Synthesis of N-order filters with N transmission zeros at real frequencies by means of extracted poles

The synthesis of N-order filters with N transmission zeros at real frequencies by means of extracted poles is presented. A procedure to extract the circuit elements that implement the finite insertion losses for infinite frequency is explained. To verify this procedure, three different implementations of a fourth-order filter with four transmission zeros are presented.     

Generalized digital Butterworth filter design

This correspondence introduces a new class of infinite impulse response (IIR) digital filters that unifies the classical digital Butterworth filter and the well-known maximally flat FIR filter. New closed-form expressions are provided, and a straightforward design technique is described. The new IIR digital filters have more zeros than poles (away from the origin), and their (monotonic) square magnitude frequency responses are maximally flat at ω=0 and at ω=π. Another result of the correspondence is that for a specified cutoff frequency and a specified number of zeros, there is only one valid way in which to split the zeros between z=-1 and the passband. This technique also permits continuous variation of the cutoff frequency. IIR filters having more zeros than poles are of interest because often, to obtain a good tradeoff between performance and implementation complexity, just a few poles are best     

Waveguide Bandpass Filters for Millimeter-Wave Radiometers

A fundamental requirement for most mm-wave heterodyne receivers is the rejection of the input image signal which is located close to the local oscillator frequency. For this purpose we use a bandpass filter, which for heterodyne receivers is also called an image rejection filter. In this paper we present a systematic approach to the design of a waveguide bandpass filter with a passband from 100 to 110 GHz and upper rejection bandwidth in the range from 113 to 145 GHz. We consider two non-tunable filter configurations: the first one is relatively selective with 11 sections (poles) whereas the second one is simpler with 5 sections. We used established design equations to propose an initial guess for the geometries of the filters, optimized the geometries, constructed the filters using two different milling methods, measured their transmission and reflection characteristics, and compared the measurements with numerical simulations. Measurements of both filters agree well with simulations in frequency response and rejection bandwidth. The insertion loss of the 11-pole filter is better than 10 dB and that of the 5-pole filter is better than 5 dB. The 11-pole filter has a sharper attenuation roll-off compared with the 5-pole filter. The upper out-of-band rejection is better than 40 dB up to 145 GHz for the 11-pole filter and up to 155 GHz for the 5-pole filter.     

Charge-domain integrated circuits for signal processing

A new class of integrated circuits called charge-domain device has been developed for performing enhanced monolithic signal processing. All signal-processing operations are accomplished by splitting, routing and combining charge packets, thus overcoming many of the limitations of alternative devices such as charge-coupled device (CCD) split-electrode transversal filters and switched capacitor filters. Charge manipulation techniques are described which allow poles as well as zeros of a transfer function to be implemented efficiently, leading to infinite impulse response monolithic filters suitable for high-frequency applications. Several test filters, including a narrowband 8-pole bandpass filter, are demonstrated. These charge-domain devices are useful in applications ranging from radio IF to radar to video signal processing with a high level of integration achievable on a single charge-domain integrated circuit.     

Modern network theory design of single-sideband crystal ladder filters

This paper presents modern network theory design data (rather than image parameter data) for one class of ladder network SSB crystal filters. The filter configuration involved uses crystals and capacitors only, so that the physical size of the resulting filters can be made quite small. A simple frequency transformation is first derived which enables the wealth of design data presently available for symmetrical response shape filters to be applied to the SSB response under consideration. It is shown that the transfer function being considered has n nonconjugate complex poles and n coincident zeros in the fractional bandwidth left half-plane. From the frequency transformation developed, graphs are presented for n-pole, n-coincident-zero SSB relative-attenuation shapes for n = 6, 8, 10, and 12, with a pass band peak-to-valley ratio of zero decibels; and a computation example shows how graphs may be prepared for any n, and any pass band peak-to-valley ratio. Specific design equations are presented for all the elements involved in both the upper and lower SSB filter structures, and from these an equation is derived which shows how crystal units limit the maximum fractional bandwidth which can be obtained.     

OTA-C Filters with Finite Zeros

In this paper we present a novel technique for OTA-C filter realizations with finite zeros based on doubly loaded passive ladder networks. Only grounded capacitors are needed; all floating capacitors are replaced with active simulations eliminating bottom-plate parasitic capacitors and non-observable poles. Bandpass, highpass and bandstop filters are easily obtained from a lowpass OTA-C prototype applying standard frequency transformations that preserve the active simulation of floating capacitors, i.e. the finite zeros realization. Also, we address the high frequency stability problem of highpass and bandstop OTA-C filters simulating doubly loaded passive ladder networks. These filters usually have floating nodes where the OTA excess-phase acting over the nodal parasitic capacitance can introduce unstable poles at high frequencies. The stability problem is fairly the same for highpass and bandstop OTA-C filters based on approximations with and without finite zeros; only the most complex case (filters with finite zeros) will be addressed here.     

自均衡双通带微带滤波器综合与设计

 本文介绍了一种利用复传输零点设计自均衡双通带滤波器的方法,并用开环微带谐振器实现该滤波器电路.利用全波仿真软件,设计了一个12阶双通带自均衡高温超导薄膜微带滤波器.仿真结果显示该滤波器两个通带分别为2.631~2.679GHz,2.781~2.829GHz,阻带为2.681~2.779GHz,平坦的群时延占整个带宽60%以上.     

Synthesis and design of novel in-line filters with one or two real transmission zeros

A direct synthesis and design technique of pseudoelliptic in-line filters with one or two real transmission zeros (TZs) is presented. It is shown that the phase of the reflection coefficient must be properly and uniquely determined for the synthesis to succeed. The TZs (attenuation poles) are brought about and independently controlled by dedicated resonators at the input and output. Each attenuation pole is located at the resonant frequency of its dedicated resonator. Frequency-independent reactances at the input and output are used to replace the phase shifts used in the extracted-pole technique. This novel approach is verified by several waveguide cavity filter designs. The analyzed characteristics of these filters, obtained with commercial full-wave computer-aided-design tools, agree very well with the synthesis results. A third-order filter with one TZ above the passband is designed, fabricated, and measured. Excellent agreement between the measurement and simulation is obtained.     

脊双模波导滤波器的分析及设计

介绍了一种能实现脊双模波导滤波器的新型结构,分析了其腔内模式的耦合极性,利用不同的耦合极性对频率响应的影响可实现具有一对传输零点的双模滤波器,也可实现无传输零点的双模滤波器.以相同脊谐振单元不同的放置方向组成的两种带通滤波器为例,利用AnsoftHFSS仿真得到了两种不同的频率响应,结果与理论分析一致.最后设计出了一个六阶三传输零点的双通带滤波器,带内插损均小于0.6 dB,回波损耗小于-15 dB.     

Design of IIR eigenfilters in the frequency domain

The eigenfilter approach is an appealing way of designing digital filters, mainly because of the simplicity of its implementation. In this correspondence, a new method of applying the eigenfilter approach to the design of infinite impulse response (IIR) filters is described. The procedure works in the frequency domain and yields the coefficients of a causal rational transfer function having an arbitrary number of poles and zeros. Some examples of filter design are given to show the effectiveness of the method presented     

A class of predictive analog filters for sensor signal processingand control instrumentation

A class of analog continuous-time filters is introduced, having predictive properties for specified narrow-band signal models, such as low-order polynomials or sinusoids. Such filters are designed by using model transfer functions designed in the discrete-time domain. Z-to-s-domain mapping is done using the inverse bilinear transformation. The analog filters are implemented with active-RC structures, using the state-variable structure for biquads and a single-op-amp structure for real poles and zeros. The application examples include a filter for zero-crossing detectors, polynomial predictors for sensor signal smoothing, and an optimized sixth-order ramp-tracking filter for anti-aliasing and anti-imaging in digital signal processor (DSP) systems where high selectivity is required     

Design of Microwave Filters With Arbitrary Frequency Response Based on Digital Methods

This letter presents a novel general technique for the design of microwave filters with arbitrary frequency response. It is based on the translation of the microwave specifications to the digital domain, where the well known and readily available digital filter design techniques are applied. By means of these digital techniques, the method provides a straightforward procedure to calculate the poles and zeros corresponding to the analog frequency response that satisfies the target specifications. From the poles and zeros, the microwave filter can be readily obtained using conventional techniques. As an example to demonstrate the proposed technique, a filter with user-defined specifications over two independent passbands has been implemented and successfully tested in microstrip technology.     

Transitional Murromaf?Murroer filters

A new class of lowpass filters with all transmission zeros at infinity, having equal-ripple behaviour in the passband, is described. The transfer function of these filters, referred to as transitional Murromaf-Murroer filters, is obtained by adding the multiple real poles and reducing the number of complex pole pairs to realise a lowpass RC active filter with a reduced number of amplifiers with respect to the classical transitional Butterworth-Cheby?shev filters.     

Compact Ultra-Wideband Microstrip/Coplanar Waveguide Bandpass Filter

A novel ultra wideband (UWB) bandpass filter is presented, using a compact coupled microstrip/coplanar waveguide (CPW) structure. The filter comprises of a single CPW quarter-wavelength resonator which is coupled to two microstrip open-circuited stubs on the other side of a common substrate. The two microstrip open-circuited stubs, which are about a quarter-wavelength long at the center frequency, can function as two resonators with associated coupling arrangement to the CPW. This forms a very compact three-pole filter. The proposed filter also exhibits a quasi-elliptic function response, with one finite-frequency transmission zero closer to each side of the passband. Thus, a high selectivity is achieved using a small number of resonators, which leads to low insertion loss and group delay across the passband. The performance is predicated using EM simulations and verified experimentally. The experimental filter shows a fractional bandwidth of 90% at a center frequency of 6.4GHz, with two observable transmission zeros (attenuation poles) at 1.95 and 10.36GHz, respectively. Furthermore, it has a very small size only amounting to 0.25 by 0.08 guided wavelength at the center frequency     

PLL频率合成器中有源环路滤波器的设计与仿真

为提高PLL频率合成器的性能,简化环路滤波器的设计过程,提出了PLL频率合成器中有源环路滤波器的一种设计方法。首先给出一种实用的三次特性的有源环路滤波器结构,根据电路结构求出其频率特性,结合PLL频率合成器中鉴相器-VCO-分频器的相位传递函数,确定使系统稳定的相位最大返回处频率,合理分配滤波器的零、极点,进而综合出环路滤波器的设计方法,以及电路中各元件的计算公式。文中给出了设计实例并进行了PSPICE仿真,结果表明其性能完全能达到设计要求。     

Synthesis of Elliptic Optical Filters Using Mutually Coupled Microring Resonators

Integrated optical filters having elliptic transfer functions are proposed using two-dimensional arrays of synchronously tuned mutually coupled microring resonators. Analysis of microring filter topologies of the most general form is facilitated by the formulation of an energy-coupling matrix for the microring array. A method for synthesizing elliptic microring filter transfer functions having the prescribed transmission poles and zeros is also presented. The approach involves representing the microring filter by an equivalent electrical network of coupled LC oscillators and applying the coupling matrix technique developed for micro-wave filters to determine the coupling parameters. An example of a sixth-order elliptic function filter is presented to demonstrate the feasibility of using mutually coupled microring resonators to realize optical filters having finite transmission zeros in the transfer function     

Tunable microstrip bandpass filter with constant fractional bandwidth based on cascade triplet topology

This paper presents an approach for designing 3-pole tunable microstrip bandpass filter with constant fractional bandwidth (CFBW). To achieve sharp roll-off responses, a cross-coupling scheme is adopted in the filter design. Cascade triplet (CT) topology and source-load coupling scheme are used to introduce three transmission zeros (TZs) in the design of 3-pole tunable filters. Thanks to tunable coupling coefficient K_c, the TZs allocated at the low-end of passbands can be tuned, which providing a reconfigurable selectivity. For the purpose of demonstration, the 3-pole tunable bandpass filters with CFBW are designed, fabricated, and measured. The proposed filter can be tuned over a wide fractional range up to 50%. The measured 3-pole filter shows a tuning range of 950–1460 MHz, with a fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 13.1% ± 2.5% and an insertion loss of 1.8–3.6 dB. Measured results of the filter present sharp roll-offs, which agree well with the simulated counterparts.     

Design of nonseparable 3-D filter banks/wavelet bases usingtransformations of variables

The authors present a technique to design two-channel filter banks in three dimensions where the sampling is on the FCO (face centred orthorhombic) lattice, The ideal 3-D sub-band is of the truncated octahedron shape. The design technique is based transformation of variable method equivalent to the generalised McClellan transformation. The filters are FIR, have linear phase and achieve perfect reconstruction. Although the sub-band shape is quite complicated, the ideal frequency characteristics are well approximated. This is illustrated with an example. The technique provides the flexibility of controlling the frequency characteristics of the filters with ease. The filters can be implemented quite efficiently due to the highly symmetrical nature of the coefficients of the transformation. The authors also modify and extend the basic design technique to impose the zero property (the number of zeros of the filter transfer function at the aliasing frequency) on the sub-band filters. This property is important when the filter bank is used iteratively in a tree-structured manner as a discrete wavelet transform system and the issue of regularity arises. Several design examples are presented to illustrate the design technique     

Least-squares design of IIR filters with prescribed magnitude andphase responses and a pole radius constraint

This paper presents a method for the frequency domain design of infinite impulse response (IIR) digital filters. The proposed method designs filters approximating prescribed magnitude and phase responses. IIR filters of this kind can have approximately linear-phase responses in their passbands, or they can equalize magnitude and phase responses of given systems. In many cases, these filters can be implemented with less memory and with fewer computations per output sample than equivalent finite impulse response (FIR) digital filters. An important feature of the proposed method is the possibility to specify a maximum radius for the poles of the designed rational transfer function. Consequently, stability can be guaranteed, and undesired effects of implementations using fixed-point arithmetic can be alleviated by restricting the poles to keep a prescribed distance from the unit circle. This is achieved by applying Rouche's theorem in the proposed design algorithm. We motivate the use of IIR filters with an unequal number of poles and zeros outside the origin of the complex plane. In order to satisfy simultaneous specifications on magnitude and phase responses, it is advantageous to use IIR filters with only a few poles outside the origin of the z-plane and an arbitrary number of zeros. Filters of this type are a compromise between IIR filters with optimum magnitude responses and phase-approximating FIR filters. We use design examples to compare filters designed by the proposed method to those obtained by other methods. In addition, we compare the proposed general IIR filters with other popular more specialized structures such as FIR filters and cascaded systems consisting of frequency-selective IIR filters and phase-equalizing allpass filters     

Implementing transmission zeros in inductive-window bandpassfilters

Transmission zeros are usually implemented in microwave filters as extracted poles, or with cross couplings between nonadjacent cavities. Recent work, however, indicates that, for inductive band-pass filters, higher order-mode excitation can be usefully exploited for the purpose of creating transmission zeros. In this paper we describe a new cavity configuration that can be used to introduce transmission zeros in the electrical performance of microwave filters based on thick inductive windows in rectangular waveguides using the higher order-mode interactions. One transmission zero per filter cavity can be introduced and its frequency location can be easily controlled adjusting suitable geometrical parameters. The basic principle is discussed in detail and a computer aided design procedure is also presented. Finally, several application examples are included indicating how the new cavity design can indeed be used to improve the performance of this class of filters