基于瞬态卸荷动力效应控制的岩爆防治方法研究

针对深埋圆形隧洞全断面爆破开挖,分析了岩体开挖瞬态卸荷力学过程及引起的围岩应力和应变能瞬态调整机制,讨论了瞬态卸荷动力效应的影响因素。计算结果表明,开挖岩体应变能越大、应变能释放速率越快,岩体开挖瞬态卸荷动力扰动越强烈。基于此,提出了依据炮孔周围爆生裂纹分布判断掌子面上主应力方向,各圈炮孔按掌子面上应变能密度由高到低的顺序分段起爆的施工期岩爆防治方法。该方法通过改变炮孔起爆网络显著地降低了岩体开挖瞬态卸荷的动力效应,可广泛用于水电、矿山、交通等行业深埋洞室贯通爆破。     

Composite element method for the seepage analysis of rock masses containing fractures and drainage holes

The composite element method (CEM) is formulated for the seepage analysis of rock masses containing fractures and drainage holes. Each fracture or drainage segment is treated as a special sub-element having definite seepage characteristics, and is located explicitly within the composite element. The governing equation for the composite element containing both fractures and drainage holes is established using the variational principle. By the CEM developed in this paper, the fractures and drainage holes can be simulated explicitly but do not intervene in the discrete of the calculation domain concerned, in this way the generation of the computation mesh is not restricted strongly by the position and the orientation of the fractures and drainage holes, which is important in the optimal design of seepage control system. If there are no fractures and drainage holes, the CEM will automatically be degenerated to the conventional finite element method (FEM). The validity and reliability of the CEM is verified by a numerical example. The application and comparative study for the Baozhusi dam foundation is presented.     

Numerical determination of the equivalent elastic compliance tensor for fractured rock masses using the distinct element method

The purpose of this paper is to establish a methodology to determine the equivalent elastic properties of fractured rock masses by explicit representations of stochastic fracture systems, and to investigate the conditions for the application of the equivalent continuum approach for representing mechanical behavior of the fractured rock masses. A series of numerical simulations of mechanical deformation of fractured rock masses at different scales were conducted with a large number of realizations of discrete fracture networks (DFN), based on realistic fracture system information and using the two-dimensional distinct element program, UDEC. General theory of anisotropic elasticity was used for describing the macroscopic mechanical behavior of fractured rock masses as equivalent elastic continua. Verification of the methodology for determining the elastic compliance tensor was conducted against closed-form solutions for regularly fractured rock mass, leading to very good agreements. The main advantage of the developed methodology using the distinct element method is that it can consider complex fracture system geometry and various constitutive relations of fractures and rock matrix, and their interactions. Two criteria for the applicability of equivalent continuum approach were adopted from the investigations: (i) the existence of a properly defined REV (representative elementary volume) and (ii) the existence of an elastic compliance tensor. For the problems with in situ conditions studied in this paper, the results show that a REV can be defined and the elastic properties of the fractured rock mass can be represented approximately by the elastic compliance tensor through numerical simulations.     

Simulation of cracking near a large underground cavern in a discontinuous rock mass using the expanded distinct element method

The rock masses in a construction site of underground cavern are generally not continuous, due to the presence of discontinuities, such as bedding, joints, faults and fractures. The performance of an underground cavern is principally ruled by the mechanical behaviors of the discontinuities in the vicinity of the cavern. A number of experimental and numerical investigations have demonstrated the significant influences of discontinuities on the mechanical, thermal and hydraulic behaviors of discontinuous rock masses, indicating that the deformation mechanism and stability of rock structures in the discontinuous rock masses depend not only on the existing discontinuities but also on the new cracks generated and thereafter keep propagating due mainly to the stress redistribution induced by excavation.In this study, an expanded distinct element method (EDEM) was developed for simulating the crack generation and propagation due to the shear and tension failures in the matrix rock blocks. Using this method, excavation simulations of deep underground caverns have been carried out on the models with differing depths of cavern and differing geometrical distributions of the existing discontinuities. Model experiments by using the base friction test apparatus were conducted to verify the proposed numerical approach. Furthermore, the support effects of rock bolts on controlling the deformations of the rock mass surrounding a cavern and movements of key blocks were evaluated by means of the EDEM approach.     

Strain localization analyses of idealized sands in biaxial tests by distinct element method

This paper presents a numerical investigation on the strain localization of an idealized sand in biaxial compression tests using the distinct element method (DEM). In addition to the dilatancy and material frictional angle, the principal stress field, and distributions of void ratio, particle velocity, and the averaged pure rotation rate (APR) in the DEM specimen are examined to illustrate the link between microscopic and macroscopic variables in the case of strain localization. The study shows that strain localization of the granular material in the tests proceeds with localizations of void ratio, strain and APR, and distortions of stress field and force chains. In addition, both thickness and inclination of the shear band change with the increasing of axial strain, with the former valued around 10–14 times of mean grain diameter and the later overall described by the Mohr-Coulomb theory.     

Strain localization analyses of idealized sands in biaxial tests by distinct element method

This paper presents a numerical investigation on the strain localization of an idealized sand in biaxial compression tests using the distinct element method (DEM). In addition to the dilatancy and material frictional angle, the principal stress field, and distributions of void ratio, particle velocity, and the averaged pure rotation rate (APR) in the DEM specimen are examined to illustrate the link between microscopic and macroscopic variables in the case of strain localization. The study shows that strain localization of the granular material in the tests proceeds with localizations of void ratio, strain and APR, and distortions of stress field and force chains. In addition, both thickness and inclination of the shear band change with the increasing of axial strain, with the former valued around 10–14 times of mean grain diameter and the later overall described by the Mohr-Coulomb theory.     

利用有限元分析CSG堤坝的渗流

堤坝的渗透性能对背水坡的安全至关重要,利用有限元软件对不同渗透系数的CSG堤坝进行分析,并与黏土材料进行比较。结果显示,CSG材料可十分显著地减小堤坝坝身水的渗流速度及坝趾水的流量。若原地所取材料为砂石,骨料最大粒径40 mm,水泥用量60 kg/m3为适宜选择。     

简述岩质边坡稳定性分析的有限元法

介绍了边坡工程有限元分析的方法及特点,对构造地应力场的影响进行了探讨,并分析了岩体结构特征,指出高边坡稳定性的评价分析对公路工程建设可行性决策产生了重要的控制作用,对高速公路的建设投资和运营使用效益具有重要意义。     

利用有限元强度折减法分析岩质边坡的稳定性

基于有限元强度折减法,利用ANSYS有限元软件,对岩质边坡在地应力作用下进行了稳定性分析。选用D-P屈服准则,以边坡的位移计算不收敛及塑性区贯通作为边坡失稳判据,得到边坡的安全系数及破坏滑动面。通过与成熟的极限平衡法做比较,证明边坡稳定性安全系数是合理的,从而也说明强度折减法在岩质边坡稳定性分析中的优越性。     

岩石断裂力学的扩展有限元法

针对岩石材料的断裂力学问题阐述扩展有限元法的单元位移模式的选择、确定平面裂纹空间位置的水平集法和特殊单元的数值积分方法。介绍最大周向应力裂纹扩展判据和计算应力强度因子的相互作用积分法,进而建立岩石断裂力学的扩展有限元法。建立Ⅰ型裂纹和Ⅱ型裂纹的岩石断裂力学的扩展有限元计算模型,对I裂纹的应力强度因子和Ⅱ型裂纹的裂纹扩展路径进行扩展有限元法数值模拟计算。结果表明,建立的岩石断裂力学扩展有限元法可对岩石材料的断裂力学参数和裂纹扩展路径进行数值模拟分析,验证了数值计算结果的合理性,能有效地描述岩石断裂力学特性。     

有限元在岩体渗透参数反演中的应用

观测了大坝枢纽施工前期钻孔水位的分布情况,采用试算方法并结合有限元数值计算软件,分析了整个枢纽区渗流场的分布状况,并反演得出与实际工况相吻合的枢纽区岩体的渗透参数,从而为后期枢纽施工期和运行期渗流场的分布以及防渗和排水措施的布置提供计算依据。     

岩土边坡稳定性分析的模糊有限元方法研究

针对边坡工程稳定性评价的岩土力学参数的模糊性,研究了边坡稳定性分析的模糊有限元方法,并提出了边坡工程分析的模糊有限元快速求解方法。利用模糊有限元方法对实例边坡工程进行了模糊有限元研究,研究结果表明:岩体力学参数的模糊性会导致边坡位移和应力分析结果的模糊性,而采用模糊有限元分析方法对边坡进行分析可以增加工程技术人员对边坡位移、应力和安全度的全面认识,降低由于计算参数模糊性的影响带来边坡稳定性评价风险。     

钢结构残余应力测定中应力释放系数的有限元分析

盲孔法是测量钢结构残余应力的高效简单的方法,应力释放系数A、B对盲孔法测量结果的精确性有重要意义。应用有限元分析软件ANSYS,建立带盲孔的板件的有限元模型,施加单向均匀拉伸应力场,对盲孔法应力释放系数A、B的测定进行有限元分析计算。通过对测量距离D、孔径、孔深、等参数的分析,发现盲孔附近应力释放大致在D/d<5范围内,在此范围内,A、B随着D/d的增大而减小,同时孔径的变化对于A、B的影响很小,而孔深的增大时A、B的绝对值有所增大,但幅度很小。通过对不同板厚的分析,发现应力释放系数A随板厚增大而增大,B则相反。     

3种胶结岩土材料本构模型中破损规律的离散元验证

采用离散元法（DEM）对胶结岩土材料本构模型中的破损规律进行验证。首先,根据胶结颗粒间胶结特性,建立适用于胶结颗粒的微观理论;其次,基于该微观理论,给出3种经典胶结岩土材料本构模型破损参数的微观解释;最后,对数值试样进行等向压缩、等应力比压缩及双轴压缩试验的离散元数值模拟,并对比验证数值试样破损规律的模拟结果与本构模型的预测结果。结果表明：采用DEM对胶结岩土材料本构模型的破损规律进行验证是可行的。3种加载条件下,扰动状态模型假定的破损规律同模拟结果均较为一致;Nova模型在双轴压缩试验条件下的预测结果同模拟结果存在很大差异;而上负荷面剑桥模型假设的破损参数则不能很好描述上述加载条件下数值试样的破损规律。     

钻孔法测试预应力箱梁现存应力的有限元分析

利用ANSYS有限元软件建立预应力混凝土小箱梁计算模型,基于对广州市花都区新赤公路工程第三标段工程背景的研究,对按实际工程设计尺寸建立的计算模型进行验证,对比分析了小箱梁钻孔前后的应力状况,得出了一些有益的结论。     

Composite element method for the bolted discontinuous rock masses and its application

This paper presents a composite element method (CEM) for discontinuous rock masses reinforced by fully grouted bolts. This element allows one to generate mesh without considering exactly the existence of bolts and joints, which further allows for an important simplification in the pre-process work. The sub-elements of rock, grout, bolt, joint, rock/grout interface and bolt/grout interface are defined using corresponding mapped nodal displacements at the composite element. The mapped nodal displacements can be determined using the governing equations established by means of the virtual work principle. Based on the mapped nodal displacements deformation and stress in each sub-element can be further obtained. The comparative study of the CEM and the conventional finite element method (FEM) has been carried out for the preliminary verification example. The numerical study for the rock bolt crane girder of an underground powerhouse by FEM and CEM is presented as the engineering application example, in which the attention has been paid to the portion of the contact face between the girder and surrounding rock masses, the contact faces between the bolts and surrounding rock masses, as well as to the portion where the rock bolt penetrates the contact face. The comparative and application studies show the validation and advantages of the CEM.