共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
David Bir 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2000,77(2):163-169
Headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has been applied to the analysis of the temperature-dependent tall
oil fatty acid (TOFA)/air partition coefficient (k
1) and the polydimethyl siloxane oil/air partition coefficient (k
2) of selected terpenes and low molecular weight solvents. As expected, both the TOFA and the silicone oil are effective trapping
media for the nonpolar terpenes, but they are also efficient traps for acetone, methanol, n-propanol, and n-butanol. However, several species of low and moderate molecular weight (less than 150 amu) aldehydes, ketones, and organic
acids that might adversely affect its trapping capacity were detected in the TOFA. This article will report the empirically
gathered data and the subsequent calculation of the partition coefficients for the terpenes: α- and β-pinene, limonene, and
α-terpineol and the solvents: acetone, methanol, n-propanol, and n-butanol between 50 and 130°C. 相似文献
2.
Reza Farhoosh 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2007,84(3):205-209
Operational parameters of the Rancimat method, including oil sample size, airflow rate, and temperature, were evaluated to
determine their effects on the oxidative stability index (OSI), temperature coefficient, Q
10 number, and shelf-life prediction for soybean oil. Operational parameters of the Rancimat method had statistically significant
effects (P < 0.05) on the OSI. Whenever the oil sample size and airflow rate at a given temperature were such that the air-saturated
condition could be established, the OSIs showed no statistically significant differences. As temperature increased, OSIs decreased,
while their average coefficient of variation (CV) increased. In general, the conditions where the sample was saturated with
air and had a relatively lower CV were an oil sample size of 6 g at all temperatures and airflow rates, then 3-g oil sample
size at low temperatures (100 and 110 °C) and low airflow rates (10 and 15 L h−1). The temperature coefficient and Q
10 number were found to be independent of the oil sample size and airflow rate, and their mean values for soybean oil were calculated
to be −3.12 × 10−2 °C−1 and 2.05, respectively. Oil sample size and airflow rate showed a significant effect on shelf-life prediction for soybean
oil. Therefore, choosing the right levels of these operational parameters in the Rancimat method may produce the least possible
difference between predictions from long-term storage studies and the OSI test. 相似文献
3.
Jorge F. Toro-Vazquez Elena Dibildox-Alvarado Miriam Charó-Alonso Veronica Herrera-Coronado Carlos A. Gómez-Aldapa 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2002,79(9):855-866
The behavior of the Avrami plot during TAG crystallization was studied by DSC and rheological measurements in oil blends of
palm stearin (26 and 80%) in sesame oil, using different crystallization temperatures (T
Cr
o) attained under several cooling rate conditions (1, 10, and 30°C/min). In the same way, the relationship between the growth
mechanisms of TAG, measured by the Avrami index (n), and the mass fractal dimension (D) of the crystal network was investigated. This last parameter was measured as TAG crystallized in the oil blend under isothermal
conditions. Results showed that TAG crystallization in a vegetable oil involves the process of TAG lamellar development, nucleation,
and crystal growth. Each event occurred at a different rate and extent as affected by cooling rate and T
Cr
o, and as a function of crystallization time under isothemal conditions at a given cooling rate. Within this framework, we
proposed that n calculated from the second region of the Avrami plot is a parameter mainly associated with crystal growth, whereas n from the first region is associated more with nucleation. On the other hand, changes in D values followed the different polymorphic states developed by TAG as a function of T
Cr
o. Additionally, it was shown that, independent of the concentration of palm stearin in the oil blend, at cooling rates of
1 and 10°C/min the increase in n from ∼3 to ∼4 produced a curvilinear increase in D from ∼1.75 to ∼3.0. The growth mechanism of the TAG crystals (i.e., n), also affected the magnitude of D. However different behavior was observed in the n-D relationship when n<2.7 and at 30°C/min. 相似文献
4.
The solid fat content (SFC), Avrami index (n), crystallization rate (z), fractal dimension (D), and the pre-exponential term [log(γ)] were determined in blends of cocoa butter (CB) with canola oil or soybean oil crystallized
at temperatures (T
Cr) between 9.5 and 13.5°C. The relationship of these parameters with the elasticity (G′) and yield stress (σ*) values of the crystallized blends was investigated, considering the equilibrium melting temperature (T
M
o) and the supercooling (i.e., T
Cr
o−T
M
o) present in the blends. In general, supercooling was higher in the CB/soybean oil blend [T
M
o=65.8°C (±3.0°C)] than in the CB/canola oil blend [T
M
o=33.7°C (±4.9°C)]. Therefore, under similar T
Cr values, higher SFC and z values (P<0.05) were obtained with the CB/soybean oil blend. However, independent of T
Cr TAG followed a spherulitic crystal growth mechanism in both blends. Supercooling calculated with melting temperatures from
DSC thermograms explained the SFC and z behavior just within each blend. However, supercooling calculated with T
M
o explained both the SFC and z behavior within each blend and between the blends. Thus, independent of the blend used, SFC described the behavior of G′eq and σ* and pointed out the presence of two supercooling regions. In the lower supercooling region, G′eq and σ* decreased as SFC increased between 20 and 23%. In this region, the crystal network structures were formed by a mixture of
small β′ crystals and large β crystals. In contrast, in the higher supercooling region (24 to 27% SFC), G′eq and σ* had a direct relationship with SFC, and the crystal network structure was formed mainly by small β′ crystals. However, we
could not find a particular relationship that described the overall behavior of G′eq and σ* as a function of D and independent of the system investigated. 相似文献
5.
The first indication of platelet activation is an increase in mean platelet volume (MPV). n−3 FA are known to inhibit platelet
function and to reduce the risk for coronary heart disease. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of FPA
and DHA on MPV. Healthy subjects received olive oil placebo for 4 wk and then were randomly assigned to receive 4g of ethyl
esters of either safflower oil (n=11), EPA (n=10), or DHA (n=12) for 4 wk. At the end of placebo run-in and treatment periods, MPV (fL; mean±SEM) and platelet count (PLT-CT; 103/μL blood) were measured in the basal state and after ex vivo stimulation with collagen (10 μg/mL), cold (4°C), and heat (37°C). Unlike DHA, EPA lowered MPV as compared with safflower
oil (7.2±0.1 vs. 7.5±0.1 fL; P<0.05) and raised PLT-CT (211±18 vs. 192±18 103/μL; P<0.05) in the fasting state. Collagen and cold significantly increased MPV whereas heat lowered MPV regardless of treatment.
All stimuli decreased PLT-CT. EPA significantly increased platelet EPA (0.2±0.1 vs. 3.3±0.4%) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA;
2.2±0.3 vs. 2.9±0.3%) concentrations, but not DHA. DHA treatment significantly increased DHA (1.4±0.2 vs. 4.1±0.5%) and DPA
(2.0±0.4 vs. 3.0±0.4%) concentrations, but not EPA. In conclusion, EPA, but not DHA, reduces platelet activation, an early
step in platelet aggregation. 相似文献
6.
Biodiesel production by the transesterification of cottonseed oil by solid acid catalysts 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Chen He Peng Baoxiang Wang Dezheng Wang Jinfu 《Frontiers of Chemical Engineering in China》2007,1(1):11-15
Methyl esters (biodiesel) were produced by the transesterification of cottonseed oil with methanol in the presence of solid
acids as heterogeneous catalysts. The solid acids were prepared by mounting H2SO4 on TiO2 · nH2O and Zr(OH)4, respectively, followed by calcining at 823K. TiO2-SO4
2− and ZrO2-SO4
2− showed high activity for the transesterification. The yield of methyl esters was over 90% under the conditions of 230°C,
methanol/oil mole ratio of 12:1, reaction time 8 h and catalyst amount (catalyst/oil) of 2% (w). The solid acid catalysts
showed more better adaptability than solid base catalysts when the oil has high acidity. IR spectral analysis of absorbed
pyridine on the samples showed that there were Lewis and Br?nsted acid sites on the catalysts.
Translated from The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering, 2006, 6(4): 571–575 [译自: 过程工程学报] 相似文献
7.
Takuma Katase Kuniaki Murase Tetsuji Hirato Yasuhiro Awakura 《Journal of Applied Electrochemistry》2007,37(3):339-344
The redox and transport behavior of monovalent copper species in an ammonium imide-type ionic liquid, trimethyl-n-hexylammonium bis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)amide (TMHA-Tf2N) were examined with a micro-disc electrode to clarify its applicability to, for example, electroplating. It was found that
the diffusion coefficient of Cu(I) ions in TMHA-Tf2N containing 12 mmol dm−3 Cu(I) ions was 1.2 × 10−6 cm2 s−1 and the redox potential of Cu(I)/Cu was in the potential range 0.1–0.2 V vs. I
−/I
3− at 50 °C. The diffusion coefficient was one order smaller than that of Cu(II) ions in aqueous solution due to the high viscosity
of the ionic liquid. The diffusion coefficient of Cu(I) ion increased with rising temperature and was 1.0 × 10−5 cm2 s−1 at 112 °C, which was comparable to that of Cu(II) ions in aqueous CuSO4 solutions at ambient temperature. This is accounted for by the drastic decrease in the viscosity of the ionic liquid solution
with increasing temperature. The activation energy of diffusion was estimated to be 39 kJ mol−1 in the ionic liquid solution. 相似文献
8.
S. B. Teoh C. E. Seng K. Y. Liew 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1995,72(10):1227-1229
The densities ofn-alkyl chlorides from pentyl chloride to hexadecyl chloride were determined at temperatures between 15–80°C at 5°C intervals.
The densities increase linearly with temperature and chainlength. A four-constant equation, V=n/(−3.6640 × 10−5 T+0.07151)+1/(−5.6526 × 10−5 T+0.04243), was formulated. This formula accurately predicted the molal volume and, hence, the density for all then-alkyl chlorides at any temperature within the range. 相似文献
9.
Five mycolic acids [2-alkyl-3-hydroxy FA: R1C*(OH)C*HR2COOH] were synthesized using acyl chlorides with alkyl chains of different lengths (total carbon numbers of mycolic acids,
12, 16, 20, 24, 36). The relationship between the chemical structures of the mycolic acids and their surface-active properties
was determined. The acids were synthesized in three steps: (i) dimerization of acyl chloride into alkyl ketene dimer, (ii)
selective reduction of C=C to C-C by hydrogenation, and (iii) β-lactone ring cleavage under alkaline conditions. The yields
of C12-, C16-, C20-, C24-, and C36-mycolic acid were 72, 73, 73, 73, and 73%, respectively. The critical micelle concentrations (CMC) of C12-, C16-, and C20-mycolic acid were 2.2×10−4, 1.36×10−4, and 7.4×10−5 M, respectively. As the carbon number increased, the surface tension at the CMC value was also lower; the values for C12-, C16- and C20-mycolic acid were 46.54, 43.59, and 41.57 dyn/cm, respectively. The emulsifying activities of mycolic acids were determined
for n-tetradecane, n-hexadecane, cyclohexane, and diesel oil. The results showed that C12-mycolic acid was the best emulsifier for diesel oil, C16-mycolic acid was the best emulsifier for n-tetradecane and n-hexadecane, and C20-mycolic acid was the best emulsifier for cyclohexane. This study showed that mycolic acids having, surface-active properties
can be chemically synthesized for potential applications in the detergent/cleaning material industries, for example, in oil
spill cleanup, oil recovery, textiles, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. 相似文献
10.
Shiota M. Takahashi N. Konishi H. Yoshioka T. 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2004,81(5):455-460
The influence of light-induced oxidation on ice cream quality was investigated by monitoring hydroperoxide formation of the
oil fraction, sensory evaluation for oxidized off-flavor, and gas GC-MS analysis of developed volatile aldehydes following
steam distillation/extraction of ice cream. Two ice cream samples containing 14.3% milk fat prepared from different milk fat
materials, and a sample with 1000 ppm tocopherol added were exposed to 650 lx fluorescent light at −20°C. Ice cream prepared
from each milk material showed a different time dependence for peroxide formation, and the addition of tocopherol reduced
hydroperoxide formation. The correlation coefficient (r
2) between the PV and the sensory score was 0.483 (n=9), and the r
2 between the total concentration of 10 volatile aldehydes developed during light exposure and the sensory score was 0.365.
Among the 10 aldehydes, however, the highest correlation observed was between the amount of trans-2-decenal and the sensory score (r
2=0.864, n=9), and lowest correlation was between the amount of hexanal and the sensory score (r
2=0.302, n=9). These results suggest that exposure of ice cream in the frozen state to fluorescent light produces a unique composition
of volatile aldehydes related to flavor deterioration induced by photooxidation of the milk fat in ice cream. 相似文献
11.
Lipase (E.C. 3.1.1.3) from walnut seed was purified 28.6-fold with 31% yield using Sephadex G-100 gel chromatography. Olive
oil served as good substrate for the enzyme. The optimum pH and temperature were 9.0 and 70 °C, respectively. The lipase was
stable between 30 and 80 °C for 5 min. K
m and V
max values were determined as 48 mM and 23.06 × 10−3 U/min mg for triolein as substrate. Lipase activity was slightly reduced by Cu2+, Ca2+, Hg2+, Mn2+, and Ni2+ ions, while Mg2+ and Zn2+ had no effects. Anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate stimulated lipase activity while non-ionic surfactants Tween-80
and Triton X-100 had negligible effects on enzymatic activity. The enzyme activity was not affected by 50 mM urea and thioacetamide.
Potassium ferricyanide, n-bromosuccinamide and potassium cyanide reduced the enzyme activity. The enzyme showed a good stability in organic solvents,
the best result being in n-hexane (113% residual activity). The activity of dialysate was maintained approximately 80% for 1 year at −20 °C. 相似文献
12.
Mangesh G. Kulkarni Sudhirprakash B. Sawant 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2001,78(7):719-723
The primary aliphatic alcohols n-octanol, n-decanol, and n-dodecanol have been converted to their corresponding symmetrical esters by using HBr and H2O2 in the absence of a solvent. The reaction was carried out at 30, 40, and 50°C and at mole ratios of alcohol to HBr of 1∶0.1,
1∶0.2, 1∶0.3, and 1∶0.5. The rate of the reaction was found to increase with increase in the reaction temperature and concentration
of HBr. The maximal conversion of n-octanol was 72% at 40°C and a mole ratio of n-octanol to HBr of 1∶0.5. The kinetics of the reaction have been established, and the reaction was found to be first-order
with respect to alcohol and bromine concentration in the organic phase, and second-order with respect to both. The second-order
rate constants for n-octanol, n-decanol, and n-dodecanol are 27.08, 32.58, and 37.42 mL mol−1 min−1, respectively, at 40°C. The activation energy for the esterification reaction of n-octanol was found to be 16.32 kcal mol−1. 相似文献
13.
Seda Demirkol H. Ayse Aksoy Melek Tüter Guldem Ustun Dursun Ali Sasmaz 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2006,83(11):929-932
Enzymatic methanolysis of refined soybean oil with methanol was investigated using Rhizomucor miehei lipase, Lipozyme RM IM, in n-hexane for reaction times of 30 min. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on three-level, three-factor (variable) face-centered
cube design was used for the optimization of methanolysis. The independent variables that affect the methanolysis reaction
conducted in n-hexane are temperature (°C), enzyme/oil weight ratio, and oil/methanol molar ratio. A good quadratic model was obtained for
the methyl ester production by multiple regression and backward elimination. A linear relationship was observed between the
observed and predicted values (R2−0.9635). The effects of temperature and enzyme amount, which affected methyl ester content of the product (response) positively,
were significant (P<0.01). The quadratic term of temperature and the interaction term of enzyme amount with temperature affected the response
negatively (P<0.01). The interaction term of enzyme amount with substrate mole ratio had a positive effect on the response (P<0.05). Critical conditions for the response at which methyl ester content of the product was 76.9% were determined to be
50°C, 2.37 methanol/oil mole ratio, and 0.09 enzyme/oil weight ratio. 相似文献
14.
Zhengyong Liang Bindong Li Chunxu Lü Chao Feng 《Frontiers of Chemical Engineering in China》2008,2(1):59-62
Under the conditions of phase transfer catalysis and nitrobenzene as the solvent, the halogen-exchange fluorination of 2,6-dichlorobenzaldehyde
using KF as fluorinating agent was studied. The kinetics was investigated and the reaction rate constants were obtained under
the optimum conditions of n(KF):n(2,6-dichlorobenzaldehyde): n(Ph4PBr):n(acetone-furan crown ether) = 4:1:0.1:0.05 and temperatures of 433 K, 443 K, 453 K and 463 K. The results illustrated
the activation energy of the first and the second step is 4.57 × 104 J·mol−1 and 3.53 × 104 J·mol−1, respectively. The pre-exponential factor is 4.50 × 105 h−1 and 1.08 × 104 h−1, respectively. Thus a reliable kinetics data could be obtained for further research.
__________
Translated from Chemical Engineering (China), 2007, 35(8): 33–36 [译自: 化学工程] 相似文献
15.
Asymmetric anionic polymerizations of achiral N-substituted maleimide (RMI) (N-cyclohexyl (CHMI), N-phenyl (PhMI), N-tert-butyl (TBMI)) by n-butyllithium (n-BuLi) or fluorenyllithium (FlLi) complexes of chiral bisoxazoline derivatives in toluene gave optically active polymers ([α]25
435− 2.9° to − 8.2°). The polymers prerared with initiator of n-BuLi – 2,2′-bis(4,4′-isopropyl-,3-oxazoline) showed negative specific rotations (poly(RMI), [α]25
435− 5.8° to − 8.2°) which were greater than those ([α]25
435− 2.9° to − 5.9°) with other chiral 2,2′-bis(4,4′-alkyl-1,3-oxazoline) (alkyl group = iso-butyl and benzyl).
Received: 29 July 1997/Revised: 27 August 1997/Accepted: 1 September 1997 相似文献
16.
MingYan Wang DongEn Zhang ZhiWei Tong XingYou Xu XuJie Yang 《Journal of Applied Electrochemistry》2011,41(2):189-196
Flowerlike Co3O4 nanoparticles were used as a modifier on the glassy carbon electrode to fabricate a quercetin (Qu) sensor. The morphology
and crystallinity of the prepared Co3O4 material were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Electrochemical behavior of Qu at the sensor
was studied by cyclic voltammetry and semi-derivative voltammetry. Results suggested that the modified electrode exhibited
a strong electrocatalytic activity toward the redox of Qu. The electron transfer coefficient (α), the number of electron transfer
(n), and the diffusion coefficient (D) of Qu at the sensor were calculated. Under the optimum conditions, the catalytic peak currents of Qu were linearly dependent
on the concentrations of Qu in the range from 5.0 × 10−7 to 3.3 × 10−4 M, with a detection limit of 1.0 × 10−7 M. This proposed method was successfully applied to determine the quercetin concentration in Ginkgo leaf tablet and human
urine samples. 相似文献
17.
Maryam Ghoreishi Amiri Ali Morsali Fahime Bigdeli 《Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials》2011,21(1):195-200
A new 1D supramolecular involving two different ligands, {[Zn(GB)2]·(μ-bpe)3}
n
(ClO4)2n
·nH2O (GB = 2-guanidinobenzimidazole and bpe = 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene, has been synthesised, characterized by elemental analysis,
IR-, 1H NMR-, 13C NMR spectroscopy. The thermal stability of compound {[Zn(GB)2]·(μ-bpe)3}
n
(ClO4)2n
·nH2O was studied by thermal gravimetric and differential thermal analyses. The single crystal X-ray analysis shows that the complex
is a one-dimensional polymer involving macrocycle rings as a result of non-covalent bridging bpe ligands via N–H···N and N···N
interactions, N–H···bpe···bpe···H–N, with the basic repeating {[Zn(GB)2](μ-bpe)3}(ClO4)2·H2O units and by connecting [Zn(GB)2]2+ nodes. ZnO nanoparticles were obtained by calcination of compound {[Zn(GB)2]·(μ-bpe)3}
n
(ClO4)2n
·nH2O at 500 °C in air. The nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. 相似文献
18.
Alain Bitar Tarek Ghaddar Amal Malek Tharwat Haddad Imad Toufeili 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2008,85(7):641-646
The odor detection thresholds of carvacrol (5-isopropyl-2-methyl-phenol), thymol (2-isopropyl-5-methyl-phenol) and p-cymene 2,3-diol (2,3-dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-1-methyl-benzene) in sunflower oil, determined by the three-alternative, forced-choice
procedure, were 30.97, 124 and 794.33 mg kg−1, respectively. Sunflower oil containing 13, 70, or 335 mg kg−1 of carvacrol, thymol or p-cymene 2,3-diol, respectively, was judged to be similar (P < 0.01) in taste and odor to its antioxidant-free counterpart. The rate constant of sunflower oil oxidation, measured from
the increase in peroxide value during storage at 25 °C, was 9.2 × 10−9 mol kg−1 s−1 while the rate constants were 9.3 × 10−9, 9.8 × 10−9, and 4.3 × 10−9 mol kg−1 s−1 in the presence of 13 mg kg−1 carvacrol, 70 mg kg−1 thymol, and 335 mg kg−1
p-cymene 2,3-diol, respectively. At a level of 335 mg kg−1, p-cymene 2,3-diol did not impart flavor taints and effected a 46.7% reduction in the rate of oxidation of sunflower oil. These
findings indicate that the diphenolic p-cymene 2,3-diol could potentially replace synthetic antioxidants and is a valuable addition to the antioxidants used by the
food industry in its quest to meet consumer demands for synthetic-additives-free and ‘natural’ foods. 相似文献
19.
Yeong-Chul Kim 《Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering》1996,13(3):282-287
The effects of motility and aggregation on the diffusion coefficient for bacteria were studied in an aqueous system. The effects
of cell concentrations, capillary tube sizes, and dilution rates on the diffusion coefficient were examined. In general, motile
cells can diffuse about 1000 times faster than non-motile cells.Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a motile cell, andKlebsiella pneumoniae, a non-motile cell, were used for this research. Diffusion coefficients were measured by the capillary tube assay developed
by Adler [1969]. From this procedure the diffusion coefficient ofPseudomonas aeruginosa was 2.1×10−5 (standard deviation: 1.0× 10−5) cm2/s and that ofKlebsiella pneumoniae was 0.9×10−5 (standard deviation : 0.5 × 10−5) cm2/s. The diffusion coefficient ofPseudomonas aeruginosa was about 2.3 times higher than that ofKlebsiella pneumoniae. The Stokes-Einstein equation could not be used for estimating the diffusion coefficients forKlebsiella pneumoniae andPseudomonas aeruginosa. The experimental value for the diffusion coefficient ofKlebsiella pneumoniae was about 2000 times higher than that (4.5×10−9 cm2/s) obtained from the Stokes-Einstein equation. This discrepancy was due to the aggregation ofKlebsiella pneumoniae. 相似文献
20.
Effects of quenching mechanisms of carotenoids on the photosensitized oxidation of soybean oil 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The effects of 0, 1.0 × 10”−5, 2.5 × 10−5, and 5.0 × 10−5 M β-apo-8'-carotenal, β-carotene, and canthaxanthin on the photooxidation of soybean oil in methylene chloride containing
3.3 × 10−9 M chlorophyll b were studied by measuring peroxide values and conjugated diene content. β-Apo-8'-carotenal, β-carotene, and
canthaxanthin contain 10,11, and 13 conjugated double bonds, respectively. The peroxide values and conjugated diene contents
of oils containing the carotenoids were significantly lower (P<0.05) than those of control oil containing no carotenoid. As
the number of conjugated double bonds of the carotenoids increased, the peroxide values of soybean oils decreased significantly
(P<0.05). The quenching mechanisms and kinetics of the carotenoids in the photosensitized oxidation of soybean oil were studied
by measuring peroxide values. The steady-state kinetics study showed that carotenoids quenched singlet oxygen to reduce chlorophyll-sensitized
photooxidation of soybean oil. The singlet-oxygen quenching rate constants ofβ- apo-8'-carotenal, β-carotene, and canthaxanthin were 3.06 × 109, 4.60 × 109, and 1.12 × 1010 M−1sec−1, respectively. 相似文献