柳叶亚菊挥发油对烟草甲与赤拟谷盗的毒杀作用

为探索烟草甲和赤拟谷盗的有效绿色防治方法,进行了新型植物防护剂的开发研究.通过触杀、熏蒸和驱避试验测试了柳叶亚菊挥发油的活性,并通过GC/MS分析了柳叶亚菊挥发油的成分.结果显示:①从柳叶亚菊挥发油中共鉴定出了23种化合物,占挥发油总量的96.13％.其主要成分为:樟脑(36.50％)、杜松脑(16.44％)、桉叶油醇...     

连翘挥发油对两种烟草仓储害虫的毒杀作用

为开发新型烟草仓储防护剂,研究连翘果实挥发油的化学成分及其对烟草仓储害虫的杀虫活性。通过GC-MS分析了连翘果实挥发油的化学成分,运用柱色谱和核磁共振方法分离并鉴定化合物,通过熏蒸、触杀试验测试挥发油及单体成分活性。结果表明,连翘挥发油对烟草甲和赤拟谷盗熏蒸活性的LC₅₀值分别为8.94和7.68 mg/L;触杀活性的LD₅₀值分别为23.66和30.13 μg/头。单体化合物中,4-萜品醇对烟草甲的熏蒸和触杀毒性最强（LC₅₀值为6.90 mg/L;LD₅₀值为8.62 μg/头）。另外,α-蒎烯,γ-萜品烯和4-萜品醇对两种仓储害虫均具有较好的熏蒸和触杀活性。因此,连翘挥发油及其单体化合物对烟草甲和赤拟谷盗均具有一定防治作用。     

细叶亚菊挥发油化学组成及其对赤拟谷盗和烟草甲的杀虫活性研究

本实验研究了细叶亚菊挥发油的化学组成及其对2种常见粮储害虫—赤拟谷盗和烟草甲成虫的杀虫活性及驱避作用。采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取挥发油,GC/MS法分析挥发油的成分及其相对含量;采用熏蒸、触杀、驱避3种不同的测试方法评价挥发油对害虫的防治作用。从细叶亚菊挥发油中鉴定出了17种化合物,主要成分为(+)-樟脑(28.92%)、1,8-桉油精(23.64%)、冰片(6.52%)。挥发油对赤拟谷盗和烟草甲表现出较强熏蒸活性,LC_(50)分别为15.88 mg/L和25.67 mg/L;同时,对2种昆虫表现出一定触杀活性,LD_(50)分别为52.37μg/头和17.56μg/头;另外,在78.63 nL/cm~2和15.73 nL/cm~2测试浓度下作用2 h或4 h后,对赤拟谷盗均具有与阳性对照DEET相近的驱避效果,对烟草甲作用2 h后具有一定驱避活性。结果表明,细叶亚菊挥发油对赤拟谷盗和烟草甲具有较好防治作用,能够为细叶亚菊挥发油防治常见粮食仓储害虫提供参考。     

千里香杜鹃提取物对赤拟谷盗、烟草甲和马铃薯茎线虫的防治作用

本文以千里香杜鹃枝、叶为实验材料,石油醚、甲醇、95%乙醇为提取剂,采用热浸法得到提取物,测试提取物对赤拟谷盗和烟草甲的触杀、熏蒸和拒食活性以及其对马铃薯茎线虫的毒杀活性,以此初步筛选出对赤拟谷盗、烟草甲和马铃薯茎线虫具有较好抗虫活性的提取物。结果表明：千里香杜鹃叶95%乙醇提取物对赤拟谷盗、烟草甲和马铃薯茎线虫具有明显杀虫活性(LD50分别为15.32、16.18 μg/头;LC50=0.78 mg/mL);对赤拟谷盗具有明显拒食活性,在质量浓度（2 mg/mL）测试条件下,拒食率为78.17%。各提取物对赤拟谷盗和烟草甲无明显熏蒸活性。综上,千里香杜鹃叶95%乙醇提取物对赤拟谷盗、烟草甲和马铃薯茎线虫具有一定防治作用。     

黄花蒿挥发油对赤拟谷盗成虫和幼虫的生物活性研究

本研究分析了黄花蒿挥发油的化学成分及其对赤拟谷盗成虫和幼虫两个阶段的防治作用。采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取挥发油,GC-MS分析挥发油的化学成分和相对含量。结果表明,黄花蒿挥发油的主要成分和质量分数为:蒿酮13.2%,β-芹子烯12.3%,樟脑12.2%,桉叶油醇10.3%等。生物活性测试结果显示,黄花蒿挥发油对赤拟谷盗成虫和幼虫的触杀活性LD₅₀分别为37.32μg/头和70.34μg/头。同时,黄花蒿挥发油对赤拟谷盗成虫和幼虫均具有明显的驱避作用。因此,本研究能够为黄花蒿挥发油防治粮食仓储害虫提供参考。     

我国赤拟谷盗地理分布研究

赤拟谷盗(Tribolium castaneum(Herbst))是我国的主要储粮害虫,但近年来有关其在我国的地理分布研究少有报道。本研究采用采集、诱捕相结合的调查方法和形态鉴定方法,研究、明确了当前我国赤拟谷盗的地理分布。来自我国23个省(区)56家粮食仓储单位的调查结果显示,已在19个省(区)32家仓储单位采集到赤拟谷盗成虫;西藏4家单位、青海3家单位、甘肃省2家单位均未采集到赤拟谷盗;黑龙江省5家单位中的3家、吉林7家单位中的2家单位有极少量的赤拟谷盗。研究结果表明,赤拟谷盗在我国至少23个省(区)有分布,西藏、青海、甘肃在本调查中未见样品;在过去的60余年中,赤拟谷盗已从东南沿海个别省(区)扩散到了大部分省(区)内;建议我国进一步加强国内粮食调运过程中赤拟谷盗的防控工作,保护好储粮和生产安全。     

大黑粉盗与赤拟谷盗和锈赤扁谷盗对磷化氢的耐受力比较研究

潜在危害的储粮害虫大黑粉盗Cynaeus angustus研究缺乏,掌握其磷化氢耐受力有助于科学治理。采用快速击倒和FAO推荐方法测定了磷化氢对大黑粉盗的KT50值和毒力方程,并与赤拟谷盗Tribolium castaneum和锈赤扁谷盗Cryptolestes ferrugineus进行了比较,测定了100、200、300、400、500 mL/m3磷化氢模拟熏蒸中3种害虫卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫不同时间的死亡率。磷化氢对大黑粉盗、赤拟谷盗和锈赤扁谷盗的KT50值分别为7、127和3 736 min,相应毒力方程斜率值b为3.67、8.28和9.94,相应LC50值为0.008、1.34和5.88 mg/L。害虫不同虫态在100~500 mL/m3浓度下的半数致死时间LT50值于大黑粉盗卵为4~2 h、幼虫4~1 h、蛹4~1 h、成虫3~1 h,于赤拟谷盗为卵12~5 d、幼虫11~5 d、蛹13~7 d、成虫10~4 d,于锈赤扁谷盗为卵28~13 d、幼虫为18～9 d,蛹26～11 d,成虫17~9 d。相应的完全致死时间（LT100）于大黑粉盗卵为21~6 h、幼虫8~3 h、蛹9~6 h、成虫5~3 h,于赤拟谷盗卵为21~18 d、幼虫21~15 d、蛹27~18 d、成虫21~12 d,于锈赤扁谷盗卵为54~30 d、幼虫42~30 d、蛹48~30 d、成虫36~25 d。所测大黑粉盗为磷化氢敏感品系,其各虫态对磷化氢的耐受力为卵>蛹>幼虫>成虫,其耐受力远小于赤拟谷盗和锈赤扁谷盗磷化氢抗性品系。     

赤拟谷盗对小麦粉品质的影响

赤拟谷盗是小麦粉加工及储存过程中的重要害虫之一。选用普通小麦粉180g,向其中投入赤拟谷盗成虫,研究小麦粉在感染头数分别为0、10、30、60、100、200,感染时间为0、15、25、35、45d时的品质变化。实验表明:随着虫口密度的增大和感染时间的延长,小麦粉的水分稍有上升,灰分变化不大;粗淀粉含量降低,粗蛋白质含量升高,湿面筋含量和面筋指数则呈现不规律的波动;清蛋白、球蛋白、谷蛋白含量下降,醇溶蛋白的含量上升;降落数值下降明显。在较低虫口密度下时,小麦粉的峰值黏度、最低黏度、黏度破损值和最终黏度有升高趋势,但随着虫口密度的增大又逐步降低。     

土荆芥提取物对谷蠹和赤拟谷盗的触杀与熏蒸活性研究

采用超声波辅助冷浸提取法以4种不同极性的溶剂(100％乙醇、丙酮、乙酸乙酯和石油醚)对土荆芥活性成分进行粗提,测试粗提物对谷蠹和赤拟谷盗的触杀与熏蒸活性.结果表明:土荆芥4种溶剂提取物对谷蠹具有明显的触杀活性,在0.468 mg/cm2剂量处理3d后致试虫校正死亡率达81.67％～ 100％;丙酮和100％乙醇提取物具有显著的熏蒸活性,丙酮提取物在0.36～0.52 g/mL处理3d后均致试虫全部死亡,100％乙醇提取物在0.52 g/mL处理下致试虫校正死亡率高达94.64％.土荆芥乙醇、丙酮和石油醚提取物对赤拟谷盗具有明显的触杀活性,在1.144 mg/cm2剂量处理3d后致试虫高达91.67％～ 100％的死亡,但4种溶剂提取物的熏蒸活性不明显.     

土荆芥挥发油对玉米象和赤拟谷盗的熏蒸、触杀与驱避活性

研究土荆芥挥发油的化学成分及对玉米象和赤拟谷盗的熏蒸、触杀与驱避活性。用水蒸气蒸馏的方法提取土荆芥挥发油,气相-质谱法分析挥发油的化学成分;用密闭熏蒸法、点滴法与滤纸扩散法对玉米象和赤拟谷盗的熏蒸、触杀与驱避活性进行了测定。从土荆芥挥发油中共检出96种化合物,相对含量较高的有：（+）-4-蒈烯（36.136%）、2-蒈烯（23.897%）、邻伞花烃（10.992%）、驱蛔素环氧化物（9.047%）,驱蛔素（4.882%）等。土荆芥挥发油对玉米象和赤拟谷盗熏蒸活性LC50 值分别为1.35 mg/L和2.83 mg/L;对玉米象和赤拟谷盗的触杀活性LD50值分别为16.80 μg/头和29.35 μg/头;当浓度为58.975 ??g/cm2时,处理2 h和4 h,土荆芥挥发油对玉米象的驱避率分别为45%和47%,对赤拟谷盗的驱避率分别为76 %和80 %。土荆芥挥发油对玉米象和赤拟谷盗两种仓储害虫均有良好的熏蒸、触杀与驱避活性,可望从土荆芥挥发油中发现对两种仓储害虫具有良好生物活性的化合物。     

The biology of Lasioderma serricorne

A review detailing the biology of Lasioderma serricorne (Fabricius) including the morphology, development, trophic biology and reproduction of this insect is presented. Adults emerge from the pupal case sexually mature, and females can oviposit within a day of emergence. Eggs hatch within a week, the larvae burrowing down into the food, damaging tobacco by eating small galleries through the host material. Larvae pass through four instars and pupate within a cell made from food and waste material cemented together by midgut secretions. Although found on a wide variety of foodstuffs, the beetle is well adapted to developing on tobacco, with intracellular symbionts forming an integral part of the beetles' physiology. Details of the pheromonal stimulation of mating and both male and female behaviours are outlined, as are the predators and parasitoids of this insect.     

Phenyl-thio-carbamide perception by adult Tribolium castaneum

Chemoperception was studied in Tribolium castaneum. The ability of the adults to distinguish between normal medium (95% whole wheat flour and 5% dried yeast) and normal medium supplemented with 4% phenyl-thio-carbamide (PTC) was tested in a Y-shaped maze made of glass. Males and females were observed separately. Both sexes preferred normal medium; however, more females (40%) chose the PTC medium than did males (21%).

The PTC chemoreceptor was found to be localized in the antennae, which when removed caused both sexes to lose their ability to discriminate between the two media. Female beetles required both antennae to sense PTC. On the other hand, one antenna compensated for the loss of the other in males in avoiding this compound, even though the operation reduced the activity of the antennectomized beetles. Antennectomy resulted in doubling the number of unresponsive beetles that stayed at the source for both sexes (males were less responsive than females). The loss of the right or the left antenna made no difference in the unresponsiveness or the choice between the two media.     

烟草甲气味受体基因的鉴定和组织表达谱

为深化对烟草甲嗅觉感受系统的认识,促进其行为调控剂的开发,利用BLASTX在线工具和系统进化分析等生物信息学方法从烟草甲触角转录组数据中挖掘鉴定烟草甲气味受体基因。研究结果表明:①从烟草甲触角转录组中共鉴定出9个气味受体基因（LerOR1~LerOR8、LserOrco）。②系统进化树中,烟草甲的LserOR6与光肩星天牛AglaOR22聚在同一个分支,表明它们之间的进化关系更接近。③烟草甲的2个气味受体基因（LserOR5和LserOrco）在触角中表达量相对较高。      

Toxic and antifeedant action of nutmeg oil against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Sitophilus zeamais Motsch

The essential oil extracted from nutmeg seeds using steam distillation was tested against the stored product insect pests, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Sitophilus zeamais Motsch., for contact toxicity, fumigant toxicity and antifeedant activity. Filter paper impregnation was employed for contact and fumigant toxicity studies, whereas a flour disc bioassay was used to investigate antifeedant effects. Adults of S. zeamais were about ten times more susceptible than T. castaneum adults to contact action (LC₅₀ values of 1.7 mg/cm² and 18 mg/cm² respectively). However, S. zeamais adults were only 1.7 times more susceptible than T. castaneum adults to fumigant action (LC₅₀ values of 4.5 mg/cm² and 7.7 mg/cm² respectively). Furthermore, the larvae (10–16 days old) of T. castaneum were more susceptible than the adults, but the susceptibility of the larvae decreased with age. Nutmeg oil also significantly (P < 0.05) affected the hatching of T. castaneum eggs and the subsequent survival of the larvae in the concentration range 1.4–3.2 mg/cm². The production of F1 progeny of both T. castaneum and S. zeamais exposed to media treated with nutmeg oil was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced at all concentrations tested. F1 progeny production was totally suppressed at nutmeg oil concentrations of 1.05 g/100 g rice for T. castaneum and 0.35 g/100 g wheat for S. zeamais. Nutritional studies showed that nutmeg oil significantly (P < 0.05) affected the growth rate and food consumption of both insect species, depending on the concentrations used, but the antifeedant activity was more pronounced against S. zeamaisthan against T. castaneum. At 20 g nutmeg oil/100 ml, the feeding deterrence index of T. castaneum was only about 7%, whereas that of S. zeamaiswas 33%. These results suggest that nutmeg oil may be useful as a grain protectant with contact, fumigant and antifeedant activities against these insects.     

Development of a pheromone trap for monitoring Tribolium castaneum

Several commercially available pheromone traps were compared for their efficiency in capturing adult Tribolium castaneum under simulated warehouse conditions. The traps compared were the Storgard^®, the PT 6 Allure^®, and the Trappit^®. Traps differed significantly in their effectiveness. Several new designs were tested and the Savannah trap, developed from a tennis ball canister, was found to be the most effective. This design has been refined and patented as U.S. Patent number 5,090,153.     

The msg mutant: Genotype-environment interaction for productivity in Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Tribolium confusum Duval

The effects of a recessive mutation, msg, on the relative productivities of Tribolium castaneum and T. confusum in six flour types with and without yeast supplements were investigated. Homozygous mutant beetles of both species were less productive than wild-type beetles. Heterozygotes of T. castaneum had a higher productivity than either homozygous genotype, while T. confusum heterozygotes demonstrated intermediate productivity. Differences between species, genotypes, and media were significant. Developmental rates were significantly different in some media. In the less nutritious flours, beetles of all genotypes developed more slowly. Yeast supplements increased eclosion in beetles of all genotypes in both species. Implications for competitive outcomes are discussed.     

Response of Tribolium castaneum and Tribolium confusum adults to vertical black shapes and its potential to improve trap capture

Tribolium castaneum and Tribolium confusum can be monitored in food processing facilities using traps baited with pheromones and kairomones, but beetle response to traps might be enhanced by adding visual cues. Against a white background, T. castaneum adults were more likely to visit black pillars than white pillars when presented with a choice (e.g., 73% of beetles visited black and 17% visiting white pillar), and visits to black pillars increased with pillar height. When tested against a black background, beetles did not show a significant preference for either color pillar regardless of height. When comparing beetle’s captures in pheromone/kairomone baited traps placed in front of a white or black panel in a white arena under high, low, or dark light conditions, more beetles were captured in traps in front of black panels under both high and low light conditions, but not under dark conditions. A similar pattern of capture under low light and dark conditions was also found for the closely related species T. confusum. In a larger scale choice test, the same pattern of greater T. castaneum captures in traps in front of black panels than white panels was obtained, whether traps were placed in corners or along walls. Our results suggest that captures in monitoring traps could be increased by adding dark vertical shapes behind trap locations or placing traps near dark structures.     

Inheritance of resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)

A strain of Tribolium castaneum, highly resistant to pyrethroids, was isolated (single-pair method) from a pyrethroid-resistant field strain and made isogenic with a susceptible laboratory strain. Insecticide assays were used to determine the mode of inheritance and linkage of pyrethroid resistance. Resistance to deltamethrin could not be measured directly but at a 2% mortality response was about 1600-fold. The responses of SR and RS hybrids to deltamethrin were intermediate between the resistant and susceptible parent strains; there was no significant difference between the SR and RS hybrids (P>0.05). Chi-square analysis of the observed responses of the F₁–backcross and F₂ progenies rejected the null hypothesis that a single gene was responsible for resistance. Successive backcrosses with selection indicated the involvement of more than one gene. Test crosses with visible mutant markers suggested that resistance was associated with linkage groups VIII and IX. Assays with deltamethrin applied to grain indicated that this resistance will be rapidly selected in the field resulting in control failures.     

Respiration of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) at reduced oxygen concentrations

Adults, eggs, young and old larvae and pupae of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) were exposed to atmospheres containing 1%, 2%, 3%, 5%, 10%, and 15% oxygen in nitrogen at 30°C and 70% r.h. Respiration rates were determined with a gas chromatograph. The oxygen intake and carbon dioxide output by insects were expressed in μl/insect/h or μl/mg/h.

Adults exposed to 21% oxygen required an initial acclimatization period of at least 5 h, after which the respiration rate remained stable. Based on this finding, all the respiration measurements were carried out after an initial adaptation of insects to the respirometer conditions for 24 h.

Respiration of eggs, young and old larvae, pupae, and adults at 30°C in normal atmospheric air was at rates of 0.0121, 9.25, 8.45, 1.45, and 4.67 μl CO₂/insect/h, respectively. Respiration rates of the same stages in terms of insect weight were 0.32, 29.08, 3.33, 0.59 and 2.37 μl CO₂/mg insect/h, respectively. At reduced oxygen levels respiration rates of eggs, larvae and pupae were proportional to the oxygen levels. Adult respiration was higher for 3% and 5% oxygen than for normal atmospheric air with rates of 4.77 and 4.98 μl CO₂/insect/h, respectively. In adults, RQ values for the same oxygen levels were also higher than for normal atmospheric oxygen and were 1.07 and 1.18, respectively.     

Some aspects of survival of starved adult Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)

Three experiments were carried out to investigate different aspects of survival of starved adult Tribolium castaneum Herbst. Survival of females was low when they were placed in medium 5–10 days before starvation, apparently because of oviposition activity. Heavier beetles of each sex survived more than lighter ones. Beetles starved for several days regained their initial weight when medium was made available. Inbred strains of T. castaneum survived less than outbred ones.