Chemical composition and heat capacity of shale from the Kendyrlyk and Shubarkol deposits

The composition of shale from the Kendyrlyk and Shubarkol deposits in Kazakhstan was studied with the use of chemical and X-ray diffraction analyses. The temperature dependence of the heat capacity of the test shale was examined by dynamic calorimetry. Based on the experimental data, equations were derived for the temperature dependence of the heat capacity of shale. The results are of interest for the determination of the thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of the above shale.     

Measurement of thermal conductivity of Green River oil shales by a thermal comparator technique

A thermal comparator method has been developed for the measurement of the thermal conductivity of oil shales from the Green River formation. Oil shales from two locations in the above formation were studied. Measurements were carried out in the temperature range 25–350 °C on oil shales assaying between 28.3 and 333.0 ml/kg (6.8 and 79.9 U.S. gal/short ton). Predictive equations showing the variation of thermal conductivity with temperature and shale grade are presented. A simple model is proposed to explain the anisotropic effects observed in the thermal-conductivity values for heat flowing in directions parallel and perpendicular to the shale bedding planes. The relative merits of the thermal comparator technique are discussed in the light of techniques previously employed for the measurement of thermal-conductivity factors of Green River oil shales.     

Thermal analysis characterization of fiberglass epoxy prepreg used to join composite pipes

Thermal characterization of a fiberglass/epoxy prepreg fabric used as the bonding material to join composite-to-composite pipes by curing has been investigated. The prepreg material and composite pipes have temperature dependent thermal properties. Thus the resulting boundary value equations are nonlinear and analytical solutions cannot be easily obtained. Finite difference modeling (FDM) and numerical computational techniques were used to solve the one-dimensional heat conduction with chemical kinetics in the thermosetting material. Temperature distributions and degree of cure within the composite pipe joint are predicted. A Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) in both isothermal and dynamic modes was used to characterize the curing kinetic properties of the prepreg. The result of this characterization is necessary for optimizing the curing process to produce a superior heat activated coupled joint. In addition, to assess the effects of induced thermal stress in the joint, the temperature profile is needed. The methodology employed in this analysis compares favorably with data from experimentation.     

基于Aspen Plus的桦甸式油页岩干馏工艺系统模拟

引言油页岩是一种富含有机质、具有微细层理、可燃烧的细粒沉积岩,油页岩作为能源资源,既可以干馏炼油也可以燃烧发电。油页岩储量丰富,截至2005年底,37个国家油页岩探明总储量折算     

HYDROMAGNETIC BOUNDARY LAYER FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER IN VISCOELASTIC FLUID OVER A CONTINUOUSLY MOVING PERMEABLE STRETCHING SURFACE WITH NONUNIFORM HEAT SOURCE/SINK EMBEDDED IN FLUID-SATURATED POROUS MEDIUM

Analytical study for the problem of flow and heat transfer of electrically conducting viscoelastic fluid over a continuously moving permeable stretching surface with nonuniform heat source/sink in a fluid-saturated porous medium has been undertaken. The momentum and thermal boundary layer equations, which are partial differential equations, are converted into ordinary differential equations, by using suitable similarity transformation. The resulting nonlinear ordinary differential equations of momentum are solved analytically assuming exponential solution, and similarly thermal boundary layer equations are solved exactly by using power series method, with the solution obtained in terms of Kummer's function. The results are shown with graphs and tables. The effect of various physical parameters like viscoelastic parameter, porosity parameter, Eckert number, space, and temperature-dependent heat source/sink parameters enhances the temperature profile, whereas increasing the values of the suction parameter and Prandtl number decreases the temperature profile. The results have technological applications in liquid-based system involving stretchable materials.     

Temperature evolution during stereolithography building with a commercial epoxy resin

In this study, the temperature evolution during stereolithography (SL) processing of a commercial epoxy resin is experimentally measured and numerically simulated. Experimental tests were performed in a SL equipment to evaluate the temperature increase during laser‐activated photopolymerization. Temperatures on the resin surface were measured with a thermal video system in both static and moving laser experiments. For the moving laser experiments, the effect of the energy dose was tested by using different velocities of the scanning laser. The experimental results were compared with numerical model prediction obtained by numerical solution of heat transfer equations coupled with an original mathematical model developed for cationic photopolymerization kinetics. The results obtained from numerical simulation were in good agreement with experimental data for the scan performed at the lower energy dose. The process model describes both the temperature increase and the evolution of chemical reaction, providing information about the penetration depth and the cured linewidth. POLYM. ENG. SCI. 46:493–502, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers     

回转干馏炉内颗粒间传热特性的数值模拟

将离散元方法与颗粒热传导模型相结合,研究了页岩灰颗粒与油页岩颗粒在回转干馏炉内的混合传热过程,采用混合指数、颗粒平均温度和温度标准偏差作为评价混合传热效果的指标,分析了填充率、炉体转速、油页岩粒径及抄板形式对颗粒间混合传热特性的影响规律。结果表明,炉体转速和油页岩粒径是影响颗粒混合传热效果的主要因素,而填充率和抄板形式对混合传热效果的影响相对较小。当炉内未设抄板时,随着填充率和油页岩粒径的增大,颗粒间分层现象使混合传热效果变差,而随炉体转速的提高传热效果呈现出先增强后减弱的趋势;设抄板时,抄板形式对炉内颗粒间的混合起到不同程度的扰动作用,从而使传热效果得到显著改善。     

Tubular reactor design—I Two dimensional model

Conservation equations for a packed tubular reactor are modelled using a radially varying axial velocity, radial diffusivity and radial thermal conductivity. Radial diffusivity and thermal conductivity profiles are obtained from relations presented in this work. Instead of using a wall heat transfer coefficient, the model accounts for the higher resistance to heat flow near the reactor wall by using a lower value of the thermal conductivity. Axial diffusion is not included in the bulk of the bed, but its effect on the inlet temperature and conversion profiles are accounted for by considering axial diffusion in the pre-reaction zone.The two partial differential equations are converted into ordinary differential equations by using orthogonal collocation in the radial direction. The conventional orthogonal collocation method is modified by adding balance equations at the center of the tube, so as to improve the prediction of hot spot temperature.The model was applied to the sulfur dioxide reactor of Schuler et al. The results agreed quite well with the experimental data without the need for adjustment of parameters or constants.     

Thermophysical properties of Devonian shales

A detailed study of the thermophysical properties of Devonian shales from the central and eastern United States has been carried out. Thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, specific heat and dielectric constant data are presented. A Michigan shale sample with an oil yield of 28 litres per metric ton (1 t^?1) and a Kentucky shale (oil yield: 52 l t^?1) were selected. The specific heats of these shales are in the range 0.20–0.30 cal gm^?1 °C^?1, and increase with increasing temperature. The thermal conductivity (κ) of the two shale samples are comparable (ca. 1 W m^?1 °C^?1). The κ values show only a weak temperature dependance. The thermal diffusivity (α) of these shales range from 0.3–0.5 × 10^?2 cm² s^?1 and tend to decrease with increasing temperature. The dielectric constants show anomalously high values at temperatures above 200 °C. This effect is indicative of interfacial polarization mechanisms presumably arising from loss of water and onset of pyrolysis of the shale organic matter. Comparison of the trends in thermophysical behaviour of Devonian shales with data obtained previously on Green River oil shales is presented. The importance of thermophysical measurements in on-field applications in oil shale technology is highlighted.     

基于活性碳纤维毡复合吸附剂的储热性能

研制了一种以活性碳纤维毡为基质、氯化锂（LiCl）为吸湿盐的复合吸附剂,并辅以硅溶胶进行固化成型。该复合吸附剂可用于以水为吸附质的热化学吸附储热系统,并对其微观结构、吸附性能和储热性能进行了表征研究。制备了不同含盐量的复合吸附剂样品,并根据样品的溶液泄漏现象,确定ACFLi30为最佳样品。通过试验测量,获得ACFLi30样品的热导率、孔比表面积、孔体积和孔径等参数。并对多种温湿度工况下的平衡和动态吸附性能进行测试,研究了不同温湿度条件下样品的吸附特性。结果表明样品的吸水量可达1.1 g/g（20℃、75% RH）。利用同步热分析仪测试了复合吸附剂的储热密度,ACFLi30的质量和体积储热密度分别达到1.08 kW·h/kg和588.2 kW·h/m³。与膨胀蛭石和活性氧化铝等基质相比,活性碳纤维毡基质在体积储热密度更具优势。     

非厌氧消化与厌氧消化污泥制备烧结保温材料性能研究

利用几种不同污泥制备烧结保温墙体材料,对比非厌氧消化污泥与厌氧消化污泥制备烧结保温墙体材料的性能。首先分析研究原料的物理、化学性能,结果表明,重庆地区的页岩适宜作为制备污泥砖的掺配料,最佳烧成温度为950℃;污泥具有高含水率,高发热量和高烧失量等特点。其次,选择综合性能较好1#污泥和4#污泥脱水后加入页岩,进行成型烧结,测定制品的成型含水率、干燥收缩率和抗压强度等。结果表明：4#污泥制品的综合性能高于1#污泥。当非厌氧消化污泥掺量为15%,烧成温度为950℃时,试样抗压强度等级达到MU7.5,导热系数为0.3001 W/(m·K),比纯页岩降低了33.33%;当厌氧消化污泥掺量为20%,烧成温度为950℃时,试样抗压强度等级达到MU7.5,导热系数为0.2600 W/(m·K),比纯页岩降低了42.22%。分析可知,在保证强度不变的情况下,厌氧消化污泥可有效提高污泥制砖掺量。     

油页岩含氧低温载气干馏过程实验

油页岩干馏生产页岩油是油页岩的主要加工利用方式。为降低油页岩干馏所需热载气温度,以延长载气预热器使用寿命并实现节能操作,本文向热载气中掺入一定比例氧气,对含氧低温载气情况下的油页岩干馏过程进行了研究。测定了油页岩在含氧气体氛围中热解时的反应器床层升温特性,对气液相产物组成进行了分析并与无氧干馏产物进行了比较。结果表明,含氧低温载气干馏过程能够通过载气中的氧气与油页岩反应产生的热量使油页岩达到其干馏所需要的温度,页岩油收率及其成分与无氧高温载气干馏过程接近、而轻组分含量更高,并且含有更多的具有O—H键和C==O键官能团的化合物。本文研究结果为油页岩干馏生产页岩油提供了一种新的技术方法,具有较好的工业应用前景。     

齿型螺旋肋片管表面局部放热系数

对齿型螺旋肋片管管束内部沿管表面周向的局部放热系数进行了研究.采用试验与数值计算相结合的方法,求得不同角度的局部放热系数,并通过数据拟合,给出Re=2×10~4～8×10~4范围内的肋管表面平均放热系数和按周向分布的局部放热系数的计算式.     

矩形槽强化膜状冷凝换热数值分析与实验研究

研究了饱和蒸汽在垂直矩形槽表面的层流膜状冷凝换热,对物理模型进行了适当的简化,建立了冷凝液的流体流动方程,并与二维导热方程耦合,用数值方法解方程,通过迭代,得到了传热量与坐标z的关系。为了验证数值分析,建立了饱和蒸汽在矩形槽表面冷凝的实验模型和实验装置,测量了在不同的温差下的热通量,并与计算热通量做了对比。结果表明,热通量数值分析值与实验值吻合较好,最大偏差不超过10%,说明关于矩形槽强化冷凝换热的数值分析具有可行性,可用于矩形槽的参数设计和换热计算。     

一种低温余热高效利用的氨水动力循环

提出了一种高效利用余热的以氨水溶液为工质的三级压力动力循环,该循环包含了两个膨胀做功过程。由于氨水动力循环存在多个自由度且耦合在一起,当余热温度和冷凝温度确定时,循环约束条件能确定高、中、低压力和氨质量分数自由度的取值范围。当冷凝温度确定时,对于不同的余热温度和膨胀机进口压力,最佳循环的选择可以用图表显示且做出参考。在典型工况下当余热温度190℃、冷凝温度30℃时,以热效率为目标函数的优化计算结果表明热效率为21.6%,相应的热力学第二效率为62%。当膨胀机进气压在3500 kPa时,余热温度在130～190℃范围内,与KCS11相比改进循环的热效率提高了8%。在低温余热下（>150℃）,改进循环的热效率要明显高于Rankine循环和ORC循环。     

甲基丙烯酸甲酯本体聚合中物性参数的测定及关联

甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)本体聚合过程中比热容、黏度和导热系数等物性参数是影响聚合动力学和体系传热的重要因素.研究了聚合转化率和温度对MMA本体聚合体系密度、比热容、黏度和导热系数的变化,发现随着转化率增大,体系比热容减小,密度、黏度和导热系数增大,并存在黏度发生突变的临界转化率;随着体系温度增大,密度和导热系数减小,比热容和黏度突变对应的临界转化率增大.建立了能描述各物性参数随转化率(聚合物浓度)和温度变化的数学关联式,计算值和实验值吻合较好,建立的各关联式能较好地预测MMA本体聚合中的物性的变化,可为聚合配方及传热的设计提供基础.     

Experimental and numerical analysis of oil shale drying in fluidized bed

The main objective of this work was to experimentally and numerically investigate the Liu Shu River oil shale drying by the means of flue gas in a fluidized bed dryer. Several experiments were performed under different temperatures conditions. The moisture content of oil shale was measured during the experiments. The two-stage drying model was incorporated in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) package FLUENT via user-defined functions (UDF) and utilized for simulation of heat and mass transfer of oil shale drying in the fluidized bed dryer. The simulation results for solid moisture content agreed well with experimental data. The effects of the temperature and velocity of flue gas, initial bed height, and the particle size on the drying characteristics were predicted and analyzed. It is shown that the gas temperature and velocity are the important parameters in the whole drying process. The particle size has more obvious influence in the falling drying period than the constant drying period. The temperatures of gas and solid phases were monitored. It is shown that the so-called “near gas distributor zone” is the most effective heat transfer zone, which agrees well with the calculated value. The system quickly reached thermal equilibrium, characterizing a nearly isothermal bed. The developed model provides a very good demonstration to describe the oil shale drying in the fluidized bed dryer, and may provide important information for design, optimization of operation conditions.     

温度及频率对轮胎橡胶材料生热率的影响

研究子午线轮胎用10种胶料的生热特性。通过试验测定10个部位胶料的动态力学特性值,分别得到其生热率温度和生热率频率变化曲线;然后进行二元回归分析,得到各胶料生热率随温度和频率变化的关系式。所得关系式可用于轮胎温度场滞后热源的定量分析。     

Thermal analysis of high‐performance mortar containing burnt clay shale as a partial portland cement replacement in the temperature range up to 1000 °C

Clay shale is a specific type of material that contains a large amount of kaolinite. Burnt clay shale belongs to a large group of pozzolans, and its pozzolanic properties are activated after burning at temperatures similar to those when kaolinite is transformed into metakaolin. In this study, fine powder of burnt clay shale was used for the design of a high‐performance mortar as a partial replacement for portland cement up to 60 wt.%. The prepared specimens were subjected to a thermal analysis by using differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry, and thermodilatometry. The investigation was performed in the temperature range 25–1000 °C. The basic physical and mechanical properties were studied as well. It was demonstrated that it is possible to design and produce a high‐performance mortar containing fine burnt clay shale powder and that an appropriate amount of this replacement is up to 20 wt.%. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Utilization of Estonian oil shale semicoke

In thermal processing of oil shale in vertical retorts huge quantities of a solid waste — semicoke are formed. It has been shown that circulating fluidized bed combustion of semicoke could be a promising technology allowing utilization of its high residual energy potential. The main parameters of combustion process and the additional heat produced were calculated and verified by combustion tests in a fluidized bed device with a thermal capacity of 50 kW_th. The experiments indicated that semicoke with low moisture content can be burnt directly in fluidized bed. For the combustion of semicoke with higher moisture content (over 10%) about 10% of oil shale must be added. In addition, possibilities for utilizing residual carbon present in semicoke by obtaining carbon-rich materials with further production, for example, activated carbon were discussed. A series of experiments accompanied by SEM and EDAX analysis was carried out in order to elucidate the distribution of carbon and mineral part in semicoke and to find possibilities for their separation and subsequent enrichment. Different separation methods — selective grinding and subsequent screening, pneumatic separation and triboelectroseparation method were analyzed. It was shown that due to close integration of mineral and organic part in semicoke, the separation of carbon-rich ingredients by these methods was not enough effective to obtain enriched products suitable for the production of activated carbon.