基于导电材料强化抗生素胁迫厌氧消化的研究进展

厌氧消化是处理含抗生素有机废物的常用技术手段,但高浓度抗生素会抑制厌氧微生物菌群活性,从而干扰厌氧消化效能和抗生素自身降解效率。近年来,导电材料强化含抗生素有机废物厌氧消化取得了良好效果,有机废物资源回收效率得到进一步提升。本文从抗生素使用现状和对厌氧消化代谢过程的影响出发,讨论了抗生素在厌氧消化中的迁移转化机制,重点阐述了铁基和碳基导电材料在抗生素胁迫厌氧消化系统中的应用及生化作用机理。研究表明：通过富集功能性微生物、强化微生物种间电子传递以及削减厌氧消化系统中的抗生素和抗生素抗性基因,导电材料可以提升厌氧消化产甲烷效能、降低抗生素污染的环境风险。最后,从构建生物信息网络、开发优化新型材料和处理多元污染物方面对导电材料强化技术的发展方向进行了展望。     

高含固率污泥厌氧消化系统的启动方案与试验

高含固污泥厌氧消化技术是目前国内外的研究热点。该文以上海市白龙港污水处理厂脱水污泥稀释而成的含固率为10%的污泥作为研究对象,对高含固污泥厌氧消化技术进行了初步的探讨。试验结果表明,厌氧消化系统的进泥含固率升高至10%后,每投入1 m3的污泥产气约16~18 m3沼气,远高于现有浓缩污泥厌氧消化系统的产气率(8~10 m3沼气/m3污泥)。高含固率污泥厌氧消化系统推荐采用清水启动策略,即消化罐内介质的初始状态为清水(二沉池出水),之后以不同投配率投加原污泥,避免系统启动过程中的VFA的积累,尤其是丙酸含量的积累。该研究成果不仅可为该污水处理厂现有污泥厌氧消化系统未来的扩建改造服务,而且可为国内同类工程提供借鉴和示范。     

污泥高含固厌氧消化增温工程实践

随着我国城镇污水处理效率的不断提高,城镇污水处理厂污泥产量也急剧增加。厌氧消化作为一种低能耗、资源化的污泥处理技术,处理过程能耗较低,能回收沼气能源,可减少温室气体排放,是污泥稳定化、减量化和资源化的重要手段之一。目前,由于高含固厌氧消化沼气产生效率高,已在工程实践中得到了推广应用。温度是影响厌氧消化反应的重要因素,温度变化对沼气产量有明显影响,因此,维持厌氧消化反应温度的稳定性尤为重要。该文针对厌氧消化系统不同的增温方式,以实际工程实践为例,介绍了厌氧消化系统启动时和正常运行时的增温情况。     

污泥厌氧消化系统的启动与调试

上海市白龙港污水处理厂污泥厌氧消化工程包括八座单体容积为12400m^3的卵形污泥厌氧消化池。结合厌氧消化工艺的原始培养、接种和加大接种量等实践,稳步实现八座卵形消化池启动;通过调节,实现厌氧消化系统的稳定运行。该文结合厌氧消化装置特性和自身实际情况,对厌氧消化系统各阶段的操作调节与控制进行了技术分析。     

厌氧消化过程氨抑制解除技术研究进展

厌氧消化在处理有机废物的同时可产生大量的甲烷资源,是能源可持续发展的重要处理技术。作为微生物生长的营养物质之一,氨在厌氧消化过程中发挥重要作用,然而高浓度氨会抑制微生物活性,造成厌氧消化系统的失效。在总结国内外研究进展的基础上,讨论了氨抑制的形成机理及氨对产甲烷菌的抑制作用,并分别从氨浓度和微生物两个角度总结了当前解除氨抑制的技术和方法,为厌氧消化的工程应用和进一步氨抑制研究提供参考和建议。     

厌氧生物处理反应器概述

概述了厌氧消化阶段理论与厌氧消化的主要影响因素;介绍了厌氧生物反应器的发展历史;并对几种典型的高效厌氧生物反应器（上流式厌氧污泥床,厌氧折板反应器,厌氧膨胀颗粒污泥床和内循环式反应器）的工作原理、构造、技术特点、运行机制及其应用情况等做了详尽的阐述;最后,对厌氧反应器今后的研究方向给予了展望。     

泥龄影响活性污泥性质及厌氧消化性能的研究进展

泥龄改变引起污泥性质的变化,影响活性污泥工艺的系统稳定性及处理效果,与后期污泥厌氧消化过程也有密切联系。主要从污泥理化性质及生化性质两方面对国内外研究进行归纳,重点阐述了泥龄对污泥絮体结构、沉降及脱水性能、污泥产率及活性、种群结构、代谢产物的影响,并从全链条角度出发,总结了泥龄对污泥厌氧消化性能及物质转化的影响研究进展。最后分析了现有研究的局限性并展望未来关于泥龄研究的发展方向。     

影响高含固厌氧消化性能的主要因素研究进展

高含固厌氧消化具有所需反应器体积小、能量需求低、沼渣产量少以及沼渣后续处理简便等优点, 是实现固体废弃物资源化的重要途径, 因此对高含固厌氧消化性能的认识非常重要。本文重点阐述了原料、接种、含固率、温度、碳氮比和颗粒粒径等影响高含固厌氧消化性能的主要因素及其研究进展, 指出这些因素通过改变启动性能、甲烷产量、挥发性固体(VS)降解率和系统稳定性等对高含固厌氧消化过程产生影响, 且每个因素对消化性能的影响都至关重要。此外还指出, 对污水厂剩余污泥的高含固厌氧消化将会成为我国颇具应用前景的处理技术, 并从各个影响因素出发对高含固厌氧消化技术的实施提供了运行参数和优化措施, 以期为高含固厌氧消化技术的进一步完善提供借鉴。     

城市污泥能源化利用研究进展

城市污泥的处理处置是近年来关注的热点问题之一,其能源化利用的价值逐渐得到研究者重视。本文在对城市污泥成分和性质总结的基础上,介绍了目前污泥能源化利用的主要技术和方法,包括厌氧消化、热解和气化、燃烧和混烧、微生物燃料电池等,从原理、工艺、产物、污染控制等方面对上述方法进行了综述。通过对几种技术方法对比分析,指出燃烧和混烧可直接实现能量转化,是目前可直接应用推广的技术,但成本较高、污染气体及灰分需进一步处理处置;气化、热解可避免污染气体等二次污染,但工艺和设备较复杂,尚未实现应用;厌氧消化和微生物燃料电池技术通过微生物作用实现污泥减量和能源产出,是污泥能源化利用的研究和发展方向。     

城市生活垃圾厌氧消化处理技术的应用研究进展

总结了国内外可生物降解有机城市生活垃圾(BOFMSW)厌氧消化处理技术的应用和发展概况。详细分析了垃圾成分、碳氮比、接种物、温度、pH 值、总固体含率、有机负荷率以及搅拌对BOFMSW厌氧消化的影响。介绍了国内外厌氧消化法处理可降解有机垃圾的几种工艺,比较各种工艺类型的特点,并辅以实例分析。最后指出我国利用厌氧消化技术处理BOFMSW,以及城市生活垃圾综合利用两个层面存在的问题,并给出了我国城市生活垃圾的厌氧消化技术研究和应用的发展方向。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。