Analysis of ring pack lubrication

This paper describes a method developed for the simulation of ring pack lubrication characteristic in an internal combustion engine. In general, the quantity of oil supply for piston ring lubrication may be insufficient in filling the entire volume formed at the interference between the piston ring and the cylinder liner. Thus the oil starvation condition should be considered in analyzing piston ring lubrication. In order to reasonably estimate the amount of oil left over on the cylinder liner, the flow rate at the posterior portion of the interface should be calculated with an adequate boundary condition that confirms flow continuity condition. In this analysis, oil starvation and open-end boundary conditions are considered at the inlet and outlet of the piston rings. The lubrication characteristic of each piston ring is obtained by an iterative method with sequential steps. It is revealed that piston rings are operated under oil starvation in most operating cycles and the result under these conditions are quite different from that with the fully-flooded assumption.     

活塞环调质稀土离子渗氮处理耐磨性能试验

为改善活塞环磨损性能,在分析活塞环的基体组织、径向弹力及活塞环与气缸套的匹配状况对其耐磨性影响的基础上,对活塞环调质后表面进行稀土离子渗氮处理进行了试验研究,结果表明,活塞环的失效形式与基体组织有密切的关系,经调质处理获得的回火索氏体组织具有良好的综合力学性能和耐磨性;活塞环的径向弹力控制在235～285N为宜;在满足活塞环足够耐磨性的同时,还应考虑与气缸套硬度的合理匹配;台架试验结果表明,经稀土离子渗氮后的活塞环与渗氮气缸套匹配的耐磨性能明显誊千丘伽．钋弹措云靠．     

自润滑活塞环的压力分布及摩擦热研究

活塞环是高压无油压缩机中的重要易损件,而活塞环间的压力分布和活塞环与气缸间的摩擦热是影响其寿命的两个最主要因素。建立了活塞环间压力分布的数学模型,揭示了活塞环非均匀磨损的机理;同时搭建了试验台,通过动态压力传感器测量了活塞环间的压力分布,验证了理论模型。研究结果表明,活塞环开口间隙相同时,各环间压力分布严重不均,第一道活塞环承受75%以上的压差,这是引起不均匀磨损从而导致快速失效的根源;通过设计不同切口大小的活塞环等措施,可以使各环间压力分布均匀化,提高环组寿命。影响活塞环寿命的另一个因素是由摩擦热引起的高温,通过有限元方法研究了活塞环与气缸间的摩擦热生成和传递过程。     

Analysis and computation of the oil film thickness between the piston ring and cylinder liner of an internal combustion engine

A study of the essential features of piston rings in the cylinder liner of an internal combustion engine reveals that the lubrication problem posed by it is basically that of a slider bearing. According to steady-flow-hydrodynamics, viz. the oil film thickness becomes zero at the dead centre positions as the velocity, U = 0. In practice, however, such a phenomenon cannot be supported by consideration of the wear rates of pistion rings and cylinder liners. This can be explained by including the “squeeze” action term in the hydrodynamic theory, viz. .This article introduces the equations of the above theory along with the viscosity variation over the piston stroke length; the piston ring profile is assumed as a double parabola with a central straight portion.The results of this analysis as applied to internal combustion engines are presented and compared with other earlier analysis.     

Piston ring lubrication in a two-stroke diesel engine

Miniature capacitance film thickness transducers were fitted to the cylinder liner of an opposed piston two-stroke diesel engine. The minimum film thickness between the rings and liner was measured and the attitude of the rings as they passed the induction ports was determined.     

基于新型复合式单气环与传统活塞环气密性的静态实验研究

介绍了新型活塞环这一新的活塞环密封技术,并通过其来改善活塞环漏气问题。通过实验对比新型活塞环与传统活塞环的气密性,引入漏气通道的当量半径概念,分析对比两种活塞环的气密性优劣,得到新型活塞环的当量半径是传统活塞环的0.86倍,在低压段,传统活塞环漏气量比新型活塞环大3.5×10-10kg/s;在高压段,漏气量差为4.926×10-10kg/s,根据拟合曲线可以得出,气缸压力越大,新型活塞气密性就越优于传统活塞环。     

喷钼活塞环抗磨粒磨损机制研究

采用SRV试验机分段试验方法,对喷钼活塞环与磷硼气缸套组成的摩擦副,在石英砂磨粒条件下的抗磨粒磨损机制进行了研究。结果表明,摩擦副材料的表层结构和化学组成对磨粒磨损性能有显著影响;喷Mo活塞环/气缸套摩擦副受磨粒磨损的影响不大,喷钼活塞环具有良好抗磨粒磨损性能。     

Friction characteristics of piston rings in a reciprocating engine

The performance of a reciprocating engine can be improved by reducing the friction between piston rings and cylinder liner, which significantly contributes to the mechanical friction losses of an engine. The friction force of a piston ring pack is calculated, based on hydrodynamic lubrication theory, for the piston rings. Calculations were carried out for three sets of conditions. Oil starvation is taken into consideration in the calculation of oil-film behaviour for a ring pack. The friction characteristics of piston rings are evaluated using the frictional mean effective pressure. The friction force of a piston assembly is measured experimentally by an improved floating liner method. The effects of lubricant viscosity and engine speed on friction characteristics are investigated by both calculation and experiment.     

Piston Assembly Design for Improved Thermal-Tribological Performance

The tribological system in the piston assembly of an internal combustion engine includes contacts at interfaces of piston/piston ring/cylinder liner, piston skirt/cylinder wall, and piston/piston pin/ connecting rod. The thermal and tribological properties of the piston, piston rings, and cylinder wall are critical to the life and quality of the engine. Severe wear and scuffing failure, especially at the ring/ring groove and ring/liner interfaces, may present a major problem if the piston temperature is too high. Temperature considerations for the piston often limit the effort to increase the engine power.

A new engine piston incorporating the heat pipe cooling technology has been developed for reducing the piston temperature, especially in the ring land and along the piston wall. The current work aims at investigating the effect of reciprocating heat pipes on heat conduction in the piston, and thus the tribological behavior of the piston assembly. Due to the high thermal conductance of the reciprocating heat pipe, a considerably large amount of combustion heat, which is conventionally conducted through the piston wall, is transferred through heat pipes. This new design will result in a lower temperature on the piston wall and a reasonably low temperature distribution in the piston.     

A study of thermal and lubrication phenomena in the piston‐ring and cylinder‐sleeve tribosystem of an internal combustion engine and flash temperature calculation

The piston ring is one of the main elements in an internal combustion engine. Together with the cylinder sleeve, the piston ring has two basic functions: (1) contacting the cylinder sleeve to prevent the gases formed above the piston from migrating to the crankcase and (2) as a translation couple, formed of the piston‐ring and cylinder‐sleeve assembly. Complex tribological phenomena occur in the piston‐ring and cylinder‐sleeve tribosystem, according to variations in sliding speed, gas pressure, and temperature. This paper presents a method of calculation of the thickness of the lubricant film in the piston‐ring and cylinder‐sleeve tribosystem, using the Reynolds equation, integrated in specific conditions. According to the Newtonian behaviour of the lubricant, the shear stresses in the lubricant film between the piston ring and cylinder sleeve are determined. A computational procedure to determine flash temperatures in the piston‐ring and cylinder‐sleeve tribosystem is presented. The theoretical results, including film thickness, sliding speed, gas pressure, and flash temperatures for a complete crankshaft cycle are also presented.     

Initial sliding wear on piston rings in a radial piston hydraulic motor

The initial sliding wear of boundary lubricated piston rings used in a hydraulic motor is studied in terms of the changes in mass, form and surface roughness. The piston ring in a hydraulic motor makes an important contribution to high volumetric efficiency by properly sealing the cylinder bore and piston. The results show that the wear on the piston ring in this particular test rig takes place at the top of the asymmetric crowning at the outer surface contacting the cylinder bore. Initially, the roughness amplitude decreased rapidly, and had decreased by one-third after sliding 10 m. The dominant wear mechanism was mild wear. Abrasive wear also clearly influences the amount of wear.     

海工装备液压缸多重组合式密封结构设计与仿真分析

针对单个密封圈易磨损导致密封失效,且更换密封件过程繁琐的不足,设计多重组合式密封结构。该设计在单个密封圈密封结构的基础上,在活塞杆内侧设置两个起缓冲作用的密封圈,在缸底增加一个密封圈,构成多重组合式密封结构。通过有限元仿真,分析在均匀分布的不同压力下,单密封圈密封结构和多重组合式密封结构中的密封圈随着活塞杆往复运动时,密封圈的最大承载与受挤压形变,探究密封圈使用寿命和应力集中区域的变化。结果表明：多重组合式密封结构能够有效减小密封圈所承载的压力,密封圈使用过程中无明显挤压磨损现象,使用寿命延长,验证了多重组合式密封系统的有效性与可行性。     

压缩机上整体无背压活塞环的设计研究

为了减少磨损，提高活塞环的使用寿命，对整体无背压活塞环的设计进行了研究。通过力学分析得出了比压与径向弹性变形间的线性比例关系。利用热变形分析推导出了活塞环与气缸内壁间的热膨胀工作间隙计算式，表明工作间隙与非金属环的线热膨胀系数和工作前后温升成正比。推导出了活塞环在常温下的外径计算式和轴向高度计算式，用以指导装配和加工。文中所述公式可以指导整体无背压活塞环的设计，使活塞环的使用寿命得到提高。     

Analysis of oil consumption in cylinder of diesel engine for optimization of piston rings

The performance and particulate emission of a diesel engine are affected by the consumption of lubricating oil.Most studies on oil consumption mechanism of the cylinder have been done by using the experimental method,however they are very costly.Therefore,it is very necessary to study oil consumption mechanism of the cylinder and obtain the accurate results by the calculation method.Firstly,four main modes of lubricating oil consumption in cylinder are analyzed and then the oil consumption rate under common working conditions are calculated for the four modes based on an engine.Then,the factors that affect the lubricating oil consumption such as working conditions,the second ring closed gap,the elastic force of the piston rings are also investigated for the four modes.The calculation results show that most of the lubricating oil is consumed by evaporation on the liner surface.Besides,there are three other findings:(1) The oil evaporation from the liner is determined by the working condition of an engine;(2) The increase of the ring closed gap reduces the oil blow through the top ring end gap but increases blow-by;(3) With the increase of the elastic force of the ring,both the left oil film thickness and the oil throw-off at the top ring decrease.The oil scraping of the piston top edge is consequently reduced while the friction loss between the rings and the liner increases.A neural network prediction model of the lubricating oil consumption in cylinder is established based on the BP neural network theory,and then the model is trained and validated.The main piston rings parameters which affect the oil consumption are optimized by using the BP neural network prediction model and the prediction accuracy of this BP neural network is within 8%,which is acceptable for normal engineering applications.The oil consumption is also measured experimentally.The relative errors of the calculated and experimental values are less than 10%,verifying the validity of the simulation results.Applying the established simulation model and the validated BP network model is able to generate numerical results with sufficient accuracy,which significantly reduces experimental work and provides guidance for the optimal design of the piston rings diesel engines.     

Experimental Investigation of Partial Laser Surface Texturing for Piston-Ring Friction Reduction

An experimental study is presented to evaluate the effect of partial laser surface texturing (LST) on friction reduction in piston rings. In a previous study, 30% friction reduction was obtained with full LST where the full width of the piston ring is textured with a very large number of microdimples that act individually as microhydrodynamic bearings. In partial LST, only a portion of the piston-ring width is textured with high dimple density, producing a “collective” effect of the dimples that provides an equivalent converging clearance even with nominally parallel mating surfaces. Experimental results obtained with flat and parallel test specimens with partial LST are presented, confirming a previously published theoretical model and the advantage of partial over full LST. Friction reduction by LST with actual production-crowned piston rings and cylinder liner segments is not straightforward and needs further investigation.     

活塞环表面离子镀硬质膜的摩擦学性能研究

为了改善发动机活塞环的摩擦学性能和提高其使用寿命,采用离子镀技术在活塞环表面制备了CrN硬质膜,并利用SRV摩擦磨损试验机考察了硬质膜的摩擦学特性,研究结果表明离子镀硬质膜的摩擦系数基本与镀铬层一致,但磨损量远低于镀铬层的磨损量,与两种涂层活塞环配副的缸套试样的磨损量基本相当。     

气缸套滑珩工艺概述

气缸套是发动机的心脏部件,其内表面与活塞顶部、活塞环、气缸盖底面一起构成了发动机的燃烧室,并引导活塞的往复直线运动,所以气缸套内表面既是装配表面又是工作表面,其加工质量的优劣直接影响到发动机的装配性能和使用性能。     

润滑油粘度对缸套/活塞环摩擦学性能的影响

在内燃机实际运行中,润滑油的粘度直接影响到润滑油膜的状态,因而活塞环在缸套中不同位置时的摩擦、润滑状态各不相同。文中以缸套活塞环为研究对象,建立了润滑计算模型,并运用该模型对缸内压力、温度、油膜厚度和摩擦系数进行了分析。结果表明,润滑油膜厚度和摩擦系数随转速改变而发生变化,而剪切稀化导致润滑油粘度减小是引起该变化的主要原因。最后,通过对计算结果的分析,提出了适用于缸套活塞环的润滑油粘度指标。     

Detailed Analysis of Oil Transport in the Piston Assembly of a Gasoline Engine

More realistic and useful models of piston ring lubrication can only be achieved if there is a better understanding of the complex mechanisms by which oil flows in this region of the engine. The volume of oil in the piston assembly and its residence time in this high-temperature environment are crucial in determining the quantity and quality of oil available to lubricate the piston rings. Typically models of piston ring pack lubrication focus upon the oil flowing through the piston ring/cylinder interface. However, a number of additional oil flow paths and interactions with gas blow-by have been observed in the piston assembly. This paper presents a model that includes a number of such mechanisms and evaluates their influence on the lubrication of a piston ring pack from a typical automotive gasoline engine. The results indicate that such additional mechanisms are needed to give improved predictions of oil transport they highlight the relative importance of several of these mechanisms and help guide future research.     

活塞环-缸套二维润滑特性的研究

基于二维平均流量模型和微凸体接触模型，研究了活塞环的二维润滑特性，并考虑了活塞系统偏摆、润滑油粘度变化及表面粗糙度等因素的影响。通过计算获得了活塞环－缸套间油膜厚度的二维分布。结果表明，油膜厚度沿周向是不均匀的。本文还对活塞环开口位置及偏摆的影响做了定量的分析。