生物降解润滑油的发展

随着社会的发展和进步,人类对环境的关注日益加强,生物降解润滑油的研究越来越受到国内外研究者的重视。文中简述了国内外生物降解润滑油的发展状况、润滑油生物降解机理、基础油的研究、添加剂的研究、实验润滑剂生物降解性的方法。     

钻井液用环保型极压润滑剂的制备及特性评价

由环保型抗温基础油EBO-1、环保型纳米氮化硼抗磨添加剂NBJ及复合表面活性剂EMF,制备了一种环保型钻井液用抗磨润滑剂AWR,通过荧光级别检测、生物降解性测试、生物毒性检测及润滑剂润滑性能综合评价等表明,润滑剂AWR的沉降稳定性较好,无刺激性气味,荧光级别1～2级,生物降解性良好,无生物毒性,可抗温160℃,且润滑剂AWR的润滑性能优于目前常用的钻井液用极压润滑剂,极压膜强度较高,润滑持效性好,与淡水钻井液和盐水钻井液均具有良好的配伍性。     

钻井液用环保型极压润滑剂的制备及特性评价

由环保型抗温基础油EBO-1、环保型纳米氮化硼抗磨添加剂NBJ及复合表面活性剂EMF,制备了一种环保型钻井液用抗磨润滑剂AWR,通过荧光级别检测、生物降解性测试、生物毒性检测及润滑剂润滑性能综合评价等表明,润滑剂AWR的沉降稳定性较好,无刺激性气味,荧光级别1～2级,生物降解性良好,无生物毒性,可抗温160℃,且润滑剂AWR的润滑性能优于目前常用的钻井液用极压润滑剂,极压膜强度较高,润滑持效性好,与淡水钻井液和盐水钻井液均具有良好的配伍性。     

环境友好润滑剂的发展现状

介绍了世界上环境友好润滑剂的发展过程,概述了环境友好润滑剂的概念和生物降解性及生态毒性的试验方法,分析了常用润滑油基础油和添加剂的生物降解性能。     

环氧交内酯合成工艺的研究

本文研究了以交内酯为原料,在硫酸的催化作用下,通过与双氧水和冰乙酸发生环氧化反应,制取改性润滑剂基础油的工艺方法。最佳反应条件为：m（交内酯）∶m（冰乙酸）∶m（双氧水）∶m（硫酸）=10∶23∶6.8∶0.2,反应时间3h,反应温度40℃。最终得到抗氧化性好、粘度指数高、粘温性能好、抗磨性好、可生物降解和无毒的润滑剂基础油。     

PLA/PBS/秸秆粉可生物降解木塑复合材料制备及性能

利用120目秸秆粉、聚乳酸(PLA)、聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)、偶联剂(马来酸酐接枝聚乳酸)、SBS弹性体、增塑剂(DOP)、硬脂酸锌及润滑剂在高速混炼机中混合均匀,再经过注塑机注塑成型,成型出了可生物降解木塑复合样条。采用单因素和正交实验,改变注射温度、注射压力、注射速度,研究了3个因素对可生物降解木塑复合材料密度、表观质量和力学性能影响,得到了该生物降解木塑复合材料的最佳注塑成型工艺。实验结果表明:当注射温度为178℃,注射压力为5 MPa,注射速度为45%时,该生物降解木塑复合材料密度相对最小,表观质量和力学性能相对最好。     

秸秆粉/聚乳酸生物降解木塑复合材料压制成型工艺及性能

利用秸秆粉、聚乳酸、偶联剂(马来酸酐接枝聚丙烯)、硬脂酸锌及润滑剂经过热压成型,制备出了生物降解木塑复合材料。通过改变加热温度、加热时间、保压时间,研究3个因素对生物降解木塑复合材料压制效果和力学性能影响,得到适合该生物降解木塑复合材料的最佳压制成型工艺,并对最佳工艺进行了探究。实验结果表明:当加热时间为11 min,加热温度为187℃,保压时间为4 min时,该生物降解木塑复合材料压制效果和综合力学性能最好。     

替代柴油微乳型绿色宝石加工液的研制

研究分析蓝宝石及切割刀具在加工过程中的物理化学变化,运用微乳化等技术,科学选用微乳化剂、润滑剂、增溶剂等研制环保微乳型硬脆材料加工液。其润滑性能可在较大范围内调节,用于多种硬脆性材料的切割、研磨加工,具有优异的润滑、冷却、清洗、沉降及生物降解性。     

可生物降解材料

叙述了可生物降解材料的分类及开发现状,综述了可生物降解材料研究的成果和进展,介绍了可生物降解材料、淀粉系列生物降解材料、二氧化碳树脂生物降解材料与医用可生物降解材料     

一种淀粉基复合降解材料的制造技术及应用

现有技术生产的光、生物降解材料,大都是以聚烯烃塑料添加光敏剂或部分淀粉、碳酸钙或滑石粉、烯烃润滑剂制得,但是这种降解塑料属于崩解型,不是全生物降解塑料. 本文所阐述的淀粉基复合降解材料属于全生物降解材料,主要是通过把淀粉、膨润土与微生物合成聚合物及合成降解聚合物和能被各种微生物、光所能进攻和化学反应的增塑剂、自动氧化剂、相容剂经搅拌共混,双螺杆复合挤出造粒,进而生产成的可真正完全降解的新型的降解塑料.     

Umweltrelevante Kriterien zur Anwendung von Pflanzenölen und deren Derivaten im Schmierstoffbereich

Environmental criteria for the use of vegetable oils and their derivates in lubricants The motive behind the use of harvestable raw materials and their derivates in lubricants is their extraordinary environmental compatibility, and the substitution of mineral oil with biodegradable base oils is a primary objective. In the meantime, environmentally friendly, biodegradable alternatives are available for almost all mineral oil-based lubricants. In 1997, about 40000 tons of rapidly biodegradable lubricants were sold in Germany alone, about 4.5% of total lubricant consumption. An increase in this share is the aim of various measures taken by governments and authorities. In general, it is accepted that potentially more than 90% of all lubricants could be manufactured from harvestable raw materials.     

Chemical modification of vegetable oils for lubricant applications

Owing to the unfavorable impact on the environment of mineral oil-based lubricants, there has been a steady increase in the demand for biodegradable, environment-friendly lubricants. However, development of a biodegradable base fluid that could replace or partially substitute conventional mineral oil is a big challenge. Vegetable oils are recognized as rapidly biodegradable and are thus promising candidates as base fluids in environment-friendly lubricants. Vegetble oils have excellent lubricity, but poor oxidation and low-temeprature stability. This paper presents a series of structural modifications of vegetable oils using anhydrides of different chain lengths. The reaction was monitored and products were confirmed by NMR, FTIR, gel permeation chromatography, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Experimental conditions were optimized for research quantity and for laboratory scale-up (up to 4 lb=1.8 kg). The thermo-oxidation stability of these new lubricant base fluids was tested using pressure differential scanning calorimetry and TGA. The chemically modified base fluids exhibit superior oxidation stability in comparison with unmodified vegetable oils. These base fluids in combination with suitable additives exhibit equivalent oxidation stability compared with mineral oil-based formulations.     

Biolubricants: Raw materials,chemical modifications and environmental benefits

The depletion of the world's crude oil reserve, increasing crude oil prices, and issues related to conservation have brought about renewed interest in the use of bio‐based materials. Emphasis on the development of renewable, biodegradable, and environmentally friendly industrial fluids, such as lubricants, has resulted in the widespread use of natural oils and fats for non‐edible purposes. In this study, we have reviewed the available literature and recently published data related to bio‐based raw materials and the chemical modifications of raw materials. Additionally, we have analyzed the impacts and benefits of the use of bio‐based raw materials as functional fluids or biolubricants. The term biolubricants applies to all lubricants, which are both rapidly biodegradable and non‐toxic to humans and other living organisms, especially in aquatic environments. Biodegradability provides an indication of the persistence of the substance in the environment and is the yardstick for assessing the eco‐friendliness of substances. Scientists are discovering economical and safe ways to improve the properties of biolubricants, such as increasing their poor oxidative stability and decreasing high pour points. “Green” biolubricants must be used for all applications where there is an environmental risk.     

Depression of pour points of vegetable oils by blending with diluents used for biodegradable lubricants

Low-temperature properties need improvement before vegetable oils can receive wider recognition as biodegradable lubricants. Effects of dilution with major biodegradable fluids, namely poly alpha olefin (PAO 2), diisodecyl adipate (DIDA), and oleates, as well as impact of pour point depressant (PPD), were investigated. Since solidification of mixed unsaturated triacylglycerols is a complex thermodynamic process, the study was limited to pour point determinations. Vegetable oils demonstrated higher pour points with increased saturation and molecular weight. Cis unsaturation and hydroxy groups favored lower pour points. Dilution with oleates appeared less effective than dilution with PAO 2 and DIDA. Addition of 1% PPD (w/w) depressed pour points down to −33°C for canola and −24°C for high-oleic sunflower oils. However, neither higher amounts of PPD nor incorporation of diluent produced further depression. Depression of pour points was not proportional to the amount of diluent and ceased with further dilution. Low-temperature performance of vegetable oils limits their prospect as biodegradable lubricants, but well-balanced usage of PPD and diluents can deliver some improvements.     

油脂环氧化的研究进展

环氧化油脂用作可循环再生的生物降解材料、无毒润滑油、高聚物稳定剂和各种中间体等,是良好的增塑剂。介绍了各种油脂环氧化的制备方法、研究现状和应用情况,以及未来的发展前景。目前应用最广泛的制备方法是用过氧化物环氧化油脂中的双键,使其成为环氧乙烷的形式,而环氧油脂的各种性质主要因为其中的环氧键的存在。     

国外润滑油基础油生产技术进展

详细阐述了各种润滑油生产技术的发展趋势，包括传统基础油；高、极高和超高粘度指数基础油；合成基础油；可生物降解油品以及废油再生技术。     

A study of the oxidation and wear properties of vegetable oils: Soybean oil without additives

The use of biodegradable lubricants in diverse applications continues to increase. Vegetable oils (e.g., soybean oil) are the main biodegradable lubricant base stocks used world-wide. However, there are concerns about their oxidative stability and low-temperature performance. Improvements in oxidative stability can be made through chemical or genetic modifications. This work compared the effects of oils with different chemical compositions. Soybean oil, high-oleic soybean oil, and epoxidized soybean oil were compared in laboratory bench tests. The tests conducted include the Penn State sequential four-ball wear test and the Penn State micro-oxidation test. Oxidation products from the micro-oxidation test were analyzed by FTIR and gel permeation chromatography. In this paper, all oils were evaluated neat, without additives.     

用于润滑包覆的生物降解光交联聚(醚-酯)网络的合成和特性

通过紫外光自由基聚合制备了可生物降解交联网状聚（醚．酯）共聚物。测定了交联聚合物的接触角。研究了交联聚合物的体外降解特性,结果表明,降解时间取决于交联度和疏水程度（聚酯类型）,大约从20min到7d。将交联聚合物涂在不锈钢针上,通过测定针穿透橡胶塞时的穿透力,研究了材料的润滑特性。与标准针相比,涂有PPG4000聚合物网络的针穿透力下降了40％,显示了较好的润滑性能。这些材料有可能作为可降解的润滑材料,包覆不同的医用产品,取代现在使用的非降解性硅树脂。     

全氟润滑油的合成、性质及应用

介绍了全氟润滑油中最重要的全氟烃油、氟氯碳油、全氟醚油3种含氟润滑油的性质、合成方法及应用领域。通过比较认为,全氟醚油综合性能优良,是苛刻环境下极为可靠的润滑剂,研究开发全氟醚油产品有广阔的应用前景。     

Improved synthesis and characterization of saturated branched‐chain fatty acid isomers

The development of viable technologies for producing green products from renewable fats and oils is highly desirable since such materials can serve as replacements for non‐renewable and poorly biodegradable petroleum‐based products. Mixtures of saturated branched‐chain fatty acid isomers (sbc‐FAs), commonly referred to as isostearic acid, are important intermediates for the production of biodegradable lubricants, cosmetics, emollients, and hydraulic fluids. Present methods for producing sbc‐FAs, however, often give low yields of sbc‐FAs or sbc‐FA preparations with a high content of dimer acid fatty acid co‐products. This study reports an improved route to synthesizing sbc‐FAs from monounsaturated fatty acids using a modified H‐Ferrierite zeolite catalyst in conjunction with small amounts of triphenylphosphine additive. The yields of sbc‐FAs (up to 80 wt%) and co‐products (up to15 wt%) were determined using a modification of a previously reported GC method. A more detailed analysis of the distribution of sbc‐FA isomers in the products was made by the combined use of GC × GC‐TOF‐MS. Additionally, it was found that the H‐Ferrierite zeolite catalyst was recyclable and reusable up to 10 times without significant loss of activity and selectivity for sbc‐FAs.