水利水电工程高边坡的加固与治理

水电建设者在与滑坡灾害作斗争的过程中不断总结经验教训,开展科技攻关,总结出了一整套水电高边坡工程勘测、设计、施工新技术。通过混凝土抗滑桩、混凝土沉井、预应力锚索、锚杆、以及减载、排水等加固、治理边坡的方式和措施的应用,成功地建成了天生桥Ⅱ级、三峡、李家峡等复杂的高边坡工程。     

水电建设中的高边坡工程

我国许多水电工程的工程地质条件比较复杂，有些工程在施工中，多次发生滑坡灾害并造成了重大的经济损失和人身伤亡。为了治理滑坡灾害，我国水电科技人员针对关键技术开发科技攻关，从岩质高边坡的失稳机理和分析方法研究，到边坡工程的控制爆破技术，高边坡的加固工程等问题进行了系统研究，并形成了一整套水电高边坡工程勘测，设计和施工的新技术，从而成功地建成了包括三峡、小浪底工程在内的一批规模巨大的高边坡工程。     

水利水电工程高边坡的加固与治理

边坡稳定问题是水利水电工程中经常遇到的问题。边坡的稳定性直接决定着工程修建的可行性，影响着工程的建设投资和安全运行。高边坡的地质构造往往比较复杂，影响滑坡的因素也很多，广大水电科技人员在与滑坡灾害斗争的过程中，不断总结经验教训，积极开展科技攻关，总结出了一整套水电高边坡工程勘测、设计和施工的新技术。     

二滩水电站高边坡设计与施工

二滩水电站两岸地形陡峻，建设电站形成了许多高边坡。这些边坡的稳定和安全，是确保工程顺利进行及运行期建筑物安全的保证。二滩工程高边坡的设计和施工认真做好了几个方面的工作：即：选择最优坡比，采用锚杆、锚索、喷混凝土等先进的加固措施并合理确定边坡角，采用减震爆破，加强变形监测等，使整个电站的高边坡工程顺利竣工。二滩电站高边坡设计的思路是正确的，其正、反两方面的经验具有参考价值。     

高边坡治理学术交流会纪事

高边坡治理学术交流会纪事云南省水力发电工程学会在漫湾水电站工程管理局的资助下，于１９９４年７月４日至１０日在昆明和漫湾水电站召开了“高边坡治理学术交流会”，参加会议的有：四川省水电学会、８９００２部队、水电七局、黄委设计院、二滩开发公司、广西水电站工...     

国内水电消息

GN242.岩滩水电站胜利截流红水河上的岩滩水电站于1984年开始施工准备,三年来相继完成了左岸导流明渠开挖,纵向导墙混凝土浇筑和左岸高边坡的开挖等导流准备工程。为了保证截流成功,截流前广西水电工程局在广西电力局和有关设计、科研单位的配合下进行了多种截流方案的     

小浪底水利工程高边坡加固措施及安全评价

黄河小浪底水利枢纽自然条件特殊，工程规模庞大。泄洪、排沙、引水发电等建筑物受地形限制均布置在左岸单薄山体中，形成了进出口建筑物均集中布置的特点。进出口高边坡地形、地质条件复杂，而其稳定性又直接关系工程的成败，因此高边坡的加固处理具有很强的挑战性。在小浪底工程的高边坡加固措施中，使用了大吨位的预应力锚索和大面积的钢纤维喷混凝土加固技术，确保了进出口高边坡的整体稳定。     

南高边坡稳定分析方法与软件系统

我国水电建设面临一系列高边坡稳定问题，通过在岩质边坡分类、滑坡机理、抗剪强度参数和稳定分析及软件系统等方面开展的全面分析研究，并结合具体的已建工程地质稳定分析，初步建立了水利水电边坡工程的分类体系，建成我国水电系统的滑坡和边坡数据库，建成水电工程岩体抗剪强度参数数据库，开发边坡稳定分析的方法和软件系统，初步形成了适用于我国水利水电边坡稳定分析和优化设计理论系统和软件工程。     

岩质高边坡稳定分析方法与软件系统

我国水电建设面临一系列高边坡稳定问题。通过在岩质边坡分类、滑坡机理、抗剪强度参数和稳定分析及软件系统等方面开展的全面分析研究，并结合具体的已建工程地质稳定分析，初步建立了水利水电边坡工程的分类体系，建成我国水电系统的滑坡和边坡数据库，建成水电工程岩体抗剪强度参数数据库，开发边坡稳定分析的方法和软件系统，初步形成了适用于我国水利水电边坡稳定分析和优化设计理论系统和软件工程。     

深孔顶裂爆破技术在天生桥一级电站进水塔高边坡石方开挖工程中的应用

本文介绍在地质构造复杂的天生桥一级电站进水塔高边坡开挖工程中，采用深孔预裂爆破取得显著成效，以及存在不足之探讨，为提高水电施工的爆破水平提供了宝贵意见。     

Operation and Maintenance Performance and Conflicts in Flood-control Projects in Bangladesh

Many embankments failed in severe floods in Bangladesh in 1987 and 1988, and concern grew over ways to improve flood-control projects. Maintenance was poor due to reliance on periodic rehabilitation, but few failures were due to poor construction or maintenance. Embankments mostly failed where they were eroded or were deliberately cut. They were cut by people living outside who believed they were made more flood-prone, and by people living inside because of internal drainage congestion. This reflected inadequate hydrological modelling, lack of consultation and failure to resolve conflicts between affected groups. Resources for maintenance are not generated locally and could be used more efficiently. Participatory planning could reduce conflicts, encourage a sense of project ownership and facilitate contributions to maintenance.     

南京市2016年暴雨洪水分析与思考

2016年汛期,南京市发生了建国以来的大洪水,降雨量和主要河湖水位均超历史.在对2016年暴雨、水情、洪水特点分析的基础上,提出加强南京市防洪工程体系的建议.     

雷州半岛地区2015年防旱抗旱工作对策与启示

2015年,广东省雷州半岛地区出现大范围干旱,该文总结了干旱特点,分析了干旱成因,采取了水资源统筹调配、引导调整种植结构及播种时机、人工增雨、筹措资金应急补助等抗旱措施,效果较好。此外,提出该地区今后打造"扩库硬渠上井群"升级版、推进农业结构调整、改善生态环境推动绿色发展的防旱工作对策。     

2003年兰考、东明洪水漫滩落淤情况调查

通过对2003年秋汛期间兰考北滩、东明南滩两处漫滩情况进行调查与分析，得出的结论为：滩区共滞蓄水量6亿～9亿m^3，漫滩落淤范围为7．5km^2，顺漫滩水流方向的落淤距离约3km。在这种水沙条件下，泥沙不能被输送至较远的堤河。经分析计算，本次泥沙落淤量为900万～1350万t，且距口门1．0km范围内落淤泥沙中的82％为粒径大于0．05mm的粗沙。由此得到的主要认识有：①靠自然落淤解决“二级悬河”问题非常困难，甚至会增大“二级悬河”程度；②给漫滩水预留出路是降低淹没损失的关键；③落淤的粗沙使土地产生了十分严重的沙化现象，并且使当地环境趋于恶化。     

山西省地下水资源开发利用中存在的问题及对策

山西省水资源严重短缺 ,地下水超采严重。分析了地下水资源量及可开采量、地下水开发利用历史和现状 ,以及超采产生的环境地质问题。在此基础上 ,提出了缓解地下水超采、有效合理开发利用地下水的一些措施意见 ,为加强地下水保护和管理提供了科学依据。     

Domestic Water and Sanitation in Cyclones and Floods in Bangladesh and a Proposed Research Agenda

ABSTRACT

Water is one of the top priority item s i relief activities but the appropriateness and effectiveness of this activity may be questioned. Water and sanitation (WS) are inseparable and together they play major roles in the transmission of the pathogen of diarrhoeal disease. Thousands of people die or suffer from WS-related diseases during postdisaster periods. Here we present WS-related experiences gained after Bangladesh's 1991 cyclone and the views of participants in a regional and a national (local) workshop on this matter held in Bangladesh. About 63 per cent of the water purifying tablets (WPTs) distributed after the 1991 cyclone were found to have lost potency Relief personnel lack basic knowledge about WS practices and the management of WS provision. Participants in the two workshops documented serious problems i this field at both regional and national levels. Major issues for research may include: an appropriate environmental preparedness plan; appropriate waste disposal technologies; appropriate water treatment methods; self- help activities during vulnerable periods; and health education related to WS in disaster situations.     

Progress in ecological and environmental water requirements research and applications in China

Abstract:

With economic development, as well as population growth, the conflict between water supply and demand has become more and more acute in China, and it has been aggravated further by the irrational utilization of water resources. As a result, the deterioration and destruction of the eco‐environment have become increasingly serious. In order to effectively protect ecosystems and improve their ecological conditions, many studies on ecological and environmental water requirements (EEWR) have been carried out in China. In this paper, the concept and characteristics of EEWR are addressed, and the main advances of EEWR research and applications in China are summarized in four types of systems including studies on rivers, vegetation, lakes and wetlands, and groundwater. In conclusion, issues necessary to be studied further in the future are put forward.     

衡水市地下水开发利用存在的问题及对策

通过对衡水市地下水开发中存在问题的客观分析,提出了今后开发、利用和保护地下水的措施.     

Distribution and removal of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in water supplies in Germany

This study has been conducted, to estimate the distribution of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in German water supplies and the removal efficiency of surface water treatment plants for Giardia and Cryptosporidium by conventional treatment. Water samples from six surface water treatment plants in different parts of Germany were simoultaneously examined for Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Investigations for both parasites were carried out in the period from July 1993 until December 1995. The results confirmed the occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in surface and raw water, to intermediate steps after treatment, in back wash water, in the first filtrate and in final water. Giardia or Cryptosporidium or both have been found in 76.2% of the investigated raw water sources. The average number of the detected Giardia cysts was 88.2/100 1 (max.1314/100 I), and the average number of Cryptosporidium oocysts was 116/100 I (max. 1081/1001). In the intermediate steps (including flocculation and several steps of filtration), Giardia or Cryptosporidium or both have been found in 33.3% (50/150) of the samples. 14.9% of drinking water samples (7/47) were positive for Giardia (max. 16.8 /1001) and 29.8% (14/47) were positive for Cryptosporidium (max. 20.8/100 I). Overall, Giardia and Cryptosporidium, or both were detected in 38.3% of the drinking water samples. The parasites have been found in nearly all of the investigated backwash water samples. The filtrate of a rapid sand filter was analysed immediately after filter backwashing during the ripening period of the filter. Good elimination results were obtained by optimizing relevant water treatment process, but a low flocculant dose following sudden variation in the raw water quality, causes a breakthrough of Cryptosporidium into the treated water. Although water treatment technologies are effective to remove Giardia and Cryptosporidium, the results clearly show that Giardia and Cryptosporidium evade the filter harries m the absence of visible treatment deficiencies and low turbitidy level, and contaminate final water.