCS仿真结果进行了对比,功能正确。完成整个运算仅用了2064个周期。最后用Altera公司的Cyclone IV E系列EP4CE10E22C8芯片完成原型验证,在时钟频率为50MHz时,完成1024点复数FFT仅用41.28μs。     

一种基于FPGA的高性能FFT处理器设计

FFT算法是高速实时信号处理的关键算法之一,在数字EW接收机中有着广泛的应用前景。本文基于Xilinx公司的Vertex-IIPro系列FPGA,设计一种级联结构的1024点FFT处理器,采用基-4并行蝶算单元,能并行处理四路输入数据,极大地提高了FFT的处理速度。在系统时钟为100MHz时,完成1024点复数FFT运算仅需要2.56μs。     

一种基于FPGA的高性能FFT处理器设计

FFT算法是高速实时信号处理的关键算法之一，在数字EW接收机中有着广泛的应用前景。本文基于Xilinx公司的Vertex-Ⅱ Pro系列FPGA，设计一种级联结构的1024点FFT处理器，采用基-4并行蝶算单元，能并行处理四路输入数据，极大地提高了FFT的处理速度。在系统时钟为100MHz时，完成1024点复数FFT运算仅需要2．56μs。     

基于FPGA的可扩展高速FFT处理器的设计与实现

本文提出了基于FPGA实现傅里叶变换点数可灵活扩展的流水线FFT处理器的结构设计以及各功能模块的算法实现,包括高组合数FFT算法的流水线实现结构、级间混序读/写RAM地址规律、短点数FFT阵列处理结构以及补码实现CORDIC算法的流水线结构等。利用FPGA实现的各功能模块组装了64点FFT处理器。从其计算性能可知,在输入数据速率为20MHz时,利用此结构实现的FFT处理器计算1024点FFT的运算时间约为52μs。     

单精度浮点数FFT的FPGA实现

文中首先讨论了多种FFT算法及其基本原理,实现了基2频率抽取算法,采用单蝶形顺序处理的结构实现单精度浮点数FFT处理器。根据自顶向下的设计思想,将整个设计划分为6个子模块,分别对子模块进行设计,最后组合成FFT处理器。然后,文中介绍了浮点数加法器和浮点数乘法器的硬件实现,在其中引入流水线,大大提高了数据吞吐量,提高处理速度。在中间结果缓存单元的设计中,调用Altera IP Core中的三口RAM,能够同时读写数据,大大节省了运算时间。最后对FFT处理器进行了功能仿真和时序仿真,做了详尽的分析测试。结果表明,单精度浮点数FFT处理器达到了较高的运算精度,可稳定运行在62.5MHz,完成一次256点浮点数复数FFT运算需要33.056μs。与DSP和单片机实现的FFT相比,在性能上具有一定优势。     

流水线结构FFT/IFFT处理器的设计与实现

针对实时高速信号处理的要求，设计并实现了一种高效的FFT处理器。在分析了FFT算法的复杂度和硬件实现结构的基础上，处理器采用了按频率抽取的基—4算法，分级流水线以及定点运算结构。可以根据要求设置成4P点的FFT或IFFT。处理器可以对多个输入序列进行连续的FFT运算，消除了数据的输入输出对延时的影响。平均每完成一次N点FFT运算仅需要Ⅳ个时钟周期。整个设计基于Verilog HDL语言进行模块化设计。并在Altera公司的Cyclone Ⅱ器件上实现。     

A 64-point Fourier transform chip for high-speed wireless LAN application using OFDM

In this paper, we present a novel fixed-point 16-bit word-width 64-point FFT/IFFT processor developed primarily for the application in an OFDM-based IEEE 802.11a wireless LAN baseband processor. The 64-point FFT is realized by decomposing it into a two-dimensional structure of 8-point FFTs. This approach reduces the number of required complex multiplications compared to the conventional radix-2 64-point FFT algorithm. The complex multiplication operations are realized using shift-and-add operations. Thus, the processor does not use a two-input digital multiplier. It also does not need any RAM or ROM for internal storage of coefficients. The proposed 64-point FFT/IFFT processor has been fabricated and tested successfully using our in-house 0.25-/spl mu/m BiCMOS technology. The core area of this chip is 6.8 mm/sup 2/. The average dynamic power consumption is 41 mW at 20 MHz operating frequency and 1.8 V supply voltage. The processor completes one parallel-to-parallel (i.e., when all input data are available in parallel and all output data are generated in parallel) 64-point FFT computation in 23 cycles. These features show that though it has been developed primarily for application in the IEEE 802.11a standard, it can be used for any application that requires fast operation as well as low power consumption.     

基于802.11a的FFT/IFFT处理器设计

设计了一种应用于802.11a的64点FFT/IFFT处理器.采用单蝶形4路并行结构,提出了4路并行无冲突地址产生方法,有效地提高了吞吐率,完成64点FFT/IFFT运算只需63个时钟周期.提出的RAM双乒乓结构实现了对输入和输出均为连续数据流的缓存处理.不仅能实现64点FFT和IFFT,而且位宽可以根据系统任意配置.为了提高数据运算的精度,设计采用了块浮点算法,实现了精度与资源的折中.16位位宽时,在HJTC 0.18μmCMOS工艺下综合,内核面积为:0.626 7 mm2,芯片面积为:1.35 mm×1.27 mm,最高工作频率可达300 MHz,功耗为126.17 mW.     

Design of an FFT/IFFT Processor for MIMO OFDM Systems

In this paper, we present a novel 128/64 point fast Fourier transform (FFT)/ inverse FFT (IFFT) processor for the applications in a multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing based IEEE 802.11n wireless local area network baseband processor. The unfolding mixed-radix multipath delay feedback FFT architecture is proposed to efficiently deal with multiple data sequences. The proposed processor not only supports the operation of FFT/IFFT in 128 points and 64 points but can also provide different throughput rates for 1-4 simultaneous data sequences to meet IEEE 802.11n requirements. Furthermore, less hardware complexity is needed in our design compared with traditional four-parallel approach. The proposed FFT/IFFT processor is designed in a 0.13-mum single-poly and eight-metal CMOS process. The core area is 660times2142 mum² , including an FFT/IFFT processor and a test module. At the operation clock rate of 40 MHz, our proposed processor can calculate 128-point FFT with four independent data sequences within 3.2 mus meeting IEEE 802.11n standard requirements     

高速64点FFT芯片设计技术

针对高速64点FFT(快速傅里叶变换)处理芯片的实现,分析了FFT运算原理,并根据FFT算法原理介绍了改进的FFT运算流图。介绍了FFT处理器系统的各模块的功能划分,并根据FFT处理器结构及其特殊寻址方式,采用Verilog HDL对处理器系统的控制器、双数据缓存、地址生成器、蝶形运算单元以及I/O控制等模块进行了RTL(寄存器传输级)设计,并在ModelSim中对各模块以及整个系统进行功能仿真和验证,给出了部分关键模块的仿真波形图。设计中,注重从硬件实现以及电路的可综合性等角度进行RTL电路设计,以确保得到与期望性能相符的硬件电路。     

Parallel Memory Accessing for FFT Architectures

The current paper introduces an efficient technique for parallel data addressing in FFT architectures performing in-place computations. The novel addressing organization provides parallel load and store of the data involved in radix-r butterfly computations and leads to an efficient architecture when r is a power of 2. The addressing scheme is based on a permutation of the FFT data, which leads to the improvement of the address generating circuit and the butterfly processor control. Moreover, the proposed technique is suitable for mixed radix applications, especially for radixes that are powers of 2 and straightforward continuous flow implementation. The paper presents the technique and the resulting FFT architecture and shows the advantages of the architecture compared to hitherto published results. The implementations on a Xilinx FPGA Virtex-7 VC707 of the in-place radix-8 FFT architectures with input sizes 64 and 512 complex points validate the results.     

A 2.4-Gsample/s DVFS FFT Processor for MIMO OFDM Communication Systems

This paper presents a new dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) FFT processor for MIMO OFDM applications. By the proposed multimode multipath-delay-feedback (MMDF) architecture, our FFT processor can process 1-8-stream 256-point FFTs or a high-speed 256-point FFT in two processing domains at minimum clock frequency for DVFS operations. A parallelized radix-2⁴ FFT algorithm is also employed to save the power consumption and hardware cost of complex multipliers. Furthermore, a novel open-loop voltage detection and scaling (OLVDS) mechanism is proposed for fast and robust voltage management. With these schemes, the proposed FFT processor can operate at adequate voltage/frequency under different configurations to support the power-aware feature. A test chip of the proposed FFT processor has been fabricated using UMC 90 nm single-poly nine-metal CMOS process with a core area of 1.88 times1.88 mm² . The SQNR performance of this FFT chip is over 35.8 dB for QPSK/16-QAM modulation. Power dissipation of 2.4 Gsample/s 256-point FFT computations is about 119.7 mW at 0.85 V. Depending on the operation mode, power can be saved by 18%-43% with voltage scaling in TT corner.     

An efficient locally pipelined FFT processor

The fast Fourier transform (FFT) is a very important algorithm in digital signal processing. The locally pipelined (LPPL) architecture is an efficient structure for FFT processor designing in a real-time embedded system. Two basic building blocks, to the LPPL FFT processor, the butterfly in pipeline, and address generating, are discussed in this brief. Based on the "deep" feedback to butterfly-2, a novel approach for pipelined architecture, the radix-2 single-path deep delay feedback architecture is proposed. For length-N discrete Fourier transform computation, the dominant hardware requirements are minimal for complex multipliers log/sub 4/N-1 and adders 2log/sub 4/N. As an integral need of the LPPL FFT processor design, address generating and coefficient store-load structures are also presented.     

基于802.11a的OFDM系统基带处理器的FPGA实现

探讨基于802．11a的OFDM系统的硬件构架，给出了适应于OFDM系统的并行存储的高速FFT处理器电路结构，以及实现导频插入、循环前缀的硬件结构。经FPCA验证，在系统时钟频率为20MHz时，64点FFT计算时间为2．55us。     

混合基可重构FFT处理器的设计与实现

本文提出了一种新型混合基可重构FFT处理器,由支持基-2/3FFT的新型可重构蝶形单元和多路并行无冲突的存储器组成,实现了FFT过程中多路数据并行性和操作的连续性.本设计在TSMC28nm工艺下的最高频率为1.06GHz,同时在Xilinx的XC7V2000T FPGA芯片上搭建了混合基FFT处理器硬件测试系统.对混合基FFT处理器的FPGA硬件测试结果表明,本设计支持基-2、基-3和基-2/3混合模式FFT变换,且执行速度达到给定蝶乘器数量下的理论周期值,对单精度浮点数,混合基FFT处理器可提供10-5的结果精度.